A psychology club in England plans to ask 14- to 16-year-old pupils to record their dreams and waking fantasies. The club predicts that dream reports will be significantly more bizarre than waking fantasies for nearly every pupil. It uses Williams et al. (1992) as evidence.
The table shows information from Williams et al.'s study.
| Feature | Information |
|---|---|
| Sample | 12 biopsychology students from an American university, aged 23 to 45; 10 were female |
| Individual results | 7 of the 12 participants had dreams that scored significantly higher for bizarreness than their own waking fantasies |
Explain two weaknesses of using Williams et al.'s study to justify the club's prediction.
81 exam-style questions on OCR GCSE Psychology 6.2 Theories/Explanations: The Nature of Dreaming, covering 6.2.1 Freudian dreaming: unconscious and repression, 6.2.2 Freudian dreaming: wish fulfilment and dream content; criticisms, 6.2.3 Freudian Theory research study: Freud (1918), 6.2.4 Activation Synthesis: REM sleep and the brain, 6.2.5 Activation Synthesis: pons, cortex and synthesis; criticisms, and 6.2.6 Activation Synthesis research study: Williams et al. (1992). Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.