86:I[871206,["$1","$2","$3","$4","$5","$6","$7","$8","$9","$a","$b","$c","$d","$e","$f","$10","$11","$12","$13","$14","$15"],"IconMark"] 87:I[196793,["$1","$2","$3","$4","$5","$6","$7","$8","$9","$a","$b","$c","$d","$e","$f","$10","$11","$12","$13","$14","$15","$3b","$3c","$3d","$3e","$3f","$40","$41","$42","$43","$44","$45","$46","$47","$48","$49","$4a","$51","$52","$53","$54","$55","$56","$57","$58","$59","$5a","$5b","$5c","$5d","$5e","$5f","$60","$61","$62","$63","$64","$65","$66","$67","$68","$69","$6a","$6b","$6c","$6d"],"Gingerbread"] 89:"RecordResourceResume" 8a:I[647935,["$1","$2","$3","$4","$5","$6","$7","$8","$9","$a","$b","$c","$d","$e","$f","$10","$11","$12","$13","$14","$15","$3b","$3c","$3d","$3e","$3f","$40","$41","$42","$43","$44","$45","$46","$47","$48","$49","$4a","$51","$52","$53","$54","$55","$56","$57","$58","$59","$5a","$5b","$5c","$5d","$5e","$5f","$60","$61","$62","$63","$64","$65","$66","$67","$68","$69","$6a","$6b","$6c","$6d"],"$89"] 8b:I[473028,["$1","$2","$3","$4","$5","$6","$7","$8","$9","$a","$b","$c","$d","$e","$f","$10","$11","$12","$13","$14","$15","$3b","$3c","$3d","$3e","$3f","$40","$41","$42","$43","$44","$45","$46","$47","$48","$49","$4a","$51","$52","$53","$54","$55","$56","$57","$58","$59","$5a","$5b","$5c","$5d","$5e","$5f","$60","$61","$62","$63","$64","$65","$66","$67","$68","$69","$6a","$6b","$6c","$6d"],"RecordTopicView"] 8c:"FlashcardAccessBranch" 8d:I[830476,["$1","$2","$3","$4","$5","$6","$7","$8","$9","$a","$b","$c","$d","$e","$f","$10","$11","$12","$13","$14","$15","$3b","$3c","$3d","$3e","$3f","$40","$41","$42","$43","$44","$45","$46","$47","$48","$49","$4a","$51","$52","$53","$54","$55","$56","$57","$58","$59","$5a","$5b","$5c","$5d","$5e","$5f","$60","$61","$62","$63","$64","$65","$66","$67","$68","$69","$6a","$6b","$6c","$6d"],"$8c"] 8e:"TopicFlashcardRunner" 8f:I[315438,["$1","$2","$3","$4","$5","$6","$7","$8","$9","$a","$b","$c","$d","$e","$f","$10","$11","$12","$13","$14","$15","$3b","$3c","$3d","$3e","$3f","$40","$41","$42","$43","$44","$45","$46","$47","$48","$49","$4a","$51","$52","$53","$54","$55","$56","$57","$58","$59","$5a","$5b","$5c","$5d","$5e","$5f","$60","$61","$62","$63","$64","$65","$66","$67","$68","$69","$6a","$6b","$6c","$6d"],"$8e"] 74:null 7a:[["$","title","0",{"children":"1.3.1 Rehabilitation and pro-social behaviour - Flashcards | MathsGenie"}],["$","meta","1",{"name":"description","content":"Revise 1.3.1 Rehabilitation and pro-social behaviour for OCR GCSE Psychology with active-recall flashcards: flip, fill the gaps, and self-test on MathsGenie."}],["$","meta","2",{"name":"application-name","content":"MathsGenie"}],["$","meta","3",{"name":"robots","content":"index, follow"}],["$","link","4",{"rel":"canonical","href":"https://mathsgenie.co.uk/gcse/psychology/ocr/1-3-1-rehabilitation-and-pro-social-behaviour/flashcards"}],["$","meta","5",{"property":"og:title","content":"1.3.1 Rehabilitation and pro-social behaviour - Flashcards"}],["$","meta","6",{"property":"og:description","content":"Revise 1.3.1 Rehabilitation and pro-social behaviour for OCR GCSE Psychology with active-recall flashcards: flip, fill the gaps, and self-test on MathsGenie."}],["$","meta","7",{"property":"og:url","content":"https://mathsgenie.co.uk/gcse/psychology/ocr/1-3-1-rehabilitation-and-pro-social-behaviour/flashcards"}],["$","meta","8",{"property":"og:site_name","content":"MathsGenie"}],["$","meta","9",{"property":"og:locale","content":"en_GB"}],["$","meta","10",{"property":"og:image","content":"https://mathsgenie.co.uk/api/og?title=1.3.1%20Rehabilitation%20and%20pro-social%20behaviour%20-%20Flashcards"}],["$","meta","11",{"property":"og:image:width","content":"1200"}],["$","meta","12",{"property":"og:image:height","content":"630"}],["$","meta","13",{"property":"og:image:alt","content":"1.3.1 Rehabilitation and pro-social behaviour - Flashcards"}],["$","meta","14",{"property":"og:type","content":"website"}],["$","meta","15",{"name":"twitter:card","content":"summary_large_image"}],["$","meta","16",{"name":"twitter:title","content":"1.3.1 Rehabilitation and pro-social behaviour - Flashcards"}],["$","meta","17",{"name":"twitter:description","content":"Revise 1.3.1 Rehabilitation and pro-social behaviour for OCR GCSE Psychology with active-recall flashcards: flip, fill the gaps, and self-test on MathsGenie."}],["$","meta","18",{"name":"twitter:image","content":"https://mathsgenie.co.uk/api/og?title=1.3.1%20Rehabilitation%20and%20pro-social%20behaviour%20-%20Flashcards"}],["$","link","19",{"rel":"icon","href":"/favicon.ico?favicon.2j0dv-gmf2vmi.ico?dpl=nogit-1793874494","sizes":"256x256","type":"image/x-icon"}],["$","link","20",{"rel":"icon","href":"/icon.svg?icon.0odudpcuyu_1t.svg?dpl=nogit-1793874494","sizes":"any","type":"image/svg+xml"}],["$","link","21",{"rel":"apple-touch-icon","href":"/apple-icon.png?apple-icon.3cq-u4n9i7l9o.png?dpl=nogit-1793874494","sizes":"180x180","type":"image/png"}],["$","$L86","22",{}]] 71:[["$","$L87",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L88",["$","$L8a",null,{"href":"/gcse/psychology/ocr/1-3-1-rehabilitation-and-pro-social-behaviour/flashcards","label":"1.3.1 Rehabilitation and pro-social behaviour","subjectCode":"gcse_psychology__ocr","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L8b",null,{"kind":"flashcards","topicId":"b93bd0a0-f6d9-4f83-b9a2-b6ded891e26b"}],["$","$L8d",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L8f",null,{"decks":[{"id":"4fccb305-0ecb-4c9e-8233-15bb43da7be2","title":"1.3.1 Rehabilitation and pro-social behaviour Flashcards","topicId":"b93bd0a0-f6d9-4f83-b9a2-b6ded891e26b","topicSlug":"1-3-1-rehabilitation-and-pro-social-behaviour","cards":[{"id":"50b7863c-f08c-4da2-b14e-6471b2580b7b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does rehabilitation aim to reduce, and how?","back":"Rehabilitation aims to reduce criminal and anti-social behaviour by tackling its causes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Rehabilitation aims to reduce criminal and anti-social behaviour by tackling its causes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rehabilitation addresses factors that contribute to offending, aiming to produce lasting reductions in criminal and anti-social behaviour rather than merely punishing past actions."},{"text":"Rehabilitation aims to reduce criminal and anti-social behaviour by increasing its punishments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing punishment is associated with deterrence, not rehabilitation. Rehabilitation reduces criminal and anti-social behaviour by tackling the underlying causes of offending."},{"text":"Rehabilitation aims to reduce criminal and anti-social behaviour by ignoring its causes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ignoring the causes would make lasting behavioural change less likely. Rehabilitation seeks to reduce criminal and anti-social behaviour by directly tackling those causes."},{"text":"Rehabilitation aims to reduce criminal and anti-social behaviour by publicising its consequences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Publicising consequences is intended to deter potential offenders. Rehabilitation instead reduces criminal and anti-social behaviour by addressing the factors that cause it."}]},{"id":"c8f60b23-f5cd-418e-82e6-bc0d3c7691b1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is pro-social behaviour?","back":"Pro-social behaviour helps or benefits other people, such as working, completing a course or volunteering.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Pro-social behaviour helps or benefits other people, such as working, completing a course or volunteering.","correct":true,"explanation":"Pro-social behaviour benefits other people or society. Productive activities such as employment, education and volunteering are examples because they make a positive social contribution."},{"text":"Pro-social behaviour harms or disadvantages other people, such as offending, threatening others or vandalising.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes anti-social behaviour, which causes harm or disadvantage. Pro-social behaviour helps or benefits others through activities such as working, studying or volunteering."},{"text":"Pro-social behaviour avoids or ignores other people, such as staying home, refusing help or withdrawing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social withdrawal is not necessarily helpful or beneficial to anyone. Pro-social behaviour actively benefits others, for example through work, education or volunteering."},{"text":"Pro-social behaviour controls or punishes other people, such as policing, sentencing them or imprisoning them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Control and punishment belong to the criminal justice response, not the definition of pro-social behaviour. Pro-social actions help or benefit other people."}]},{"id":"ce890a2d-b3fa-4f33-8479-46eb33a45081","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What are the two aims of rehabilitation?","back":"

Reduce criminal and anti-social behaviour.
Increase pro-social behaviour.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Reduce criminal and anti-social behaviour.
Increase pro-social behaviour.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Rehabilitation has two complementary aims: reducing harmful criminal and anti-social conduct while increasing constructive pro-social behaviour that benefits other people or society."},{"text":"

Increase criminal and anti-social behaviour.
Reduce pro-social behaviour.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both aims and would make behaviour less socially constructive. Rehabilitation reduces criminal and anti-social behaviour while increasing pro-social behaviour."},{"text":"

Punish criminal and anti-social behaviour.
Ignore pro-social behaviour.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Punishment alone and ignoring positive conduct do not constitute rehabilitation. Its aims are to reduce criminal and anti-social behaviour and increase pro-social behaviour."},{"text":"

Record criminal and anti-social behaviour.
Measure pro-social behaviour.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Recording and measuring behaviour may support assessment, but they are not rehabilitation's two aims. Those aims are reducing harmful behaviour and increasing pro-social behaviour."}]},{"id":"a4845508-b4bb-42c8-91c8-a8748baa05b8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why has an offender who stops offending but does nothing more achieved only half of rehabilitation?","back":"Stopping offending without increasing pro-social behaviour achieves only half of rehabilitation's aims.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Stopping offending without increasing pro-social behaviour achieves only half of rehabilitation's aims.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rehabilitation has two aims: reducing offending and increasing pro-social behaviour. Stopping offending fulfils the first aim but leaves the second unfulfilled."},{"text":"Stopping offending without receiving further punishment achieves only half of rehabilitation's aims.","correct":false,"explanation":"Further punishment is not rehabilitation's second aim. The missing half is increasing pro-social behaviour, alongside the achieved reduction in offending."},{"text":"Stopping offending without admitting every past offence achieves only half of rehabilitation's aims.","correct":false,"explanation":"Admitting every past offence is not one of the two rehabilitation aims. The offender must also increase pro-social behaviour to fulfil both aims."},{"text":"Stopping offending without avoiding all former friends achieves only half of rehabilitation's aims.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoiding former friends is not a general aim of rehabilitation. The second aim is to increase helpful, constructive pro-social behaviour after offending stops."}]},{"id":"90485883-16fe-43a4-8ebb-34d913ab3f9d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which two approaches to rehabilitation must be known?","back":"The two approaches are restorative justice and positive role models.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The two approaches are restorative justice and positive role models.","correct":true,"explanation":"Restorative justice confronts offenders with the harm caused, while positive role models demonstrate lawful conduct that offenders can identify with and imitate."},{"text":"The two approaches are custodial sentencing and financial penalties.","correct":false,"explanation":"Custodial sentences and fines are punishments rather than the specified rehabilitation approaches. The required approaches are restorative justice and positive role models."},{"text":"The two approaches are classical conditioning and negative reinforcement.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are learning concepts, not the two rehabilitation approaches required here. The named approaches are restorative justice and positive role models."},{"text":"The two approaches are community policing and electronic monitoring.","correct":false,"explanation":"Policing and electronic monitoring supervise or control behaviour but are not the specified approaches. Rehabilitation here focuses on restorative justice and positive role models."}]},{"id":"10a094cb-85b4-4a39-b1f1-acb8d162534a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Who runs a restorative justice meeting?","back":"A trained facilitator supervises a meeting between the offender and victim.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A trained facilitator supervises a meeting between the offender and victim.","correct":true,"explanation":"A trained facilitator manages the restorative justice meeting, supporting safe, structured communication between the victim and offender without taking either participant's role."},{"text":"A trained prosecutor supervises a meeting between the offender and victim.","correct":false,"explanation":"A prosecutor presents the case against an offender in court rather than running restorative dialogue. A trained facilitator supervises the meeting between offender and victim."},{"text":"A trained juror supervises a meeting between the offender and victim.","correct":false,"explanation":"Jurors decide verdicts from evidence in court and do not supervise restorative justice meetings. That responsibility belongs to a trained facilitator."},{"text":"A trained magistrate supervises a meeting between the offender and victim.","correct":false,"explanation":"A magistrate deals with cases and sentencing in court, not the restorative meeting itself. A trained facilitator supervises communication between victim and offender."}]},{"id":"d16c63cc-76de-400f-bb48-5cb475f8182e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to the victim during restorative justice?","back":"The victim describes the harm caused by the offence while the offender listens.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The victim describes the harm caused by the offence while the offender listens.","correct":true,"explanation":"The victim explains the offence's personal impact and harm directly. Listening to this account helps the offender understand the real consequences of their actions."},{"text":"The victim describes the sentence required by the offence while the offender listens.","correct":false,"explanation":"The victim does not determine the offender's sentence during restorative justice. They describe the harm caused, allowing the offender to hear its personal impact."},{"text":"The victim describes the evidence collected for the offence while the offender listens.","correct":false,"explanation":"Presenting evidence is part of investigation or prosecution, not the victim's restorative role. The victim describes the harm that the offence caused."},{"text":"The victim describes the excuse given for the offence while the offender listens.","correct":false,"explanation":"The purpose is not for the victim to repeat the offender's excuse. The victim describes the harm caused while the offender listens to its impact."}]},{"id":"f531bb6e-e414-4e5c-b399-8bfbc261bb8b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can restorative justice build empathy?","back":"Face-to-face details make the harm concrete, helping the offender develop empathy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Face-to-face details make the harm concrete, helping the offender develop empathy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hearing the victim describe specific consequences makes otherwise abstract harm real and concrete, helping the offender understand the victim's feelings and develop empathy."},{"text":"Face-to-face details make the harm anonymous, helping the offender develop empathy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meeting the victim makes the impact personal rather than anonymous. Concrete details of the harm help the offender appreciate the victim's experience and develop empathy."},{"text":"Face-to-face details make the harm hypothetical, helping the offender develop empathy.","correct":false,"explanation":"The meeting presents actual consequences, not hypothetical ones. Making the harm concrete helps the offender recognise its reality and empathise with the victim."},{"text":"Face-to-face details make the harm irrelevant, helping the offender develop empathy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating harm as irrelevant would obstruct empathy. Restorative justice makes the harm concrete and personally meaningful so the offender can understand the victim's experience."}]},{"id":"26a33744-4572-422a-946f-5bfaa895c134","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does an offender take responsibility in restorative justice?","back":"The offender takes responsibility, usually by apologising or repairing the damage.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The offender takes responsibility, usually by apologising or repairing the damage.","correct":true,"explanation":"An apology or an attempt to repair damage acknowledges ownership of the offence and its consequences, demonstrating that the offender accepts responsibility."},{"text":"The offender takes revenge, usually by apologising or repairing the damage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Apologising and repairing damage are reparative actions, not revenge. They show that the offender accepts responsibility for the offence and its consequences."},{"text":"The offender takes credit, usually by apologising or repairing the damage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Taking credit suggests pride or claiming praise, whereas an apology or repair acknowledges wrongdoing. These actions allow the offender to take responsibility."},{"text":"The offender takes control, usually by apologising or repairing the damage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although making amends involves action, its key psychological purpose is accepting responsibility, not gaining control. Apologising or repairing damage acknowledges the offender's role."}]},{"id":"99b0d211-0762-4262-b948-9d81e4a35056","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might restorative justice reduce reoffending?","back":"It makes the offender find it harder to excuse repeating the offence.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It makes the offender find it harder to excuse repeating the offence.","correct":true,"explanation":"Facing the victim's harm and accepting responsibility weakens the offender's justifications, making it harder to excuse committing the same offence again."},{"text":"It makes the offender find it harder to remember repeating the offence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restorative justice does not aim to erase or weaken memory. It challenges justifications, making it harder for the offender to excuse repeating the offence."},{"text":"It makes the offender find it harder to report repeating the offence.","correct":false,"explanation":"The intended mechanism is not making future offences harder to report. Understanding the harm makes it harder for the offender to excuse offending again."},{"text":"It makes the offender find it harder to conceal repeating the offence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restorative justice is not primarily a surveillance method that prevents concealment. It reduces justifications, making repeated offending harder for the offender to excuse."}]},{"id":"84f58d9e-de31-4edf-b25c-747a571a5612","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does a positive role model provide?","back":"The offender watches and copies a lawful person, such as a mentor or youth worker.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The offender watches and copies a lawful person, such as a mentor or youth worker.","correct":true,"explanation":"A positive role model demonstrates lawful, constructive behaviour. Through observation and imitation, the offender can learn alternatives to criminal and anti-social conduct."},{"text":"The offender watches and copies a criminal person, such as a mentor or youth worker.","correct":false,"explanation":"Copying criminal behaviour would reinforce offending rather than rehabilitation. A positive role model is lawful and demonstrates constructive behaviour for the offender to imitate."},{"text":"The offender watches and copies a punitive person, such as a mentor or youth worker.","correct":false,"explanation":"The model's defining quality is lawful conduct, not a tendency to punish. A mentor or youth worker demonstrates pro-social behaviour that the offender can copy."},{"text":"The offender watches and copies a vulnerable person, such as a mentor or youth worker.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vulnerability does not define a positive role model's rehabilitative value. The model provides an observable example of lawful behaviour for the offender to imitate."}]},{"id":"a7c7d059-f102-49ae-be10-167e91bc01cd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does identification affect the impact of a positive role model?","back":"Identification makes imitation of the role model more likely.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Identification makes imitation of the role model more likely.","correct":true,"explanation":"When offenders identify with a role model, they perceive that person as relevant or similar to themselves, increasing the likelihood that they will imitate the model's behaviour."},{"text":"Identification makes punishment of the role model more likely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identification concerns perceived similarity and connection, not punishment. It increases the likelihood that the observer will imitate the role model's behaviour."},{"text":"Identification makes avoidance of the role model more likely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identification draws the observer psychologically closer to the model rather than encouraging avoidance. This connection makes imitation of the model's behaviour more likely."},{"text":"Identification makes criticism of the role model more likely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identification does not primarily promote critical judgement of the model. Feeling similar to or connected with the model makes behavioural imitation more likely."}]},{"id":"0992c964-09f6-4eb6-9bba-b754d4be3df7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is vicarious reinforcement in positive role modelling?","back":"Seeing the model rewarded with work, respect or a stable home provides vicarious reinforcement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Seeing the model rewarded with work, respect or a stable home provides vicarious reinforcement.","correct":true,"explanation":"Vicarious reinforcement occurs when someone observes another person receiving rewards for behaviour, making the observer more likely to imitate that behaviour."},{"text":"Seeing the model rewarded with work, respect or a stable home provides direct reinforcement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Direct reinforcement requires the observer personally to receive the reward. Watching the model receive positive outcomes instead provides vicarious reinforcement."},{"text":"Seeing the model rewarded with work, respect or a stable home provides negative punishment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Negative punishment involves removing something desirable to reduce behaviour. Here, observed rewards make imitation more likely, which is vicarious reinforcement."},{"text":"Seeing the model rewarded with work, respect or a stable home provides classical conditioning.","correct":false,"explanation":"Classical conditioning links stimuli through association and does not require observing a model's rewards. Observed positive consequences provide vicarious reinforcement."}]},{"id":"228803ed-1a0c-4b85-afa8-9006b30362ef","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens when lawful behaviour is repeatedly modelled?","back":"Repeated behaviour becomes internalised, so it continues after the mentor leaves.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Repeated behaviour becomes internalised, so it continues after the mentor leaves.","correct":true,"explanation":"Repeatedly observing and practising lawful conduct can make it part of the offender's own behavioural standards, allowing it to continue without the mentor's presence."},{"text":"Repeated behaviour becomes extinguished, so it continues after the mentor leaves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Extinction means a learned response weakens or disappears, which contradicts continued behaviour. Repeated lawful behaviour becomes internalised and persists after mentoring ends."},{"text":"Repeated behaviour becomes temporary, so it continues after the mentor leaves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temporary behaviour would be expected to stop rather than continue after the mentor leaves. Repetition allows lawful behaviour to become internalised and persistent."},{"text":"Repeated behaviour becomes externalised, so it continues after the mentor leaves.","correct":false,"explanation":"External control would make behaviour dependent on the mentor's presence. Internalised behaviour becomes part of the offender's own standards and therefore continues independently."}]},{"id":"4ca68500-5b90-47a3-912b-22b6f32a240a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Rehabilitation aims to [ ] and increase pro-social behaviour.","back":"Rehabilitation aims to reduce criminal and anti-social behaviour and increase pro-social behaviour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"reduce criminal and anti-social behaviour","correct":true,"explanation":"Reducing criminal and anti-social behaviour is the first aim of rehabilitation, paired with increasing constructive pro-social behaviour."},{"text":"increase criminal and anti-social behaviour","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses rehabilitation's intended direction by increasing harmful conduct. Rehabilitation aims to reduce criminal and anti-social behaviour while increasing pro-social behaviour."},{"text":"record criminal and anti-social behaviour","correct":false,"explanation":"Recording harmful behaviour may help assessment, but it is not rehabilitation's behavioural aim. Rehabilitation aims to reduce criminal and anti-social behaviour."},{"text":"punish criminal and anti-social behaviour","correct":false,"explanation":"Punishment may be part of sentencing, but it is not the missing rehabilitation aim. Rehabilitation seeks to reduce criminal and anti-social behaviour by addressing its causes."}]},{"id":"2e5bad5b-4826-4c72-857f-a3cc98f3e63a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Rehabilitation aims to reduce criminal and anti-social behaviour and [ ].","back":"Rehabilitation aims to reduce criminal and anti-social behaviour and increase pro-social behaviour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"increase pro-social behaviour","correct":true,"explanation":"Increasing pro-social behaviour is rehabilitation's positive aim, complementing the reduction of criminal and anti-social conduct by encouraging actions that benefit others."},{"text":"decrease pro-social behaviour","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses rehabilitation's positive aim and would reduce constructive social conduct. Rehabilitation aims to increase pro-social behaviour while reducing criminal and anti-social behaviour."},{"text":"measure pro-social behaviour","correct":false,"explanation":"Measurement may be used to evaluate progress, but it is not the intended behavioural outcome. Rehabilitation aims to increase pro-social behaviour."},{"text":"discourage pro-social behaviour","correct":false,"explanation":"Discouraging helpful behaviour would undermine rehabilitation. Its second aim is to increase pro-social behaviour so offenders contribute constructively to other people and society."}]},{"id":"7fb6f3a3-1084-4f0f-8dc0-b56aab3fb9ae","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Restorative justice can build [ ] by making the harm concrete, followed by taking responsibility.","back":"Restorative justice can build empathy by making the harm concrete, followed by taking responsibility.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"empathy","correct":true,"explanation":"Empathy involves understanding another person’s feelings and perspective. Confronting the real harm caused can help an offender appreciate the victim’s experience and accept responsibility."},{"text":"sympathy","correct":false,"explanation":"Sympathy means feeling concern for someone, but it does not necessarily involve understanding their perspective. Restorative justice aims to build empathy by making the victim’s experience concrete."},{"text":"obedience","correct":false,"explanation":"Obedience involves following an authority’s instructions, rather than understanding the effects of an offence. Restorative justice builds empathy by confronting offenders with the harm caused."},{"text":"self-esteem","correct":false,"explanation":"Self-esteem concerns a person’s sense of their own worth, not their understanding of a victim. Restorative justice is intended to build empathy for those harmed."}]},{"id":"77ad5abd-9feb-4080-a3cc-2c31e64ecb8c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Restorative justice can build empathy by making the harm concrete, followed by taking [ ].","back":"Restorative justice can build empathy by making the harm concrete, followed by taking responsibility.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"responsibility","correct":true,"explanation":"Restorative justice encourages offenders to acknowledge that they caused harm and take responsibility for it, rather than denying or minimising the effects of their actions."},{"text":"revenge","correct":false,"explanation":"Revenge seeks to harm someone in return and is not the purpose of restorative justice. Offenders are instead encouraged to take responsibility for the harm they caused."},{"text":"control","correct":false,"explanation":"Taking control suggests gaining power over a situation, rather than acknowledging wrongdoing. Restorative justice requires the offender to take responsibility for the offence and its consequences."},{"text":"legal advice","correct":false,"explanation":"Legal advice may help an offender understand court procedures, but it is not the psychological outcome described. Restorative justice encourages offenders to take responsibility for causing harm."}]},{"id":"748c7c74-40db-41a0-8571-14b0c368f1fb","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Positive role modelling depends on [ ] with the model and can be strengthened by vicarious reinforcement.","back":"Positive role modelling depends on identification with the model and can be strengthened by vicarious reinforcement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"identification","correct":true,"explanation":"Identification occurs when someone relates to a model or sees them as similar or admirable. This makes the model’s pro-social behaviour more likely to be copied."},{"text":"detachment","correct":false,"explanation":"Detachment means lacking a psychological connection with the model, which makes imitation less likely. Positive role modelling depends on identification with a relatable or admired model."},{"text":"competition","correct":false,"explanation":"Competition encourages someone to outperform another person rather than adopt their behaviour. Positive role modelling depends on identification, where the observer relates to or admires the model."},{"text":"punishment","correct":false,"explanation":"Punishment may suppress behaviour, but it does not create the connection needed for role modelling. The process depends on identification with a relatable or respected model."}]},{"id":"56b3f99b-c25e-46f6-9c92-60b371330058","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Positive role modelling depends on identification with the model and can be strengthened by [ ].","back":"Positive role modelling depends on identification with the model and can be strengthened by vicarious reinforcement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"vicarious reinforcement","correct":true,"explanation":"Vicarious reinforcement occurs when an observer sees a model rewarded for behaviour. The observed reward makes the observer more likely to imitate that pro-social behaviour."},{"text":"vicarious punishment","correct":false,"explanation":"Vicarious punishment occurs when a model is seen receiving an unpleasant consequence, making imitation less likely. Positive role modelling is strengthened by observing vicarious reinforcement."},{"text":"direct punishment","correct":false,"explanation":"Direct punishment is experienced personally and aims to reduce behaviour. Role modelling is strengthened by vicarious reinforcement, where the observer sees the model being rewarded."},{"text":"classical conditioning","correct":false,"explanation":"Classical conditioning learns associations between stimuli and does not require observing a model’s reward. Positive role modelling can be strengthened through vicarious reinforcement."}]},{"id":"7fd524d5-52ad-448e-966f-5eb4bf2be2a6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A limitation of restorative justice is that it is unsuitable for some offences and requires the [ ].","back":"A limitation of restorative justice is that it is unsuitable for some offences and requires the victim's agreement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"victim's agreement","correct":true,"explanation":"Restorative justice requires the victim’s voluntary agreement because participation may be emotionally difficult or inappropriate. It cannot simply be imposed on an unwilling victim."},{"text":"victim's forgiveness","correct":false,"explanation":"A victim may participate without forgiving the offender, so forgiveness is not a requirement. Restorative justice instead requires the victim’s agreement to take part."},{"text":"victim's attendance","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical attendance is not always required because restorative communication can sometimes occur indirectly. The essential condition is the victim’s agreement to participate in the process."},{"text":"mentor's agreement","correct":false,"explanation":"A mentor is associated with positive role-modelling programmes, not the central consent requirement of restorative justice. Restorative justice requires the victim’s agreement to participate."}]},{"id":"481457df-d528-4a2a-8427-a54f73e93b75","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A limitation of positive role models is that one mentor may be outweighed by other [ ], especially if the offender does not identify with them.","back":"A limitation of positive role models is that one mentor may be outweighed by other anti-social models, especially if the offender does not identify with them.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"anti-social models","correct":true,"explanation":"Anti-social models may receive more attention or identification than a single mentor. Their influence can therefore outweigh the mentor’s attempt to model pro-social behaviour."},{"text":"pro-social models","correct":false,"explanation":"Pro-social models demonstrate socially acceptable behaviour and would generally support, rather than undermine, a mentor’s influence. The limitation concerns competing anti-social models."},{"text":"positive influences","correct":false,"explanation":"Positive influences would reinforce the mentor’s attempt to encourage acceptable behaviour rather than outweigh it negatively. Competing anti-social models create the stated limitation."},{"text":"supportive mentors","correct":false,"explanation":"Additional supportive mentors would usually strengthen exposure to pro-social behaviour. The concern is that one mentor may be outweighed by more influential anti-social models."}]},{"id":"585b6731-3e93-43d6-868a-1327205917c6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Rehabilitation is measured using [ ], meaning further offending after punishment.","back":"Rehabilitation is measured using recidivism, meaning further offending after punishment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"recidivism","correct":true,"explanation":"Recidivism means offending again after receiving punishment or an intervention. Lower recidivism rates therefore indicate that rehabilitation has been more successful."},{"text":"rehabilitation","correct":false,"explanation":"Rehabilitation is the process of changing offenders so they are less likely to offend again, not its measure. Further offending after punishment is called recidivism."},{"text":"deterrence","correct":false,"explanation":"Deterrence aims to prevent offending through fear of punishment, rather than naming repeated offending. Further offending after punishment is measured as recidivism."},{"text":"retribution","correct":false,"explanation":"Retribution concerns punishing an offender because they deserve it, not measuring later behaviour. Recidivism is the term for further offending after punishment."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"1.3.1 Rehabilitation and pro-social behaviour","title":"1.3.1 Rehabilitation and pro-social behaviour Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/psychology/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L90"}]}],"topicId":"b93bd0a0-f6d9-4f83-b9a2-b6ded891e26b","walled":"$L91"}],"$L92","$L93"]