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Repeated measures requires the same participants to complete every condition."},{"text":"The same participants take part in only one condition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Taking part in only one condition prevents within-participant comparison. Repeated measures requires the same participants to complete every condition."},{"text":"Each participant is matched with another participant in every condition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Matching participants creates a matched pairs design, not repeated measures. In repeated measures, the same participants themselves take part in every condition."}]},{"id":"92783229-9d12-468e-b466-2aeaf88c59b7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How are scores compared in an independent measures design?","back":"The mean score of one group is compared with the mean score of another group.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The mean score of one group is compared with the mean score of another group.","correct":true,"explanation":"Independent measures uses separate groups for each condition, so researchers compare the average score from one group with the average score from the other."},{"text":"Each participant's score is compared with their own score in another condition.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the comparison used in repeated measures, where the same people complete both conditions. Independent measures compares the means of separate groups."},{"text":"The highest score in one group is compared with the lowest score in another group.","correct":false,"explanation":"Comparing extreme scores would be unrepresentative and is not the standard method. Independent measures compares the mean score of each separate group."},{"text":"The mean score of both groups is combined into one overall score.","correct":false,"explanation":"Combining the groups hides differences between conditions. Independent measures requires the mean score of one group to be compared with the mean score of another."}]},{"id":"3e2b63b2-996d-48f8-9d80-5864bdd0d449","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A memory study uses the same 20 pupils with music and in silence. 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The pupils must complete both the music and silence conditions."},{"text":"Twenty pupils are matched with twenty different pupils across the two conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Matching different pupils would create a matched pairs design. The study is repeated measures because the same 20 pupils complete both conditions."}]},{"id":"80564a02-ca85-48a7-a6e4-b28c9880c02f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to participants in an independent measures design?","back":"Different participants take part in each condition.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Different participants take part in each condition.","correct":true,"explanation":"Independent measures assigns different participants to different conditions, so each person takes part in only one condition of the experiment."},{"text":"The same participants take part in every condition.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes repeated measures, where each participant completes all conditions. Independent measures uses different participants in each condition."},{"text":"Participants switch conditions after completing both tasks.","correct":false,"explanation":"Switching conditions means the same people complete more than one condition, which is repeated measures. Independent measures keeps participants in separate conditions."},{"text":"Participants are paired with someone who has the same characteristics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pairing people with similar characteristics describes matched pairs. 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Repeated measures compares each participant’s score with their own score in the other condition."},{"text":"They compare the highest participant's score with the lowest participant's score.","correct":false,"explanation":"Extreme scores do not provide a fair individual comparison and may distort the result. Repeated measures compares each person’s two condition scores."},{"text":"They compare the total score for both conditions with the group average.","correct":false,"explanation":"A total score and group average do not show each person’s change between conditions. Repeated measures compares each participant’s own scores."}]},{"id":"f5e781e9-7dde-405c-8dee-8b5af7d63736","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does repeated measures reduce the effect of participant variables?","back":"Participant variables are removed because the same people complete both conditions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Participant variables are removed because the same people complete both conditions.","correct":true,"explanation":"The same participants appear in both conditions, so differences such as ability or personality are held constant rather than varying between groups."},{"text":"Participant variables are increased because the same people complete both conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using the same people controls participant differences rather than increasing them. This is why repeated measures reduces the effect of participant variables."},{"text":"Order effects are removed because the same people complete both conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using the same people creates the possibility of order effects, such as practice or fatigue. It reduces participant variables, but does not remove order effects."},{"text":"Participant variables are removed because different people complete each condition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different people can differ in ability, personality or experience, creating participant variables. The same people completing both conditions controls these differences."}]},{"id":"4eab5d95-b9fb-460c-8893-e35bb2541c27","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does removing participant variables raise validity?","back":"Removing participant variables makes a score difference more likely to result from the independent variable, raising validity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Removing participant variables makes a score difference more likely to result from the independent variable, raising validity.","correct":true,"explanation":"When participant differences are controlled, they are less likely to explain the results. This makes a difference between conditions more plausibly caused by the independent variable."},{"text":"Removing participant variables makes every participant achieve the same score, raising validity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Controlling participant variables does not make scores identical. It removes differences between groups as an alternative explanation, making the independent variable’s effect clearer."},{"text":"Removing participant variables proves that the independent variable caused the score difference.","correct":false,"explanation":"Control increases confidence in the independent variable as an explanation but cannot prove causation absolutely. Other design limitations may still affect validity."},{"text":"Removing participant variables makes order effects impossible, raising validity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repeated measures controls participant variables but can still produce practice, fatigue or boredom effects. Those order effects may reduce validity if uncontrolled."}]},{"id":"610953ae-5fbf-4a8d-ac0d-069b84545714","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why does repeated measures require fewer participants?","back":"Repeated measures needs about half as many participants for the same amount of data.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Repeated measures needs about half as many participants for the same amount of data.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each participant provides data for every condition, so two conditions can be completed with one group instead of two separate groups of similar size."},{"text":"Repeated measures needs about twice as many participants for the same amount of data.","correct":false,"explanation":"The same participants provide scores in every condition, so fewer people are needed. Requiring twice as many would apply the wrong group calculation."},{"text":"Repeated measures needs the same number of participants for each condition.","correct":false,"explanation":"That requirement applies to separate groups in independent measures. Repeated measures uses the same participants across conditions, needing about half as many overall."},{"text":"Repeated measures needs about one quarter as many participants for the same amount of data.","correct":false,"explanation":"With two conditions, one participant supplies two condition scores, reducing the sample by about half, not by three quarters."}]},{"id":"322ffd3b-3212-43c2-873e-152b8081f54a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What main problem is caused by using the same participants twice?","back":"Order effects occur because participants complete more than one condition.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Order effects occur because participants complete more than one condition.","correct":true,"explanation":"Completing multiple conditions means performance can be influenced by the order of tasks, for example through practice, fatigue or boredom."},{"text":"Participant variables occur because participants complete more than one condition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Participant variables are differences between people, not changes caused by completing conditions in sequence. Completing multiple conditions creates order effects."},{"text":"Demand characteristics occur because participants complete more than one condition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Demand characteristics involve participants changing behaviour because they guess the study’s aim. Completing conditions more than once mainly creates order effects."},{"text":"Order effects occur because different participants complete one condition each.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different participants completing one condition each prevents a sequence within the same person. Order effects arise when participants complete more than one condition."}]},{"id":"734134b7-d264-42bc-b7ef-f89e168fd5ce","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can practice produce an order effect?","back":"A practice effect raises the second score because participants have already completed a similar task.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A practice effect raises the second score because participants have already completed a similar task.","correct":true,"explanation":"Experience with the first task can improve skill, familiarity or strategy, so performance in the second condition may rise because of practice rather than the independent variable."},{"text":"A practice effect lowers the second score because participants have already completed a similar task.","correct":false,"explanation":"Practice usually improves familiarity and performance, raising the second score. A lower score is more consistent with fatigue or boredom."},{"text":"A fatigue effect raises the second score because participants have already completed a similar task.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fatigue normally reduces concentration and lowers later performance. Previous experience raising the second score is a practice effect."},{"text":"A practice effect raises the first score because participants have not yet completed the task.","correct":false,"explanation":"The practice comes from completing the task earlier, so it affects the later score. The first score is taken before that practice has occurred."}]},{"id":"210c75c5-fb34-46df-8953-214651b7d87c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can fatigue or boredom produce an order effect?","back":"Fatigue or boredom can lower the second score.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fatigue or boredom can lower the second score.","correct":true,"explanation":"Completing an earlier condition can make participants tired or less interested, reducing concentration and causing poorer performance in the second condition."},{"text":"Fatigue or boredom can raise the second score.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fatigue and boredom generally reduce concentration and motivation, so they lower later performance. A raised second score is associated with practice."},{"text":"Practice can lower the second score because the task becomes familiar.","correct":false,"explanation":"Practice usually improves familiarity and raises the later score. Fatigue or boredom, rather than practice, can lower the second score."},{"text":"Fatigue or boredom can lower the first score because participants have already completed a task.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first condition occurs before participants have completed the other task. Fatigue or boredom from the study therefore affects the later score."}]},{"id":"ec1bf14f-4819-44fb-b66b-7375d99840f6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can an order effect reduce the validity of a study?","back":"An order effect provides another explanation for the difference, reducing validity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An order effect provides another explanation for the difference, reducing validity.","correct":true,"explanation":"If practice, fatigue or boredom affects scores, the result may not be caused solely by the independent variable. This alternative explanation reduces validity."},{"text":"An order effect guarantees that the independent variable caused the difference, reducing validity.","correct":false,"explanation":"An order effect weakens the causal conclusion because it provides an alternative explanation. It does not guarantee that the independent variable caused the difference."},{"text":"An order effect removes participant variables, reducing validity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Order effects concern the sequence of conditions, whereas participant variables concern differences between people. The alternative explanation from order effects reduces validity."},{"text":"An order effect reduces validity only when different groups complete each condition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Order effects arise when the same participants complete conditions in sequence. Independent groups do not experience a second condition in this way."}]},{"id":"2b59d0d3-79c9-4eb6-80a6-144801789e10","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which experimental design is affected by order effects?","back":"Order effects arise only in repeated measures designs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Order effects arise only in repeated measures designs.","correct":true,"explanation":"Repeated measures uses the same participants in multiple conditions, so practice, fatigue or boredom can result from the order in which those conditions are completed."},{"text":"Order effects arise only in independent measures designs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Independent measures uses different participants in each condition, so participants do not experience a sequence of conditions. Order effects mainly affect repeated measures."},{"text":"Order effects arise equally in all experimental designs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Order effects require participants to complete more than one condition. This happens in repeated measures, not in every experimental design."},{"text":"Order effects arise only in matched pairs designs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Matched pairs uses different participants who are paired on relevant characteristics. Since each person normally completes one condition, sequence effects do not arise."}]},{"id":"c0d3cc48-baf2-478e-8790-d27e60558968","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How do participant variables differ from order effects?","back":"Participant variables come from differences between people; order effects come from the sequence of conditions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Participant variables come from differences between people; order effects come from the sequence of conditions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Participant variables are individual differences such as ability or personality. Order effects are changes caused by completing conditions in a particular sequence."},{"text":"Participant variables come from the sequence of conditions; order effects come from differences between people.","correct":false,"explanation":"These definitions are reversed. 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Different participants complete separate conditions, so there is no second condition for each person."},{"text":"They do not experience a second condition, so participant variables cannot occur.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although there is no second condition, different people are used in each condition, so differences between participants can still occur."},{"text":"They experience a second condition, but researchers remove order effects automatically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Independent measures participants do not experience a second condition. 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Those differences can create an alternative explanation and reduce validity."},{"text":"Different groups may differ in important ways, so order effects must have caused the score gap.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different groups can create participant variables, but they do not experience multiple conditions in sequence. Therefore order effects are not the main problem here."},{"text":"Different groups reduce validity because the same participants complete every condition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using the same participants describes repeated measures, not independent measures. Independent measures can reduce validity because different groups may differ from one another."}]},{"id":"5addb71f-5957-4f0a-8105-4218347649ab","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can participant variables be reduced in independent measures?","back":"Recruit participants who are similar on the variable most relevant to the study, such as reading age.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Recruit participants who are similar on the variable most relevant to the study, such as reading age.","correct":true,"explanation":"Selecting participants with similar reading ages reduces differences between groups caused by participant variables, making it clearer whether the experimental manipulation produced the results."},{"text":"Allocate participants randomly to each condition, regardless of their reading age.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random allocation may distribute reading ages unevenly, so participant differences can still affect the results. The correct approach is to recruit people similar on the most relevant variable."},{"text":"Test each participant in both conditions to remove all differences between participants.","correct":false,"explanation":"Testing everyone twice uses repeated measures rather than reducing participant variables within independent measures. Independent groups should contain participants similar on the relevant variable."},{"text":"Give every participant identical instructions and materials before testing begins.","correct":false,"explanation":"Standardised instructions and materials reduce procedural differences, not participant variables such as reading age. Similar participants must be recruited to reduce this problem."}]},{"id":"30e06eab-8f79-4b49-9a25-52d3c36cf77b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Which design suits a study where one condition would give the other away?","back":"Independent measures suits a study where completing one condition would reveal or spoil the other.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Independent measures suits a study where completing one condition would reveal or spoil the other.","correct":true,"explanation":"Independent measures uses different participants in each condition, so experience of one condition cannot reveal the purpose or content of the other condition."},{"text":"Repeated measures suits a study where completing one condition would reveal or spoil the other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repeated measures exposes each participant to both conditions, making it more likely that the first condition reveals or spoils the second. Independent measures is suitable."},{"text":"Matched pairs suits a study where completing one condition would reveal or spoil the other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Matched pairs still involves assigning paired participants across both conditions, but independent participants do not personally experience both conditions. Independent measures therefore best prevents this problem."},{"text":"A correlational design suits a study where completing one condition would reveal or spoil the other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Correlational research measures relationships without manipulating experimental conditions, so it does not solve the problem of one condition revealing another. 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The specified gap is one day."},{"text":"same-session gap","correct":false,"explanation":"Keeping both conditions in the same session leaves little time for practice effects to decline, so later performance may still improve through experience. A day-long gap is correct."}]},{"id":"acf4b1e3-6842-46b5-8f30-c4e958e0879d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Matched materials reduce order effects because the two materials have equal [ ].","back":"Matched materials reduce order effects because the two materials have equal difficulty.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"difficulty","correct":true,"explanation":"Matched materials have equal difficulty, so differences in performance are less likely to result from one set being easier than the other after materials are alternated."},{"text":"length","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal length does not guarantee that two materials are equally challenging, because one may use more complex content. Matched materials should have equal difficulty."},{"text":"familiarity","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal familiarity is not the defining requirement for matched materials, and familiar content can still vary in challenge. Their relevant requirement here is equal difficulty."},{"text":"reliability","correct":false,"explanation":"Reliability concerns consistency of measurement, not whether two sets of materials are equally challenging. Matched materials reduce order effects by having equal difficulty."}]},{"id":"b4169d6e-e53a-49b2-9631-380be9cae99e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Repeated measures can be quicker and cheaper because it needs about [ ].","back":"Repeated measures can be quicker and cheaper because it needs about half as many participants.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"half as many participants","correct":true,"explanation":"Repeated measures uses each participant in every condition, so the same sample provides data for both conditions. This requires approximately half the participants of independent measures."},{"text":"twice as many participants","correct":false,"explanation":"Twice as many participants is associated with independent measures, where separate groups complete each condition. Repeated measures needs about half as many participants."},{"text":"the same number of participants","correct":false,"explanation":"Using separate participants for each condition generally requires a larger total sample. Repeated measures tests each person in both conditions, needing about half as many."},{"text":"one-quarter as many participants","correct":false,"explanation":"Each participant contributes data to two conditions, reducing the sample by about half, not by three-quarters. The expected requirement is half as many participants."}]},{"id":"0b587e49-e6e0-4401-948e-58c829937bf7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Independent measures can use the same materials in both conditions, avoiding the need to prepare two matched [ ].","back":"Independent measures can use the same materials in both conditions, avoiding the need to prepare two matched sets of materials.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"sets of materials","correct":true,"explanation":"Independent measures assigns different participants to each condition, so the same materials can be reused. Researchers therefore do not need two matched sets of materials."},{"text":"groups of participants","correct":false,"explanation":"Independent measures does require separate groups of participants, so this does not describe what is avoided. The avoided preparation is two matched sets of materials."},{"text":"testing sessions","correct":false,"explanation":"Separate conditions still require testing sessions, even when different participants take part. Independent measures avoids preparing two matched sets of materials instead."},{"text":"experimental hypotheses","correct":false,"explanation":"Every experiment needs hypotheses regardless of its design, and independent measures does not remove that requirement. Its material advantage concerns matched sets of materials."}]},{"id":"f9ce7c85-8241-4196-90e8-8e50cbb9d831","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"If the same class is tested in the morning and afternoon, higher afternoon scores may be caused by [ ] rather than time of day.","back":"If the same class is tested in the morning and afternoon, higher afternoon scores may be caused by practice rather than time of day.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"practice","correct":true,"explanation":"Because the same class completes testing twice, improved afternoon performance may reflect experience with the task. This practice effect could be mistaken for an effect of time of day."},{"text":"fatigue","correct":false,"explanation":"Fatigue would usually make later performance lower, not explain higher afternoon scores. Higher second-test scores may result from practice with the task."},{"text":"participant variables","correct":false,"explanation":"Participant variables are differences between people, but the same class is tested in both conditions. The main alternative explanation for higher later scores is practice."},{"text":"demand characteristics","correct":false,"explanation":"Demand characteristics involve participants changing behaviour because they infer the study's aim. Repeating the task can directly improve scores through practice, which is the relevant explanation."}]},{"id":"f7b0e846-3bda-435d-9616-7d91bb85b15a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A study with only one condition has no experimental design to name because participants are not allocated between [ ].","back":"A study with only one condition has no experimental design to name because participants are not allocated between conditions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"conditions","correct":true,"explanation":"Experimental designs describe how participants are allocated across conditions. With only one condition, there is no allocation between conditions to classify as independent or repeated measures."},{"text":"researchers","correct":false,"explanation":"Participants are not allocated between researchers when naming an experimental design. The relevant allocation is between conditions, and one-condition studies have none."},{"text":"variables","correct":false,"explanation":"A study can still contain variables with one condition, but design labels concern allocation between experimental conditions. Therefore, the missing category is conditions."},{"text":"hypotheses","correct":false,"explanation":"A study may have a hypothesis even when it has one condition, so hypotheses are not what participants are allocated between. Experimental design requires conditions for comparison."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"7.1.3 Experimental Designs","title":"7.1.3 Experimental Designs Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/psychology/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L90"}]}],"topicId":"09827e93-4a73-4dd4-be43-e923d70b46cd","walled":"$L91"}],"$L92","$L93"]