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How many protons are in its nucleus?","back":"8 protons."},{"id":"2bd4b0a2-cecd-47f3-8726-3b0a8c0b11f1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Across the periodic table, what is the ordering based on?","back":"Increasing atomic number."},{"id":"1504e4d6-f3ce-479a-8742-9a62ab6461b1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A period is a [ ]; a group is a [ ].","back":"A period is a horizontal row; a group is a vertical column."},{"id":"237c8bd3-f60f-4b5f-b7f1-2fce525fa67c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do elements in the same group often react similarly?","back":"They have the same number of outer-shell electrons."},{"id":"945c9dbd-9fd0-4afc-b4b1-9b33c6179d5f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In ionic bonding, what usually happens to electrons?","back":"Electrons are transferred from a metal to a non-metal."},{"id":"a43f1ac0-e43e-417b-864a-09c10c238e73","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"After a metal atom loses electrons, what ion does it form?","back":"A positive ion."},{"id":"8ec40aa6-2d8c-4160-8d2d-7f5d95c46bf8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"After a non-metal atom gains electrons, what ion does it form?","back":"A negative ion."},{"id":"7a7b1c84-3e53-4ff8-9767-642869a15f8b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A covalent bond is [ ]; covalent bonding usually happens between [ ].","back":"A covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons; covalent bonding usually happens between non-metal atoms."},{"id":"2ac3003c-76f0-43eb-8a3f-587328d7e24f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do simple molecular substances usually have low melting and boiling points?","back":"The forces between molecules are weak."},{"id":"181be91c-bd9d-4714-a76a-307b08fc2c64","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do ionic compounds often have high melting points?","back":"Many strong attractions between ions must be overcome."},{"id":"f7711658-fcab-4d62-b487-35b3ecb10fc1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does solid sodium chloride not conduct electricity?","back":"Its ions are fixed, so charge cannot move."},{"id":"af9321fe-86a6-4c1d-bbcd-a9bb6668ae4b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does sodium chloride solution conduct electricity?","back":"Its ions can move through the solution."},{"id":"f084fb41-fd31-4814-8f4a-d7c9d024f9c7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Graphite conducts electricity because it has [ ]; it is soft because it has [ ].","back":"Graphite conducts electricity because it has delocalised electrons; it is soft because it has layers."},{"id":"067f4c3c-4a4b-4745-86ae-4ea506ad8bca","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can metals conduct electricity?","back":"Their delocalised electrons can move."},{"id":"8b62860b-18a1-4684-81f5-4288d567330f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Activation energy is the [ ] particles need when they collide for a reaction to happen.","back":"Activation energy is the minimum energy particles need when they collide for a reaction to happen."},{"id":"192f33fe-b2dc-40a0-9fe9-26a05f952441","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A reaction is faster when what increases per second?","back":"More successful collisions occur."},{"id":"f0378002-a092-4b32-a6dc-8169e4706e05","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does a catalyst increase reaction rate?","back":"It lowers activation energy."},{"id":"21ec5e34-7205-420f-9ca8-9dc55feb64d2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Reactants are at 120 kJ and the highest point is 170 kJ. What is the activation energy?","back":"50 kJ."},{"id":"c1eb5471-e6b5-4327-b30e-da4152d48c26","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Products are lower in energy than reactants. What type of reaction is it?","back":"Exothermic."},{"id":"f5d3ded1-dee3-45b6-b384-b12729788ee3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In acid-base reactions, what particle do acids donate?","back":"H⁺ ions."},{"id":"0953d6f5-0ddf-4e23-997c-1bb7d0ffca96","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Oxidation is [ ]; reduction is [ ].","back":"Oxidation is loss of electrons; reduction is gain of electrons."},{"id":"3d406394-28da-426a-8240-124026a24ed3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Breaking bonds [ ]; making bonds [ ].","back":"Breaking bonds requires energy; making bonds releases energy."},{"id":"ee652a4b-336a-4e65-82d3-7fecd61e1250","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"When is a reaction exothermic in terms of bond energies?","back":"More energy is released making bonds than taken in breaking bonds."},{"id":"2eef74b0-dc04-4074-baa9-f81aef00296c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What stays the same when energy is transferred between reacting chemicals and surroundings?","back":"The total energy stays the same."}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Biology Paper 1"},"heading":"Key ideas","title":"Key ideas Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/science/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"8d610876-7836-5dc2-a495-be3f9b4afc80","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]