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This information provides the instructions for making proteins and is inherited during reproduction."},{"text":"Protein.","correct":false,"explanation":"Proteins perform roles such as catalysing reactions and providing structure, but they do not store genetic instructions. DNA carries genetic information in its base sequence."},{"text":"Starch.","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch is a carbohydrate used for energy storage in plants, not for carrying inherited information. DNA stores genetic information in the sequence of its bases."},{"text":"Lipid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lipids are used for energy storage and to form cell membranes, but they do not carry genetic instructions. 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Carbohydrates commonly provide energy, while lipids store energy and form membranes."},{"text":"A carbohydrate is often used for energy; a nucleic acid is often used for energy storage and membranes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nucleic acids such as DNA store genetic information rather than energy or forming membranes. Carbohydrates commonly provide energy, while lipids provide storage and membrane structure."},{"text":"A nucleic acid is often used for energy; a protein is often used for energy storage and membranes.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the main functions of biological molecules: nucleic acids carry genetic information, while proteins support growth, repair and catalysis. 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The active site’s shape must fit the substrate."},{"text":"It must match the temperature it acts at.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperature affects enzyme activity but is not a shape that the enzyme must match. The active site must fit the substrate molecule for binding to occur."}]},{"id":"737c9cf9-db73-474c-8512-07eb350f7d46","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does a red blood cell’s biconcave shape help oxygen transport?","back":"It gives a large surface area for faster diffusion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It gives a large surface area for faster diffusion.","correct":true,"explanation":"The biconcave shape increases the red blood cell’s surface-area-to-volume ratio, allowing oxygen to diffuse across its membrane more rapidly."},{"text":"It gives a small surface area for faster diffusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"A smaller surface area would reduce the space available for oxygen exchange and slow diffusion. The biconcave shape provides a large surface area for faster diffusion."},{"text":"It gives a large volume for faster diffusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"A large volume does not itself speed oxygen exchange and would lower the surface-area-to-volume ratio. The biconcave shape instead provides a large surface area."},{"text":"It gives a thick diffusion pathway for faster diffusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"A thicker diffusion pathway would increase the distance oxygen must travel and slow diffusion. The biconcave shape creates thin regions and a large surface area."}]},{"id":"21e324f6-de70-4f68-8b27-86b2696256bd","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] is the smallest living unit; a [ ] is similar cells working together.","back":"A cell is the smallest living unit; a tissue is similar cells working together.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A cell is the smallest living unit; a tissue is similar cells working together.","correct":true,"explanation":"A cell is the basic unit capable of carrying out life processes. A tissue is a group of similar specialised cells cooperating to perform a function."},{"text":"A organism is the smallest living unit; a tissue is similar cells working together.","correct":false,"explanation":"An organism may consist of many organised cells, so it is not the smallest living unit. A cell is the smallest living unit, and similar cells form a tissue."},{"text":"A cell is the smallest living unit; a organ is similar cells working together.","correct":false,"explanation":"An organ contains several different tissues rather than only similar cells. A cell is the smallest living unit, while a tissue consists of similar cells working together."},{"text":"A organ is the smallest living unit; a organ system is similar cells working together.","correct":false,"explanation":"This shifts both levels too high: organs contain different tissues, and organ systems contain different organs. Cells are the smallest living units, and similar cells form tissues."}]},{"id":"43568903-77da-4584-bab0-7cd15f193ace","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What level of organisation is made of different tissues working together?","back":"An organ.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An organ.","correct":true,"explanation":"An organ consists of different tissues working together to perform a particular function, such as the heart pumping blood or the stomach digesting food."},{"text":"An organ system.","correct":false,"explanation":"An organ system is made of several organs working together, not several tissues directly. Different tissues combine to make an organ."},{"text":"A tissue.","correct":false,"explanation":"A tissue is a group of similar cells working together, not a group of different tissues. Different tissues working together form an organ."},{"text":"An organism.","correct":false,"explanation":"An organism is the complete living individual and may contain several organ systems. The level formed directly from different tissues working together is an organ."}]},{"id":"a8402132-5df3-40a6-a99b-4bbfdf50f37f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] can breed to produce fertile offspring; a [ ] is one species in a particular place.","back":"A species can breed to produce fertile offspring; a population is one species in a particular place.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A species can breed to produce fertile offspring; a population is one species in a particular place.","correct":true,"explanation":"Members of the same species can reproduce to produce fertile offspring. A population consists of members of one species living in a particular area."},{"text":"A community can breed to produce fertile offspring; a population is one species in a particular place.","correct":false,"explanation":"A community contains populations of several different species, so it is not defined by interbreeding. A species produces fertile offspring, while one species in an area is a population."},{"text":"A species can breed to produce fertile offspring; a community is one species in a particular place.","correct":false,"explanation":"A community includes all the populations of different species in an area, not just one species. One species living in a particular place forms a population."},{"text":"A ecosystem can breed to produce fertile offspring; a habitat is one species in a particular place.","correct":false,"explanation":"An ecosystem includes a community and its physical environment, while a habitat is the place where an organism lives. Species interbreed, and one species in an area forms a population."}]},{"id":"ec4ac942-d5ef-436f-ac5d-08883bd5d991","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does an ecosystem include as well as the community?","back":"The physical environment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The physical environment.","correct":true,"explanation":"An ecosystem includes the community of living organisms and the non-living physical environment, including factors such as temperature, light, water and soil."},{"text":"The dominant species.","correct":false,"explanation":"The dominant species is already part of the biological community and does not complete the definition. An ecosystem also includes the non-living physical environment."},{"text":"The surrounding population.","correct":false,"explanation":"A population is part of the community because it consists of one species in the area. An ecosystem additionally includes the non-living physical environment."},{"text":"The food chain only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Food chains describe feeding relationships within the community, so they are not the additional component. An ecosystem also includes the physical environment surrounding the organisms."}]},{"id":"da8b65d1-0ce5-41e0-8dde-d0096329e153","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Photosynthesis uses [ ] to make [ ] in green plants and algae.","back":"Photosynthesis uses light energy to make glucose in green plants and algae.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Photosynthesis uses light energy to make glucose in green plants and algae.","correct":true,"explanation":"Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, which powers the reactions that produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water in green plants and algae."},{"text":"Photosynthesis uses heat energy to make glucose in green plants and algae.","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis is powered by light energy rather than heat energy. Chlorophyll absorbs light, allowing the plant or alga to manufacture glucose."},{"text":"Photosynthesis uses light energy to make carbon dioxide in green plants and algae.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is a reactant consumed during photosynthesis, not its main product. Light energy is used to make glucose, with oxygen also released."},{"text":"Photosynthesis uses chemical energy to make oxygen in green plants and algae.","correct":false,"explanation":"Light energy provides the energy for photosynthesis, and glucose is the main useful product. Oxygen is released as a by-product rather than being the substance made for energy storage."}]},{"id":"ee179f73-946b-4aea-b3a9-3469222410f9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which green pigment absorbs light energy for photosynthesis?","back":"Chlorophyll.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Chlorophyll.","correct":true,"explanation":"Chlorophyll is the green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy, enabling the chemical reactions of photosynthesis to take place."},{"text":"Carotene.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carotene is an orange accessory pigment rather than the green pigment asked for. The green light-absorbing pigment essential for photosynthesis is chlorophyll."},{"text":"Chloroplast.","correct":false,"explanation":"A chloroplast is the organelle where photosynthesis occurs, not a pigment. Chlorophyll is the green pigment located inside chloroplasts that absorbs light energy."},{"text":"Haemoglobin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Haemoglobin is the red pigment that transports oxygen in blood. Chlorophyll is the green pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis."}]},{"id":"4038a3d7-2167-4c12-bcee-ffa397fd8b3a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Photosynthesis word equation: [ ] → [ ].","back":"Photosynthesis word equation: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Photosynthesis word equation: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen.","correct":true,"explanation":"Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water as reactants to manufacture glucose, releasing oxygen as a by-product of the process."},{"text":"Photosynthesis word equation: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the photosynthesis equation and instead describes aerobic respiration. Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen."},{"text":"Photosynthesis word equation: oxygen + water → glucose + carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is a product and carbon dioxide is a reactant in photosynthesis, so these substances have been placed on the wrong sides of the equation."},{"text":"Photosynthesis word equation: carbon dioxide + glucose → water + oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose is manufactured rather than consumed during photosynthesis. The correct reactants are carbon dioxide and water, and the products are glucose and oxygen."}]},{"id":"f14f24a3-0280-49ce-a13f-23b3d9227546","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to carbon during carbon dioxide fixation?","back":"Carbon from CO₂ is built into organic compounds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Carbon from CO₂ is built into organic compounds.","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide fixation incorporates carbon atoms from atmospheric CO₂ into organic molecules, including sugars, which can then be used to make other biological compounds."},{"text":"Carbon from CO₂ is released as oxygen gas.","correct":false,"explanation":"The oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from water, not from the fixed carbon. Carbon from CO₂ is incorporated into organic compounds such as glucose."},{"text":"Carbon from CO₂ is built into inorganic salts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fixation converts inorganic carbon dioxide into carbon-containing organic compounds. It does not use the carbon to manufacture inorganic mineral salts."},{"text":"Carbon from CO₂ is converted directly into light energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon is matter and cannot be converted directly into light energy. Instead, light energy drives the incorporation of carbon from CO₂ into organic compounds."}]},{"id":"247f61ca-2188-408e-b4b8-f661303d47ae","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which process releases energy from glucose inside cells?","back":"Cellular respiration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cellular respiration.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cellular respiration transfers energy from glucose inside cells, allowing the released energy to support processes such as movement, growth and active transport."},{"text":"Photosynthesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis stores light energy by producing glucose rather than releasing energy from it. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose inside cells and transfers its energy."},{"text":"Active transport.","correct":false,"explanation":"Active transport uses energy to move substances against a concentration gradient; it does not release that energy from glucose. Cellular respiration supplies the required energy."},{"text":"Digestion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Digestion breaks large food molecules into smaller soluble molecules, but it does not release usable energy from glucose inside cells. That occurs through cellular respiration."}]},{"id":"6ce07d37-b6cb-46d8-9551-09f49cf7b81b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which gas is required for aerobic respiration?","back":"Oxygen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Oxygen.","correct":true,"explanation":"Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to release energy from glucose efficiently, producing carbon dioxide and water as the main waste products."},{"text":"Carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is produced during aerobic respiration rather than required as a reactant. Oxygen is the gas needed for aerobic respiration."},{"text":"Nitrogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although nitrogen forms most of the air, cells do not use it for aerobic respiration. Oxygen is required to release energy from glucose aerobically."},{"text":"Hydrogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen gas is not taken in for aerobic respiration. Cells require oxygen, which participates in the reactions that release energy from glucose."}]},{"id":"bc1e3333-569e-4197-846a-3c89b18efbe7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Breathing is [ ]; respiration is a [ ].","back":"Breathing is ventilation; respiration is a chemical process inside cells.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Breathing is ventilation; respiration is a chemical process inside cells.","correct":true,"explanation":"Breathing physically moves air into and out of the lungs, so it is ventilation. Respiration consists of chemical reactions that release energy inside cells."},{"text":"Breathing is ventilation; respiration is a chemical process inside the lungs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration is often confused with breathing because both involve oxygen, but respiration occurs inside cells throughout the body, not specifically inside the lungs."},{"text":"Breathing is chemical process inside cells; respiration is a ventilation.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two definitions have been reversed. Breathing is ventilation, while respiration is the chemical process inside cells that transfers energy from glucose."},{"text":"Breathing is diffusion; respiration is a physical process outside cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion explains gas exchange across membranes, not the movement of air during breathing. Breathing is ventilation, while respiration is a chemical process inside cells."}]},{"id":"3e6d43c7-62f7-4a55-891a-dee8b48bbf2a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In the dark, what happens to carbon dioxide around a plant?","back":"It increases: photosynthesis stops, respiration continues.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It increases: photosynthesis stops, respiration continues.","correct":true,"explanation":"Without light, photosynthesis stops removing carbon dioxide, but respiration continues releasing it. Carbon dioxide therefore accumulates around the plant."},{"text":"It decreases: photosynthesis continues, respiration stops.","correct":false,"explanation":"Darkness stops photosynthesis rather than respiration. Because respiration continues to release carbon dioxide while photosynthesis no longer removes it, the surrounding concentration increases."},{"text":"It stays constant: photosynthesis and respiration both stop.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration continues in both light and darkness, so the two processes do not both stop. With no photosynthesis consuming it, carbon dioxide increases."},{"text":"It decreases: carbon dioxide is absorbed by respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases carbon dioxide rather than absorbing it. In darkness, photosynthesis stops using carbon dioxide, so its concentration around the plant increases."}]},{"id":"23c39f97-5305-4dab-b77b-dd22d3953b4c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do decomposers help recycle chemicals?","back":"They break down dead material and waste, returning useful substances.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They break down dead material and waste, returning useful substances.","correct":true,"explanation":"Decomposers digest dead organisms and waste products. This releases mineral ions and other substances back into the environment, allowing producers to reuse them."},{"text":"They make dead material by photosynthesis, returning useful substances.","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis is carried out by producers and makes glucose rather than dead material. Decomposers recycle chemicals by breaking down dead material and waste, returning useful substances."},{"text":"They store dead material and waste, removing useful substances.","correct":false,"explanation":"Storing waste would prevent its chemicals from being recycled. Decomposers instead break down dead material and waste, releasing useful substances into the environment."},{"text":"They feed only on living organisms, locking away useful substances.","correct":false,"explanation":"Feeding only on living organisms describes neither decomposition nor chemical recycling. Decomposers break down dead material and waste, returning useful substances to the ecosystem."}]},{"id":"49cf77da-140c-4da7-a562-1eacc9390b4e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In ecosystems, matter [ ] but energy [ ].","back":"In ecosystems, matter cycles but energy flows.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In ecosystems, matter cycles but energy flows.","correct":true,"explanation":"Atoms and nutrients are repeatedly transferred and reused within ecosystems, so matter cycles. Energy enters, passes through trophic levels and eventually leaves as heat, so it flows."},{"text":"In ecosystems, matter flows but energy cycles.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two processes. Matter cycles because substances are reused, whereas energy flows through an ecosystem and is eventually transferred to the surroundings as heat."},{"text":"In ecosystems, matter cycles but energy cycles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Matter does cycle, but energy is not recycled because some is dissipated as heat at each transfer. Energy therefore flows through ecosystems rather than cycling."},{"text":"In ecosystems, matter flows but energy flows.","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy flows through an ecosystem, but matter is reused rather than moving in one direction. Nutrients and atoms pass between organisms and the environment in cycles."}]},{"id":"d91e29d1-cf7d-4a1b-bcf2-96fc2b397316","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does the genome contain that influences protein production?","back":"Genes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Genes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Genes are sections of DNA that contain the instructions for producing particular proteins. The genome is an organism’s complete set of genetic material and therefore contains its genes."},{"text":"Ribosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ribosomes are cell structures that assemble proteins using genetic instructions, but they are not contained in the genome. The genome contains genes that influence protein production."},{"text":"Hormones.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormones are chemical messengers and may themselves be proteins, but they are not units of information within the genome. Genes contain the instructions affecting protein production."},{"text":"Antibodies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibodies are proteins made by immune cells, not information stored in the genome. The genome contains genes whose DNA sequences provide instructions for protein production."}]},{"id":"b088f258-9cef-4890-9168-ac6907764a66","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which factors influence an organism’s characteristics?","back":"

Genome
Environment
Interaction between genome and environment

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Genome
Environment
Interaction between genome and environment

","correct":true,"explanation":"Characteristics can be determined genetically, environmentally, or through interactions between the two. For example, genes affect potential height, while nutrition affects whether that potential is reached."},{"text":"

Genome only
No environmental effect
No interaction between genome and environment

","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats every characteristic as entirely inherited, ignoring environmental influences. Characteristics may depend on the genome, the environment, or interaction between genome and environment."},{"text":"

Environment only
No genetic effect
No interaction between genome and environment

","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes all characteristics are acquired from surroundings and ignores inheritance. An organism’s genome and environment can each influence characteristics, and they may also interact."},{"text":"

Genome
Environment
Separation of genome and environment

","correct":false,"explanation":"Genome and environment do not always act independently, so describing their separation misses an important influence. Many characteristics result from interaction between genetic and environmental factors."}]},{"id":"bf013d53-8695-41be-8e85-2aec43188808","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In evolution, what changes - individuals or populations?","back":"A population’s inherited characteristics change over many generations.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A population’s inherited characteristics change over many generations.","correct":true,"explanation":"Evolution is a change in inherited characteristics within a population over successive generations. Individual organisms do not genetically evolve during their lifetimes."},{"text":"An individual’s inherited characteristics change during its lifetime.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reflects the misconception that an individual genetically adapts during life. Evolution changes the inherited characteristics of a population over many generations, not an individual’s genes."},{"text":"A population’s acquired characteristics change within one generation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acquired characteristics are generally not inherited, and evolutionary change requires multiple generations. Evolution involves changes in a population’s inherited characteristics over many generations."},{"text":"A species’ non-inherited characteristics change whenever needed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Evolution is not a purposeful response based on need, and non-inherited changes are not passed to offspring. A population’s inherited characteristics change over many generations."}]},{"id":"bcee4a10-4ea2-4004-8d30-975d628e2811","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do advantageous inherited characteristics become more common?","back":"Carriers are more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on genes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Carriers are more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on genes.","correct":true,"explanation":"An advantageous inherited characteristic increases reproductive success. Its carriers are more likely to survive and reproduce, so the relevant alleles are passed to more offspring."},{"text":"Carriers are more likely to survive, reproduce and lose their genes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Successful reproduction passes genes to offspring rather than losing them. Advantageous characteristics become common because carriers survive, reproduce and pass the relevant genes to the next generation."},{"text":"Carriers are more likely to adapt, choose and create new genes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Organisms do not choose advantageous traits or create genes because they need them. Existing inherited variation is selected when carriers survive, reproduce and pass on their genes."},{"text":"Carriers are more likely to survive, avoid reproduction and leave no offspring.","correct":false,"explanation":"Survival alone cannot increase an inherited characteristic if carriers leave no offspring. The characteristic becomes common when carriers survive, reproduce and pass its genes on."}]},{"id":"dbf478ae-2315-4d3a-88a2-27f4d7d415e2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can antibiotic use increase resistant bacteria?","back":"

Non-resistant bacteria are more likely to die.
Resistant bacteria survive, reproduce and pass on the gene.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Non-resistant bacteria are more likely to die.
Resistant bacteria survive, reproduce and pass on the gene.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Antibiotics create a selection pressure by killing susceptible bacteria. Resistant bacteria survive and reproduce, passing resistance genes to offspring so resistance becomes more common."},{"text":"

Resistant bacteria are more likely to die.
Non-resistant bacteria survive, reproduce and pass on the gene.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses natural selection by antibiotics. Non-resistant bacteria are more likely to die, while resistant bacteria survive, reproduce and pass on the resistance gene."},{"text":"

Non-resistant bacteria become resistant when exposed.
Resistant bacteria stop reproducing and lose the gene.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibiotics do not deliberately transform susceptible bacteria into resistant ones. Existing resistant bacteria survive treatment, reproduce and pass on the resistance gene while non-resistant bacteria die."},{"text":"

Non-resistant bacteria are more likely to survive.
Resistant bacteria reproduce but cannot pass on the gene.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Antibiotics preferentially kill non-resistant bacteria, and resistance genes can be inherited. Resistant bacteria therefore survive, reproduce and pass on the gene, increasing their proportion."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-11","paperLabel":"Biology Paper 1"},"heading":"Key ideas","title":"Key ideas Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/science/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"0aa70a1c-0b2b-5e43-98c6-2fa6c893084b","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]