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Without both the command and the action, the behaviour does not meet the definition."},{"text":"A person must copy the behaviour of people of equal status.","correct":false,"explanation":"Copying people of equal status describes conformity rather than obedience. Obedience requires carrying out a direct order given by someone perceived as an authority figure."},{"text":"A person must agree with an instruction before carrying it out.","correct":false,"explanation":"Obedience does not require personal agreement with the instruction. The defining features are carrying out a direct order and recognising the giver as an authority figure."},{"text":"A person must follow an indirect suggestion from a friend.","correct":false,"explanation":"An indirect suggestion from a friend lacks the direct order and authority relationship required for obedience. This is more consistent with ordinary influence than obedience."}]},{"id":"eb16032e-2455-4bfa-ae08-a30a5929b041","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What three features must a scenario contain for behaviour to count as obedience?","back":"

A direct order was given.
It came from someone with more status or power.
The person carried out the order.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

A direct order was given.
It came from someone with more status or power.
The person carried out the order.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Behaviour counts as obedience when a direct order comes from someone with greater status or power and the person carries it out. All three features are needed for the definition."},{"text":"

A general hint was given.
It came from someone with equal status or power.
The person copied the behaviour.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A hint from an equal followed by copying describes social influence or conformity, not obedience. Obedience specifically involves carrying out a direct order from someone with greater status or power."},{"text":"

A direct order was given.
It came from someone with less status or power.
The person refused the order.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The order must come from someone with more status or power and must be carried out. A refusal by the person, especially following a lower-status command, does not demonstrate obedience."},{"text":"

A personal opinion was expressed.
It came from someone with more status or power.
The person questioned the opinion.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Higher status alone is insufficient: obedience requires a direct order and action that carries it out. Expressing an opinion and questioning it does not satisfy the behavioural definition."}]},{"id":"ff805f0e-7928-44dd-b335-c997c3f7e433","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Obedience involves carrying out a direct [ ] from someone seen as an authority figure.","back":"Obedience involves carrying out a direct order from someone seen as an authority figure.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"order","correct":true,"explanation":"The term “order” is correct because obedience involves carrying out a direct command issued by someone seen as an authority figure. The authority relationship distinguishes it from conformity."},{"text":"request","correct":false,"explanation":"A request may be voluntary and does not necessarily come from an authority figure. The correct term is “order”, because obedience specifically concerns carrying out a direct command."},{"text":"opinion","correct":false,"explanation":"An opinion communicates a belief rather than requiring action. The correct term is “order”, since obedience involves carrying out a direct command from a perceived authority figure."},{"text":"example","correct":false,"explanation":"An example may influence someone indirectly through imitation, but it is not a direct command. The correct term is “order”, which captures the instruction central to obedience."}]},{"id":"7513914b-7f96-408f-8cce-d029a95033e3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can someone obey an order they think is unfair?","back":"They respond to the giver's position and authority, not because the instruction convinced them.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They respond to the giver's position and authority, not because the instruction convinced them.","correct":true,"explanation":"Obedience can occur even when the instruction seems unfair because the person responds to the giver’s recognised position and authority. Acceptance of the argument itself is not necessary."},{"text":"They respond to the giver's persuasive reasoning, not because the giver has authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being persuaded by reasoning is compliance with an argument, not the defining basis of obedience. The correct explanation is that the person responds to the giver’s position and authority."},{"text":"They respond to the giver's friendship and approval, not because the instruction was direct.","correct":false,"explanation":"Friendship and a desire for approval can create social pressure, but they do not explain obedience to an unfair order. Obedience is based on the giver’s position and authority."},{"text":"They respond to the giver's similarity to themselves, not because the giver has higher status.","correct":false,"explanation":"Similarity may encourage conformity within a group, but obedience involves a perceived status difference. The person follows because of the giver’s position and authority, even without agreement."}]},{"id":"d540ad87-2983-4ac8-bc00-85ebf08aeb1a","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How does obedience differ from conformity in terms of social pressure?","back":"

Obedience involves pressure from above.
Conformity involves pressure from a group of equals beside you.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Obedience involves pressure from above.
Conformity involves pressure from a group of equals beside you.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Obedience involves social pressure from a person or institution with greater authority, described as pressure from above. Conformity involves pressure from peers or equals in the group."},{"text":"

Obedience involves pressure from below.
Conformity involves pressure from a group of authority figures above you.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two sources of pressure. Obedience comes from above, while conformity usually comes from equals or peers beside the individual."},{"text":"

Obedience involves pressure from equals beside you.
Conformity involves pressure from a group of above.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The social relationships have been swapped. Pressure from equals is characteristic of conformity, whereas obedience involves pressure from an authority figure above the person."},{"text":"

Obedience involves pressure from within yourself.
Conformity involves pressure from a group of strangers outside society.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither description identifies the relevant social relationship. Obedience involves pressure from above, while conformity involves pressure from a group of equals beside the individual."}]},{"id":"f4129b26-d568-44b9-aac3-b80c0877d7e2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Conformity occurs when a person moves into line with a group of [ ].","back":"Conformity occurs when a person moves into line with a group of equals.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"equals","correct":true,"explanation":"“Equals” is correct because conformity involves adjusting behaviour or beliefs to fit a group whose members have broadly similar social status. This differs from obeying someone with authority."},{"text":"authority figures","correct":false,"explanation":"Authority figures give orders that may produce obedience, rather than defining conformity. The correct term is “equals”, because conformity involves pressure from people of similar status."},{"text":"superiors","correct":false,"explanation":"Superiors have greater status or power and therefore fit the authority relationship in obedience. The correct term is “equals”, who exert peer pressure in conformity."},{"text":"subordinates","correct":false,"explanation":"Subordinates have lower status or power, so this does not describe the peer relationship involved in conformity. The correct term is “equals”, meaning people at a similar social level."}]},{"id":"90ad1356-9ba3-4882-9cb2-e3eecb401759","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is full obedience?","back":"The order is carried out as it was given.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The order is carried out as it was given.","correct":true,"explanation":"Full obedience means the individual completes the authority figure’s order in the way it was instructed. There is no significant alteration, omission, delay, or poor performance."},{"text":"The order is carried out only partly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Completing only part of an order describes partial obedience. Full obedience requires the entire order to be carried out as it was given."},{"text":"The order is carried out after being changed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing the instruction means the order has not been followed fully in its original form. Full obedience requires carrying it out exactly as it was given."},{"text":"The order is discussed but not carried out.","correct":false,"explanation":"Discussion without action does not demonstrate obedience. Full obedience requires the person to carry out the complete order as it was given."}]},{"id":"06155fcf-6d4d-43cf-9d41-516180a33ec5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is partial obedience?","back":"The person does some of the order, or carries it out so slowly or badly that it barely happens.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The person does some of the order, or carries it out so slowly or badly that it barely happens.","correct":true,"explanation":"Partial obedience occurs when only part of an order is completed, or when delay and poor performance reduce the action so much that it barely takes place."},{"text":"The person does all of the order exactly, without delay or mistakes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Completing every part accurately describes full obedience, not partial obedience. Partial obedience involves doing only some of the order or carrying it out very slowly or badly."},{"text":"The person does none of the order, and openly refuses to begin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Doing none of the order is disobedience rather than partial obedience. Partial obedience requires at least some performance, even if it is incomplete, slow, or poor."},{"text":"The person does a different order instead, while completing it efficiently.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carrying out a different instruction does not count as partial completion of the original order. Partial obedience means the original order is performed incompletely, slowly, or badly."}]},{"id":"d6eb55b3-f5d8-4330-a2b3-74db4c51c4b6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What makes refusal of an order easier?","back":"Asking a question first makes saying no much easier.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Asking a question first makes saying no much easier.","correct":true,"explanation":"A question creates a pause and gives the person time to think, which weakens the pressure to obey immediately and makes refusal psychologically easier."},{"text":"Agreeing immediately makes saying no much easier.","correct":false,"explanation":"Immediate agreement commits the person to the order and increases pressure to continue. Asking a question first creates thinking time, making refusal much easier."},{"text":"Standing completely still makes saying no much easier.","correct":false,"explanation":"Remaining still does not directly challenge or delay the order, so it does little to reduce obedience pressure. Asking a question first creates a pause for considering refusal."},{"text":"Repeating the order aloud makes saying no much easier.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repeating an order can reinforce attention to the command rather than weaken it. Asking a question first interrupts the pressure and gives the person time to decide whether to refuse."}]},{"id":"3d275679-29db-48a6-ac8c-4f82d3fcb93a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Someone who argues, stalls and then does half of what was asked has shown [ ].","back":"Someone who argues, stalls and then does half of what was asked has shown partial obedience.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"partial obedience","correct":true,"explanation":"Partial obedience occurs when someone does not fully comply but still carries out part of the order, such as completing only some of the requested actions."},{"text":"complete obedience","correct":false,"explanation":"Complete obedience means carrying out the whole order without withholding any part. Doing only half shows partial obedience because compliance is incomplete."},{"text":"independent behaviour","correct":false,"explanation":"Independent behaviour involves acting without being directed by the authority figure. Completing part of an order still shows obedience, but only at a partial level."},{"text":"disobedient resistance","correct":false,"explanation":"Disobedience means refusing or resisting the order altogether. Completing half of it retains some compliance, so the more precise term is partial obedience."}]},{"id":"51490ff8-1e81-416e-ac9f-4d3e19085f0d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is obedience not an all-or-nothing response?","back":"People can carry out, partly carry out, question or refuse an order.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"People can carry out, partly carry out, question or refuse an order.","correct":true,"explanation":"Obedience has several possible degrees: a person may fully comply, comply partly, challenge the instruction, or reject it. It is therefore better understood as a range than a simple yes-or-no response."},{"text":"People can understand, remember, repeat or forget an order.","correct":false,"explanation":"These describe different ways of processing or recalling an instruction, not different levels of obedience. The relevant responses are carrying it out, partly carrying it out, questioning it, or refusing it."},{"text":"People can accept, praise, explain or ignore an order.","correct":false,"explanation":"Approval, explanation and ignoring are not the key categories used to describe degrees of obedience. People may carry out, partly carry out, question or refuse an order."},{"text":"People can hear, copy, delay or write down an order.","correct":false,"explanation":"These actions concern receiving or recording an instruction and do not establish how far it was obeyed. Obedience ranges from full or partial compliance through questioning to refusal."}]},{"id":"42f29750-300c-44c7-8c13-148db8357b81","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does a written rule with nobody enforcing it not necessarily show obedience?","back":"Obedience requires a person giving a direct order; an unenforced rule is closer to following a norm.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Obedience requires a person giving a direct order; an unenforced rule is closer to following a norm.","correct":true,"explanation":"Obedience involves responding to a direct command from an authority figure. A written rule without anyone issuing or enforcing an instruction is more accurately explained as conformity to a social norm."},{"text":"Obedience requires a written rule displayed publicly; an unenforced rule is closer to following a norm.","correct":false,"explanation":"A rule can be written and visible without anyone directly instructing a person to follow it. Obedience requires a person giving a direct order; otherwise the behaviour is closer to following a norm."},{"text":"Obedience requires a strong punishment for breaking rules; an unenforced rule is closer to following a norm.","correct":false,"explanation":"Punishment may encourage compliance but is not the defining feature of obedience. The key requirement is a direct order from a person; an unenforced rule is closer to a social norm."},{"text":"Obedience requires a majority agreeing with the rule; an unenforced rule is closer to following a norm.","correct":false,"explanation":"Majority support describes social agreement, not obedience to an authority. Obedience requires a direct order from a person, whereas simply following an unenforced rule resembles conformity to a norm."}]},{"id":"a7c8935a-c43f-44e2-88b6-d6d458cbba89","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is an authority figure?","back":"Someone treated as having a legitimate right to give orders.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Someone treated as having a legitimate right to give orders.","correct":true,"explanation":"An authority figure is recognised as having a valid or legitimate right to direct other people. This perceived legitimacy makes their instructions more likely to be obeyed."},{"text":"Someone treated as having a personal wish to give orders.","correct":false,"explanation":"A personal desire to control others does not make someone an authority figure. Authority depends on being seen as having a legitimate right to issue instructions."},{"text":"Someone treated as having a physical ability to give orders.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being physically capable of speaking or enforcing demands does not establish legitimate authority. An authority figure is recognised as having a valid right to give orders."},{"text":"Someone treated as having a popular reason to give orders.","correct":false,"explanation":"Popularity or having a persuasive reason is not the basis of authority. The defining feature is that the person is regarded as having a legitimate right to give orders."}]},{"id":"b9933b12-36a5-4a6b-930d-9f87741c85e0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A uniform, badge or lanyard can signal someone's [ ] before they speak.","back":"A uniform, badge or lanyard can signal someone's role before they speak.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"role","correct":true,"explanation":"Uniforms, badges and lanyards communicate the social role a person occupies, such as steward, police officer or employee, before they say anything."},{"text":"mood","correct":false,"explanation":"Clothing and identification items may suggest a person's job or position, but they do not reliably reveal their temporary emotional state. They signal a role."},{"text":"intelligence","correct":false,"explanation":"A uniform or badge identifies a position or occupation, not a person's intelligence. These visible cues signal the role that may give them authority."},{"text":"friendship","correct":false,"explanation":"Identification items do not show whether someone is a friend or how socially close they are. They communicate a role, which can make authority recognisable before speech."}]},{"id":"6bd832f2-8e1e-4147-8cf4-8ab931b39c58","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Name two signals that can make someone appear to be an authority figure.","back":"

A uniform, such as a hi-vis jacket.
A badge, lanyard or job title.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

A uniform, such as a hi-vis jacket.
A badge, lanyard or job title.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Visible markers such as work clothing and identification suggest an official role or position. People may therefore infer that the wearer has legitimate authority before receiving an order."},{"text":"

A casual outfit, such as a plain T-shirt.
A friendly smile or relaxed posture.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Casual clothing and relaxed body language do not usually identify an official position. Uniforms and identification such as badges, lanyards or job titles provide clearer signals of authority."},{"text":"

A loud voice, such as shouting.
A large crowd nearby.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Volume and the presence of other people may create pressure, but they do not identify an authority role. Uniforms and visible identification are the relevant authority signals."},{"text":"

A tall appearance, such as being noticeable.
A serious expression or quiet manner.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Height, facial expression and quietness are ambiguous personal features rather than signs of an official role. Uniforms, badges, lanyards and job titles more directly signal authority."}]},{"id":"2bbaa930-06e9-4ec0-84de-a3f1e67b3659","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can the setting affect whether someone is obeyed?","back":"An authority figure's words carry more weight in the setting where they work, such as a steward inside a stadium.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An authority figure's words carry more weight in the setting where they work, such as a steward inside a stadium.","correct":true,"explanation":"People are more likely to accept authority when the person is in the environment associated with their official role. A stadium steward appears more legitimate inside the stadium."},{"text":"An authority figure's words carry more weight in the setting where they relax, such as a steward inside a stadium.","correct":false,"explanation":"A person's authority is usually less clear in a private or leisure environment unrelated to their role. It carries more weight where they work, such as a steward inside a stadium."},{"text":"An authority figure's words carry more weight in the setting where they are unknown, such as a steward inside a stadium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being unfamiliar does not establish legitimacy and may reduce willingness to obey. Authority is stronger in the setting where the person works and their role is recognised."},{"text":"An authority figure's words carry more weight in the setting where they are outnumbered, such as a steward inside a stadium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being outnumbered can weaken the impression of control rather than strengthen it. A steward's authority is more persuasive in the workplace setting where the role is expected."}]},{"id":"38abb010-8fb0-4d4c-ab0b-7253ce1a5356","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why can an authority figure's manner increase obedience?","back":"Giving an order calmly and routinely adds weight to it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Giving an order calmly and routinely adds weight to it.","correct":true,"explanation":"A calm, routine manner suggests that the authority figure expects compliance and considers the order legitimate. This confidence gives the instruction greater weight and can increase obedience."},{"text":"Giving an order hesitantly and apologetically adds weight to it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hesitation and apologetic delivery suggest uncertainty, which weakens the authority of an order. Calm and routine delivery adds weight by making compliance seem normal and expected."},{"text":"Giving an order jokingly and casually adds weight to it.","correct":false,"explanation":"A joking, casual manner can make an instruction seem optional or unimportant. An order gains weight when it is delivered calmly and routinely, signalling confident authority."},{"text":"Giving an order nervously and inconsistently adds weight to it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nervousness and inconsistency make an authority figure appear unsure, reducing the pressure to obey. Calm, routine delivery instead presents the order as legitimate and expected."}]},{"id":"8478d25e-52cc-4fad-a6ba-48e712c3c3a3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Refusing an authority figure can feel risky because they may be able to [ ] you.","back":"Refusing an authority figure can feel risky because they may be able to reward or punish you.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"reward or punish","correct":true,"explanation":"Authority figures may control desirable rewards or impose negative consequences. This power makes refusal feel risky and can therefore increase a person's likelihood of obeying."},{"text":"obey or resist","correct":false,"explanation":"Obeying and resisting are responses made by the person receiving an order, not powers used by the authority figure. Authorities create risk through their ability to reward or punish."},{"text":"agree or disagree with","correct":false,"explanation":"Agreement or disagreement expresses an opinion but does not explain the practical risk of refusing. Authority figures can increase obedience because they may be able to reward or punish someone."},{"text":"copy or learn from","correct":false,"explanation":"Copying and learning describe processes associated with social learning, not the consequences that make refusal risky. The relevant authority power is the ability to reward or punish."}]},{"id":"61ee20e8-7efc-429d-ad38-acb52e043e25","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did Bickman's (1974) study show about uniforms and obedience?","back":"Obedience varied when the same men gave the same orders in different outfits.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Obedience varied when the same men gave the same orders in different outfits.","correct":true,"explanation":"Keeping the men and orders constant isolated clothing as the key variable. Greater obedience to a uniform showed that visible symbols of authority can affect compliance."},{"text":"Obedience remained equal when different men gave different orders in the same outfit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing both the men and their orders would not isolate the effect of uniform, and obedience did not simply remain equal. Bickman varied outfits while keeping men and orders the same."},{"text":"Obedience varied when the same men gave different orders in identical outfits.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes changing the orders rather than testing the effect of clothing. Bickman used the same men and orders in different outfits, allowing obedience to uniforms to be compared."},{"text":"Obedience remained equal when the same men gave the same orders in different outfits.","correct":false,"explanation":"The controlled features are accurate, but the conclusion is reversed: obedience varied across outfits. This difference showed that uniforms and other clothing can signal authority."}]},{"id":"652366aa-53d3-4e81-bf94-79fc409ad2d2","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Give one pro-social and one anti-social outcome of obedience.","back":"

Pro-social: following evacuation instructions keeps a crowd moving safely.
Anti-social: refusing service to someone despite thinking it is unfair.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Pro-social: following evacuation instructions keeps a crowd moving safely.
Anti-social: refusing service to someone despite thinking it is unfair.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Following emergency instructions benefits others by maintaining safety, so it is pro-social obedience. Enforcing unfair discrimination harms another person, making that obedience anti-social."},{"text":"

Pro-social: refusing service to someone despite thinking it is unfair.
Anti-social: following evacuation instructions keeps a crowd moving safely.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The labels have been reversed. Following evacuation instructions protects people and is pro-social, whereas obeying an unfair instruction to refuse service causes harm and is anti-social."},{"text":"

Pro-social: ignoring evacuation instructions keeps personal choice protected.
Anti-social: challenging an order to discriminate against someone.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both examples involve resisting rather than obeying authority, and their social effects are misclassified. Pro-social obedience includes following evacuation instructions; anti-social obedience includes enforcing unfair discrimination."},{"text":"

Pro-social: following an order to exclude an innocent person.
Anti-social: following safety instructions during an emergency.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The outcomes are classified in the wrong direction. Excluding an innocent person is harmful and anti-social, while obeying emergency safety instructions protects others and is pro-social."}]},{"id":"32dd3755-3141-4621-9fa6-8491454daed9","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How can the type of order affect the response?","back":"

A small, harmless order is usually followed quickly.
An order that feels wrong draws questions or resistance.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

A small, harmless order is usually followed quickly.
An order that feels wrong draws questions or resistance.

","correct":true,"explanation":"People tend to comply readily when an instruction has little cost or moral significance. Orders that appear harmful or unethical prompt greater thought, questioning and resistance."},{"text":"

A small, harmless order usually draws questions or resistance.
An order that feels wrong is usually followed quickly.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the usual responses. Small, harmless requests generally produce quick compliance, while orders perceived as wrong are more likely to trigger questioning or resistance."},{"text":"

A small, harmless order is usually refused immediately.
An order that feels wrong produces automatic obedience.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Harmless instructions do not usually provoke immediate refusal, and morally troubling orders do not guarantee automatic obedience. Harmless orders encourage quick compliance, while wrong-seeming orders invite resistance."},{"text":"

A large, harmful order is usually followed quickly.
An order that feels reasonable draws questions or resistance.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The characteristics have been inverted. Large or harmful demands are more likely to be questioned, whereas small, harmless and reasonable instructions are generally followed more readily."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"4.1.3 Obedience","title":"4.1.3 Obedience Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/psychology/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L90"}]}],"topicId":"60c59b6d-7df4-4a1f-96e5-0458f231f6d8","walled":"$L91"}],"$L92","$L93"]