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Level 2 (4–6 marks): Mostly accurate knowledge; some logical application; developed but imbalanced reasoning with an occasional supported judgement. Level 1 (1–3 marks): Isolated or limited knowledge; limited application; one-sided reasoning and a weakly supported judgement. Level 0 (0–0 marks): No rewardable material. Indicative content: AO1: - Freud (1900) proposed that dreams are the disguised fulfilment of unconscious wishes. Dreamwork turns the hidden latent content into the remembered manifest content. - Hobson and McCarley (1977) proposed that random activation in the brainstem during REM sleep is synthesised by the brain into a dream, while sensory input is blocked and movement is inhibited. AO2: - Being locked out of her childhood home is the manifest content of Rosa's dream, and her friend's hidden wish would be the latent content. - Her brother's view applies activation synthesis: the images of the home are triggered by random neural firing and the brain builds them into a story. - Rosa's dream recurs, which suggests personal meaning, fitting Freud better than a purely random process. AO3: - Strength of Freud: the theory explains why dreams can feel personally meaningful and link to the dreamer's life. - Weakness of Freud: interpretations of latent content are subjective, and the theory cannot be falsified. - Strength of activation synthesis: it is based on measurable brain activity during REM sleep, so it is more scientific. - Weakness of activation synthesis: random activation struggles to explain why the same dream keeps recurring. - Judgement: for example, activation synthesis is more scientific, but Freud offers a better account of recurring, meaningful dreams such as Rosa's. Cap: Single-skill cap: an answer evidencing only one assessment skill is credited for knowledge and understanding and cannot exceed the top of Level 1 (3 marks). 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9.1 Sleep and dreaming

Question 2

9.1 Sleep and dreaming Questions

9.1 Sleep and dreaming

Question 2

9.1 Sleep and dreaming Questions