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unlike prokaryotic cells, whose DNA lies free in the cytoplasm."},{"text":"Its genetic material is enclosed within a cell membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cell membrane surrounds the whole cell rather than specifically enclosing its genetic material. A eukaryotic cell is defined by having its DNA enclosed within a nucleus."},{"text":"Its genetic material is found free within the cytoplasm.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA lying free in the cytoplasm is a feature of prokaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus."},{"text":"Its cytoplasm is enclosed within a cell wall.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cell wall is not present in every eukaryotic cell, as animal cells lack one. Eukaryotic cells are defined by genetic material enclosed within a nucleus."}]},{"id":"735edbe3-6cad-436c-b6ce-7d5295e22b2d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Where is the DNA found in a prokaryotic cell?","back":"It is found free in the cytoplasm, often as a single circular loop.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is found free in the cytoplasm, often as a single circular loop.","correct":true,"explanation":"Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, so their main DNA molecule lies free in the cytoplasm and is usually arranged as one circular loop."},{"text":"It is enclosed inside the nucleus, often as several linear chromosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"A nucleus containing linear chromosomes is characteristic of eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes have no nucleus, and their main DNA is usually a circular loop free in the cytoplasm."},{"text":"It is found free in the cytoplasm, only as several linear strands.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses prokaryotic DNA with the linear chromosomes of eukaryotes. The main bacterial DNA molecule is generally one circular loop lying free in the cytoplasm."},{"text":"It is enclosed within the cell membrane, often as a single circular loop.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cell membrane surrounds the entire bacterial cell but does not separately enclose its DNA. The circular DNA loop lies free within the cell’s cytoplasm."}]},{"id":"4c0fec8c-aa4e-49d2-855a-bb70d2f423c3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Bacterial cells may contain small rings of DNA called [ ].","back":"Bacterial cells may contain small rings of DNA called plasmids.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"plasmids","correct":true,"explanation":"Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules found in some bacterial cells. They are separate from the main circular DNA loop and may carry useful genes."},{"text":"chromosomes","correct":false,"explanation":"Although plasmids contain genetic material, the term chromosomes usually refers to larger DNA structures. Small additional rings of bacterial DNA are specifically called plasmids."},{"text":"ribosomes","correct":false,"explanation":"Ribosomes are structures where proteins are synthesised, not rings of genetic material. Small circular DNA molecules found separately in bacterial cells are called plasmids."},{"text":"mitochondria","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitochondria are organelles that carry out aerobic respiration and are absent from bacterial cells. The small rings of DNA in bacteria are called plasmids."}]},{"id":"166e11b1-1ab3-4f28-a543-d916075899bb","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which three sub-cellular structures are found in plant cells but not animal cells?","back":"

Chloroplasts
Cell wall (made of cellulose)
Permanent vacuole

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Chloroplasts
Cell wall (made of cellulose)
Permanent vacuole

","correct":true,"explanation":"Plant cells have chloroplasts for photosynthesis, a cellulose cell wall for support and a large permanent vacuole containing cell sap. Animal cells lack all three structures."},{"text":"

Chloroplasts
Nucleus (containing DNA)
Permanent vacuole

","correct":false,"explanation":"The nucleus is present in both plant and animal cells, so it is not plant-specific. The three required structures are chloroplasts, a cellulose cell wall and a permanent vacuole."},{"text":"

Mitochondria
Cell wall (made of cellulose)
Permanent vacuole

","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitochondria occur in both plant and animal cells because both perform aerobic respiration. Chloroplasts, a cellulose cell wall and a permanent vacuole are the three plant-specific structures."},{"text":"

Chloroplasts
Cell wall (made of chitin)
Temporary vacuole

","correct":false,"explanation":"Chitin cell walls are associated with fungi, while plant cell walls contain cellulose; plant cells also have a large permanent vacuole. Chloroplasts, a cellulose wall and a permanent vacuole are correct."}]},{"id":"b17a47c5-48eb-468a-a511-4b6d5745adfb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the function of mitochondria?","back":"They are the site of aerobic respiration, which releases energy for the cell.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are the site of aerobic respiration, which releases energy for the cell.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mitochondria contain the enzymes needed for aerobic respiration. This process transfers energy from glucose, making energy available for the cell’s activities."},{"text":"They are the site of photosynthesis, which produces glucose for the cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses mitochondria with chloroplasts, where photosynthesis occurs. Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration, which releases energy from glucose for cellular activities."},{"text":"They are the site of protein synthesis, which produces proteins for the cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protein synthesis takes place at ribosomes rather than mitochondria. Mitochondria carry out aerobic respiration, releasing energy that the cell can use."},{"text":"They are the site of genetic control, which coordinates activities for the cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"The nucleus contains genetic material and controls cell activities, not the mitochondria. Mitochondria are responsible for aerobic respiration, which releases usable energy."}]},{"id":"ce3863a0-c0b5-4269-8393-dc280401344a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In plants and algae, the cell wall is made of [ ], which strengthens the cell.","back":"In plants and algae, the cell wall is made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"cellulose","correct":true,"explanation":"Plant and algal cell walls are primarily made from cellulose. Its strong fibres provide structural support, strengthen the cell and help it resist bursting."},{"text":"chitin","correct":false,"explanation":"Chitin forms fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons, which makes it a tempting confusion. Plant and algal cell walls are made from cellulose."},{"text":"glycogen","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycogen is a carbohydrate used for energy storage in animals and fungi, not for plant cell walls. Plant and algal cell walls contain cellulose."},{"text":"starch","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch is the main carbohydrate used by plants to store glucose, rather than a structural cell-wall material. Their cell walls are made from cellulose."}]},{"id":"25ccbba8-62d8-4784-9207-bc75d786076c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In plants and algae, the cell wall is made of cellulose, which [ ] the cell.","back":"In plants and algae, the cell wall is made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"strengthens","correct":true,"explanation":"Cellulose forms strong fibres in the cell wall, making the cell more rigid and helping it maintain its shape and resist osmotic pressure."},{"text":"controls","correct":false,"explanation":"Control of cell activities is mainly associated with genetic material in the nucleus, not cellulose. Cellulose strengthens the cell by forming a rigid cell wall."},{"text":"respirates","correct":false,"explanation":"Aerobic respiration occurs mainly in mitochondria and is not performed by the cell wall. Cellulose instead strengthens the cell and helps maintain its shape."},{"text":"photosynthesises","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts rather than in cellulose cell walls. Cellulose has a structural role, strengthening the cell and supporting its shape."}]},{"id":"d1e4fe2a-e94d-4028-a4b5-f23c642dc3f2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What occurs at the ribosomes?","back":"Protein synthesis (where proteins are made).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Protein synthesis (where proteins are made).","correct":true,"explanation":"Ribosomes join amino acids in the correct sequence to produce proteins. They may be free in the cytoplasm or attached to internal cell membranes."},{"text":"Aerobic respiration (where energy is released).","correct":false,"explanation":"Aerobic respiration takes place mainly in mitochondria, not at ribosomes. Ribosomes are the structures where amino acids are assembled during protein synthesis."},{"text":"Photosynthesis (where glucose is made).","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts found in plant and algal cells, not at ribosomes. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, where proteins are made."},{"text":"DNA replication (where DNA is copied).","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA replication copies genetic material and does not occur at ribosomes. Ribosomes read genetic instructions delivered by messenger RNA and assemble proteins during protein synthesis."}]},{"id":"496e8ac6-863d-49dd-a694-146042054d22","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the function of the cell membrane?","back":"It controls which substances enter and leave the cell.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It controls which substances enter and leave the cell.","correct":true,"explanation":"The cell membrane is selectively permeable, regulating the movement of substances into and out of the cell to maintain suitable internal conditions."},{"text":"It supports the cell and maintains its shape.","correct":false,"explanation":"Providing structural support and maintaining cell shape are functions associated with the cell wall. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell."},{"text":"It contains genetic material and controls cell activities.","correct":false,"explanation":"The nucleus contains genetic material and controls the cell’s activities. The cell membrane instead regulates which substances enter and leave the cell."},{"text":"It releases energy through aerobic respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Aerobic respiration and energy release occur mainly in mitochondria. The cell membrane controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell."}]},{"id":"3a1c3d1b-e3de-4d03-a408-cbd8a3115c55","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A micrometre ($μ$m) is $1 \\times 10^{\\text{[...]}}$ metres.","back":"A micrometre ($μ$m) is $1 \\times 10^{\\boxed{-6}}$ metres.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$-6$","correct":true,"explanation":"The prefix micro means one millionth, so one micrometre equals $0.000001$ metres, which is written in standard form as $1 \\times 10^{-6}$ metres."},{"text":"$$-3$","correct":false,"explanation":"An exponent of $-3$ represents one thousandth and corresponds to the prefix milli. A micrometre is one millionth of a metre, so the exponent is $-6$."},{"text":"$$-9$","correct":false,"explanation":"An exponent of $-9$ represents one billionth and corresponds to the prefix nano. The micro prefix represents $10^{-6}$, so the required exponent is $-6$."},{"text":"$$6$","correct":false,"explanation":"A positive exponent would make the measurement one million metres rather than one millionth of a metre. A micrometre is $1 \\times 10^{-6}$ metres."}]},{"id":"fadfd617-f9dc-4244-b0d1-2b834bb711f0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is meant by an order of magnitude?","back":"A factor of 10.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A factor of 10.","correct":true,"explanation":"An order of magnitude represents a tenfold difference. Increasing a value by one order of magnitude multiplies it by 10."},{"text":"A factor of 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"A factor of 100 represents two orders of magnitude because $100 = 10^2$. One order of magnitude is a factor of 10."},{"text":"A factor of 2.","correct":false,"explanation":"A factor of 2 describes doubling, not a change in order of magnitude. One order of magnitude always corresponds to a factor of 10."},{"text":"A factor of 1000.","correct":false,"explanation":"A factor of 1000 represents three orders of magnitude because $1000 = 10^3$. A single order of magnitude is a factor of 10."}]},{"id":"778f229a-99ee-4bb8-950a-76ef1b07c0b0","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How is a sperm cell adapted to reach and enter an egg?","back":"

A tail for swimming
Many mitochondria to release energy
Enzymes to penetrate the egg

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

A tail for swimming
Many mitochondria to release energy
Enzymes to penetrate the egg

","correct":true,"explanation":"The tail propels the sperm towards the egg, mitochondria release energy for movement, and enzymes in the head digest the egg’s outer layers."},{"text":"

A tail for swimming
Many ribosomes to release energy
Enzymes to penetrate the egg

","correct":false,"explanation":"Ribosomes make proteins rather than releasing energy for swimming. Sperm cells have many mitochondria to release energy, alongside a tail and enzymes for penetrating the egg."},{"text":"

A tail for anchoring
Many mitochondria to release energy
Enzymes to penetrate the egg

","correct":false,"explanation":"The tail propels the sperm through fluid rather than anchoring it to the egg. Mitochondria provide energy, while enzymes help penetrate the egg’s outer layers."},{"text":"

A tail for swimming
Many mitochondria to release energy
Hormones to penetrate the egg

","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormones do not digest the egg’s outer layers. Sperm cells use enzymes for penetration, a tail for swimming, and numerous mitochondria to release energy."}]},{"id":"f595ae3e-2cea-424d-83fa-4f7913ae4c37","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How is a root hair cell adapted for absorption?","back":"It has a long hair-like extension that increases the surface area.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It has a long hair-like extension that increases the surface area.","correct":true,"explanation":"The long, hair-like extension provides a large surface area, increasing the rate at which water and mineral ions can be absorbed from the soil."},{"text":"It has a long hair-like extension that increases the cell volume.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing volume does not explain efficient absorption. The long hair-like extension increases surface area, providing more membrane through which water and mineral ions can enter."},{"text":"It has a thick waxy outer layer that reduces the water loss.","correct":false,"explanation":"A thick waxy layer would restrict the absorption of water and mineral ions. Root hair cells instead have a long extension that increases their surface area."},{"text":"It has many chloroplasts that increase the light absorption.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chloroplasts absorb light for photosynthesis, but root hair cells are underground and generally lack them. Their long hair-like extension increases the surface area for absorption."}]},{"id":"2ffc3afe-06f6-477e-b981-abdb037ff023","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In plants, [ ] cells transport water and minerals, while phloem cells transport dissolved sugars.","back":"In plants, xylem cells transport water and minerals, while phloem cells transport dissolved sugars.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"xylem","correct":true,"explanation":"Xylem cells form vessels that carry water and dissolved mineral ions from the roots through the plant, while phloem transports dissolved sugars."},{"text":"phloem","correct":false,"explanation":"Phloem transports dissolved sugars rather than water and minerals. Xylem cells form the vessels responsible for carrying water and mineral ions through the plant."},{"text":"guard","correct":false,"explanation":"Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata; they are not transport vessels. Xylem cells transport water and dissolved minerals through plants."},{"text":"palisade","correct":false,"explanation":"Palisade cells are specialised for photosynthesis rather than transport. Water and dissolved mineral ions are carried through the plant by xylem cells."}]},{"id":"a616d458-19fc-42f7-84a9-52fa6a1286a1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In plants, xylem cells transport water and minerals, while [ ] cells transport dissolved sugars.","back":"In plants, xylem cells transport water and minerals, while phloem cells transport dissolved sugars.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"phloem","correct":true,"explanation":"Phloem cells transport dissolved sugars, including sucrose, between sources such as leaves and other parts of the plant that use or store them."},{"text":"xylem","correct":false,"explanation":"Xylem transports water and dissolved mineral ions, not dissolved sugars. Sugars produced by photosynthesis are transported around the plant in phloem tissue."},{"text":"guard","correct":false,"explanation":"Guard cells regulate gas exchange by opening and closing stomata rather than transporting sugars. Phloem cells carry dissolved sugars around the plant."},{"text":"meristem","correct":false,"explanation":"Meristem cells divide to produce new cells for plant growth; they do not transport dissolved sugars. Sugar transport occurs in phloem tissue."}]},{"id":"de78bbce-560b-4cc7-be96-347e755dadc7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the main purpose of cell division in mature animals?","back":"Repair and replacement of cells.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Repair and replacement of cells.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mature animals have largely completed growth, so mitotic cell division mainly replaces worn-out or dead cells and repairs damaged tissues."},{"text":"Growth and development of the organism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Growth and development require extensive cell division in embryos and young animals. In mature animals, its main purposes are repairing tissues and replacing cells."},{"text":"Respiration and release of energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases usable energy within cells but is not a purpose of cell division. In mature animals, division mainly repairs and replaces cells."},{"text":"Digestion and absorption of nutrients.","correct":false,"explanation":"Digestion and absorption are functions of the digestive system rather than purposes of cell division. Mature animals mainly divide cells for repair and replacement."}]},{"id":"451cfa10-f42a-438c-b207-ad0806df06c5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do differentiation abilities differ between plant and animal cells?","back":"Most animal cells differentiate early; many plant cells can differentiate throughout life.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Most animal cells differentiate early; many plant cells can differentiate throughout life.","correct":true,"explanation":"Most animal cells become specialised early in development, whereas many plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout the organism’s life, allowing continued growth and repair."},{"text":"Most animal cells differentiate throughout life; many plant cells differentiate early.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two patterns. Most animal cells specialise early in development, while many plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life."},{"text":"Most animal and plant cells differentiate early and cannot change throughout life.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks the lasting differentiation ability of many plant cells. Most animal cells specialise early, but many plant cells can differentiate throughout life."},{"text":"Most animal and plant cells differentiate throughout life rather than specialising early.","correct":false,"explanation":"This wrongly gives animal cells the same long-term flexibility as plant cells. Most animal cells differentiate early, whereas many plant cells can differentiate throughout life."}]},{"id":"dc8e626e-cd96-4704-88db-d5b9b5aba8fa","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is resolution in microscopy?","back":"The ability to distinguish two close points as separate points.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The ability to distinguish two close points as separate points.","correct":true,"explanation":"Resolution describes how well a microscope distinguishes two points that are close together. Higher resolution reveals them as separate rather than as one blurred point."},{"text":"The ability to increase the apparent size of an image.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing apparent image size is magnification, not resolution. Resolution is the ability to distinguish two close points as separate points."},{"text":"The ability to brighten faint structures so they appear clearer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Brightness affects how easily an image is viewed but does not define resolution. Resolution is the ability to distinguish two close points as separate points."},{"text":"The ability to measure the real size of a specimen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Specimen size can be calculated using image size and magnification, but this is not resolution. Resolution distinguishes two close points as separate points."}]},{"id":"48d8a93c-4202-4568-a9d2-b234e697a72a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Electron microscopes have higher [ ] and resolution than light microscopes.","back":"Electron microscopes have higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"magnification","correct":true,"explanation":"Electron microscopes can enlarge specimens much more than light microscopes because electrons have much shorter wavelengths, enabling both higher magnification and higher resolution."},{"text":"wavelength","correct":false,"explanation":"Electron microscopes use electrons with shorter, not higher, wavelengths than visible light. The missing advantage is magnification, which is greater in electron microscopes."},{"text":"portability","correct":false,"explanation":"Electron microscopes are generally large, complex and less portable than light microscopes. Their relevant advantage is higher magnification as well as higher resolution."},{"text":"colour range","correct":false,"explanation":"Electron microscopes naturally produce monochrome images rather than a greater colour range. The missing term is magnification, which is higher than in light microscopes."}]},{"id":"b66536fd-dd36-4eb8-9a15-08dd75b2c7fd","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Electron microscopes have higher magnification and [ ] than light microscopes.","back":"Electron microscopes have higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"resolution","correct":true,"explanation":"Electron microscopes have greater resolution because electron wavelengths are much shorter than visible-light wavelengths, allowing two much closer points to be distinguished separately."},{"text":"wavelength","correct":false,"explanation":"Electron microscopes use electrons with a shorter wavelength than visible light, not a higher one. Their higher magnification is accompanied by higher resolution."},{"text":"portability","correct":false,"explanation":"Electron microscopes are less portable because they are large and require specialised equipment. The property that is higher alongside magnification is resolution."},{"text":"field of view","correct":false,"explanation":"Higher magnification generally produces a smaller field of view, so this is not the key advantage. Electron microscopes have higher magnification and resolution."}]},{"id":"a24534ac-5afe-4fac-af99-22b13ed73638","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The formula for magnification is: $magnification = \\frac{\\text{[...]}}{real\\ size}$","back":"The formula for magnification is: $magnification = \\frac{\\boxed{image\\ size}}{real\\ size}$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$image\\ size$","correct":true,"explanation":"Magnification compares the size of the displayed image with the specimen’s real size, so image size is the numerator and real size is the denominator."},{"text":"$$real\\ size$","correct":false,"explanation":"Putting real size in the numerator would divide real size by itself and give 1. Magnification is calculated as image size divided by real size."},{"text":"$$magnification$","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly places the quantity being calculated inside its own formula. The numerator must be image size, with real size as the denominator."},{"text":"$$resolution$","correct":false,"explanation":"Resolution measures the ability to distinguish close points and is not used in this calculation. Magnification equals image size divided by real size."}]},{"id":"440b1f82-c486-4bcd-929a-12da3246ac7d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The formula for magnification is: $magnification = \\frac{image\\ size}{\\text{[...]}}$","back":"The formula for magnification is: $magnification = \\frac{image\\ size}{\\boxed{real\\ size}}$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$real\\ size$","correct":true,"explanation":"Magnification is the ratio of the image size to the specimen’s actual size, so real size belongs in the denominator of the formula."},{"text":"$$image\\ size$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing image size by itself would always give 1, regardless of enlargement. Magnification is image size divided by the specimen’s real size."},{"text":"$$magnification$","correct":false,"explanation":"This mistakenly uses the quantity being calculated as the denominator. Magnification is found by dividing image size by the specimen’s real size."},{"text":"$$resolution$","correct":false,"explanation":"Resolution describes the ability to separate close points, so it is not the denominator in this formula. Image size must be divided by real size."}]},{"id":"40bcf0e6-916d-49d2-8667-75dbbf83e88e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When using a light microscope, which objective lens should be used first?","back":"The lowest-power objective lens.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The lowest-power objective lens.","correct":true,"explanation":"The lowest-power objective provides the widest field of view, making the specimen easier to locate and reducing the risk of the lens striking the slide."},{"text":"The highest-power objective lens.","correct":false,"explanation":"Starting at high power gives a narrow field of view and increases the risk of hitting the slide. Begin with the lowest-power objective lens."},{"text":"The medium-power objective lens.","correct":false,"explanation":"Medium power provides a narrower field of view than low power, making initial focusing harder. The lowest-power objective lens should be used first."},{"text":"The oil-immersion objective lens.","correct":false,"explanation":"An oil-immersion lens is a specialised high-power lens and is unsuitable for locating a specimen initially. Start with the lowest-power objective lens."}]},{"id":"febf585e-0d71-405a-a46e-247f8875a083","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why are stains often used when preparing microscope slides?","back":"To make sub-cellular structures easier to see.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To make sub-cellular structures easier to see.","correct":true,"explanation":"Many sub-cellular structures are transparent or have little natural contrast. Stains colour particular structures, increasing contrast and making them easier to observe."},{"text":"To make sub-cellular structures appear larger.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stains increase contrast rather than image size. Magnification comes from the microscope’s lenses, while staining makes sub-cellular structures easier to see."},{"text":"To give sub-cellular structures higher resolution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Resolution depends mainly on the microscope and the wavelength used, not on staining. Stains increase contrast so sub-cellular structures are easier to see."},{"text":"To provide sub-cellular structures with more light.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stains do not supply additional light to the specimen. They add colour and contrast, allowing otherwise transparent sub-cellular structures to be seen more easily."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Biology Paper 1"},"heading":"Cell structure","title":"Cell structure Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/science/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L39"}]}],"topicId":"c98f1e2c-b521-577a-80c8-896c02e353fa","walled":"$L3a"}],"$L3b","$L3c"]