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Young's main aim was to test CBT's effectiveness as a treatment for internet addiction."},{"text":"To identify CBT's causes as a treatment for internet addiction.","correct":false,"explanation":"CBT is a treatment, not a cause to be identified. Young investigated whether CBT was effective for internet addiction."},{"text":"To test CBT's effectiveness as a treatment for depression.","correct":false,"explanation":"Depression was not the target condition in this study. Young tested CBT's effectiveness as a treatment for internet addiction."}]},{"id":"05bb65fd-044d-40dc-84ac-8e3dc9355770","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How could CBT change internet addiction symptoms?","back":"It helped clients identify and change unhelpful thoughts, altering their compulsive behaviours and feelings.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It helped clients identify and change unhelpful thoughts, altering their compulsive behaviours and feelings.","correct":true,"explanation":"CBT targets unhelpful thoughts, which can influence feelings and compulsive behaviours. Changing these thought patterns was expected to reduce internet addiction symptoms."},{"text":"It helped clients identify and change unhelpful memories, altering their compulsive behaviours and feelings.","correct":false,"explanation":"The key CBT target was unhelpful thoughts, not memories. Changing thoughts could alter compulsive behaviours and feelings associated with internet addiction."},{"text":"It helped clients suppress and ignore unhelpful thoughts, leaving their compulsive behaviours and feelings unchanged.","correct":false,"explanation":"CBT involves identifying and changing unhelpful thoughts, rather than simply suppressing them. The aim was to alter compulsive behaviours and feelings."},{"text":"It helped clients identify and change helpful thoughts, increasing their compulsive behaviours and feelings.","correct":false,"explanation":"Helpful thoughts would not explain the reduction of symptoms, and CBT aims to reduce compulsive behaviour. The treatment changed unhelpful thoughts and related feelings."}]},{"id":"839a6ba5-adb1-46a9-b84a-86196fbc27be","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many clients took part in Young's study?","back":"114 clients.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"114 clients.","correct":true,"explanation":"Young's study included 114 clients receiving treatment at the Center for Online Addiction in Pennsylvania."},{"text":"104 clients.","correct":false,"explanation":"The figure of 104 is a plausible subtraction error, but the study included 114 clients. The sample size must be recalled as 114."},{"text":"124 clients.","correct":false,"explanation":"The figure of 124 is a near-miss value, but it overestimates the sample. Young's study involved 114 clients."},{"text":"141 clients.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the digits in 114 and gives the wrong sample size. The correct number of clients was 114."}]},{"id":"a729ff86-d645-4656-9248-17d71f270ec3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where were the clients receiving treatment?","back":"At the Center for Online Addiction in Pennsylvania.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"At the Center for Online Addiction in Pennsylvania.","correct":true,"explanation":"The clients were receiving treatment at the Center for Online Addiction in Pennsylvania, where Young conducted the study."},{"text":"At the Center for Internet Research in Pennsylvania.","correct":false,"explanation":"The location was the Center for Online Addiction, not a research centre with this name. It was in Pennsylvania."},{"text":"At the Center for Online Addiction in California.","correct":false,"explanation":"The centre was in Pennsylvania, not California. Confusing the state changes the location reported for Young's clients."},{"text":"At the Center for Offline Addiction in Pennsylvania.","correct":false,"explanation":"The centre's name referred to online addiction. Replacing online with offline gives a different and incorrect treatment location."}]},{"id":"b485abd5-9078-440c-bb2f-dce09375bf7f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What percentage of the clients were women?","back":"42%.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"42%.","correct":true,"explanation":"Women made up 42% of the clients in Young's study."},{"text":"24%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the digits in 42, a common recall error. The percentage of women was 42%, not 24%."},{"text":"48%.","correct":false,"explanation":"Forty-eight percent is a close but incorrect estimate. The study reported that 42% of clients were women."},{"text":"52%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This value incorrectly suggests that women formed a majority of the sample. Young reported 42% women, meaning men formed the larger group."}]},{"id":"ba620623-1e4a-4c26-baca-108023422489","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How were high-risk cases identified and handled?","back":"Clients completed the Internet Addiction Test, and high-risk cases were excluded.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Clients completed the Internet Addiction Test, and high-risk cases were excluded.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Internet Addiction Test identified risk levels. Clients considered high risk were excluded so the study could focus on the intended treatment group."},{"text":"Clients completed the Internet Addiction Test, and low-risk cases were excluded.","correct":false,"explanation":"The test was used to identify high-risk cases, and those cases were excluded. Excluding low-risk clients reverses the study's procedure."},{"text":"Clients completed the Internet Addiction Test, and high-risk cases were included.","correct":false,"explanation":"High-risk cases were not included in the treatment sample. They were excluded after completing the Internet Addiction Test."},{"text":"Clients completed the Internet Use Questionnaire, and high-risk cases were excluded.","correct":false,"explanation":"The named screening measure was the Internet Addiction Test. The procedure excluded high-risk cases after this test was completed."}]},{"id":"fec5924a-07ba-4edb-9675-23d6327bfdb9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was measured by the client outcome questionnaire?","back":"Clients' self-rated progress during treatment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Clients' self-rated progress during treatment.","correct":true,"explanation":"The client outcome questionnaire measured how clients rated their own progress during treatment, providing a self-report measure of improvement."},{"text":"Clients' therapist-rated progress during treatment.","correct":false,"explanation":"The questionnaire recorded clients' own ratings, not therapists' judgements. Therefore it measured self-rated progress during treatment."},{"text":"Clients' self-rated internet use before treatment.","correct":false,"explanation":"The measure focused on progress during treatment, rather than only internet use before treatment. It was a client outcome questionnaire."},{"text":"Clients' observed behaviour during treatment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Observed behaviour would be recorded by researchers or therapists. This questionnaire measured clients' self-rated progress instead."}]},{"id":"4b3b0494-e8e1-4e19-bd82-afbd004b1496","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How many items and what scale did the outcome questionnaire use?","back":"12 items, each scored on a 5-point scale.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"12 items, each scored on a 5-point scale.","correct":true,"explanation":"The outcome questionnaire contained 12 items, and each item was rated using a 5-point scale."},{"text":"12 items, each scored on a 4-point scale.","correct":false,"explanation":"The number of items is correct, but the response scale is not. Each of the 12 items used a 5-point scale."},{"text":"15 items, each scored on a 5-point scale.","correct":false,"explanation":"The scale is correct, but the questionnaire had 12 items rather than 15. Both features must be recalled accurately."},{"text":"5 items, each scored on a 12-point scale.","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the number of items and the scale points. The questionnaire had 12 items, each scored on a 5-point scale."}]},{"id":"d1c020ae-ecbb-434d-b8b4-9bccbde971c0","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"At which four points was the outcome questionnaire completed?","back":"

Session 3
Session 8
Session 12
Six-month follow-up

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Session 3
Session 8
Session 12
Six-month follow-up

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Session 1
Session 8
Session 12
Six-month follow-up

","correct":false,"explanation":"The first assessment point was session 3, not session 1. The later points were sessions 8 and 12 and the six-month follow-up."},{"text":"

Session 3
Session 6
Session 12
Six-month follow-up

","correct":false,"explanation":"The middle assessment occurred at session 8, not session 6. The complete schedule also included sessions 3 and 12 and the six-month follow-up."},{"text":"

Session 3
Session 8
Session 10
One-year follow-up

","correct":false,"explanation":"The final treatment assessment was session 12 and the later check was six months afterwards. Session 10 and a one-year follow-up were not reported."}]},{"id":"1eade97a-6553-44c8-9132-4a44f79dc1c6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which problem was reported by the largest percentage of clients?","back":"Time problems, reported by 96%.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Time problems, reported by 96%.","correct":true,"explanation":"Time problems affected the greatest percentage of clients, with 96% reporting them in Young's study."},{"text":"Relationship problems, reported by 96%.","correct":false,"explanation":"Relationship problems were common but were reported by 85% of clients. Time problems were the largest category at 96%."},{"text":"Time problems, reported by 85%.","correct":false,"explanation":"The problem category is correct, but its percentage is not. Time problems were reported by 96%, while relationship problems were reported by 85%."},{"text":"Sleep problems, reported by 96%.","correct":false,"explanation":"The largest reported problem was time problems, not sleep problems. The 96% figure belongs to time problems."}]},{"id":"04e9ee9d-1104-42be-92af-88bd02a42bb0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What percentage of clients reported relationship problems?","back":"85%.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"85%.","correct":true,"explanation":"Young reported that 85% of clients experienced relationship problems."},{"text":"58%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the digits in 85, producing a common recall error. The reported percentage for relationship problems was 85%."},{"text":"96%.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ninety-six percent referred to time problems, the most frequently reported issue. Relationship problems were reported by 85%."},{"text":"75%.","correct":false,"explanation":"Seventy-five percent is a plausible estimate but not the reported result. The correct figure for relationship problems was 85%."}]},{"id":"3532a5b4-b9b2-41ce-bd0b-468996614291","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happened to most clients by session 3?","back":"They showed continuous improvement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They showed continuous improvement.","correct":true,"explanation":"By session 3, most clients were already showing continuous improvement, indicating that symptoms were beginning to respond to CBT."},{"text":"They showed continuous deterioration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Most clients were improving rather than deteriorating by session 3. The study reported continuous improvement at this early assessment point."},{"text":"They showed no measurable improvement.","correct":false,"explanation":"The findings did not indicate that progress was absent. Most clients showed continuous improvement by session 3."},{"text":"They showed improvement followed by relapse.","correct":false,"explanation":"Relapse was not the pattern reported by session 3. Most clients showed continuous improvement at that point."}]},{"id":"ea813866-d308-4605-b581-31dd55c7cadd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What had clients achieved by sessions 8 and 12?","back":"Effective symptom management.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Effective symptom management.","correct":true,"explanation":"By sessions 8 and 12, clients had achieved effective symptom management, showing that treatment gains had developed beyond the initial improvement."},{"text":"Complete symptom elimination.","correct":false,"explanation":"Effective management does not mean every symptom disappeared completely. The reported achievement by sessions 8 and 12 was effective symptom management."},{"text":"Initial symptom recognition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recognising symptoms would be an earlier treatment step. By sessions 8 and 12, clients had achieved effective symptom management."},{"text":"Effective symptom avoidance.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study described managing symptoms, not avoiding every situation that might trigger them. Effective symptom management was the reported outcome."}]},{"id":"4dd318bc-532d-453a-98c6-33d17adff51a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What evidence suggested that CBT's effects lasted?","back":"Improvements were maintained at the six-month follow-up.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Improvements were maintained at the six-month follow-up.","correct":true,"explanation":"Improvements remaining at the six-month follow-up showed that the treatment effects persisted beyond the active treatment period."},{"text":"Improvements were lost at the six-month follow-up.","correct":false,"explanation":"The follow-up provided evidence of lasting effects because improvements were maintained, not lost, six months later."},{"text":"Improvements were maintained at the one-month follow-up.","correct":false,"explanation":"The relevant follow-up was six months after treatment, not one month. Maintaining improvement over six months supported lasting CBT effects."},{"text":"Improvements were first observed at the six-month follow-up.","correct":false,"explanation":"Improvement had already been observed during treatment. The six-month follow-up showed that those improvements were maintained."}]},{"id":"3226b814-bf27-47f0-b137-741fe45ad945","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Young conclude that CBT supported relapse prevention?","back":"Clients maintained their improvement and achieved relapse prevention over six months.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Clients maintained their improvement and achieved relapse prevention over six months.","correct":true,"explanation":"Maintaining improvement across the six-month follow-up indicated that clients avoided a return of symptoms, supporting Young's conclusion that CBT helped prevent relapse."},{"text":"Clients maintained their improvement and achieved symptom elimination over six months.","correct":false,"explanation":"The evidence supported relapse prevention, not complete elimination of every symptom. Clients maintained their improvement over six months."},{"text":"Clients lost their improvement and achieved relapse prevention over six months.","correct":false,"explanation":"Relapse prevention requires improvement to be maintained. The study concluded this because clients maintained their improvement over six months."},{"text":"Clients maintained their improvement and achieved relapse increase over six months.","correct":false,"explanation":"An increase in relapse would contradict the findings. Maintaining improvement supported the conclusion of relapse prevention over six months."}]},{"id":"9d5fb593-f2bb-4141-b3aa-0410eb5d9b41","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Young studied [ ] receiving treatment at the Center for Online Addiction in Pennsylvania.","back":"Young studied 114 clients receiving treatment at the Center for Online Addiction in Pennsylvania.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"114 clients","correct":true,"explanation":"The blank asks for the number of clients in the study. Young studied 114 clients receiving treatment at the Center for Online Addiction in Pennsylvania."},{"text":"104 clients","correct":false,"explanation":"The number 104 is a plausible near-miss, but Young's sample contained 114 clients. The error comes from misrecalling the final digit."},{"text":"114 therapists","correct":false,"explanation":"The blank requires a number of clients, not therapists. Young studied 114 clients receiving treatment at the centre."},{"text":"141 clients","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the digits in 114, but the study sample was 114 clients. The term must identify both the correct number and participant group."}]},{"id":"3f3c2baf-d2f5-4dc5-9e55-aa02a3cab1d4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Most clients were [ ], making up 84% of the sample.","back":"Most clients were Caucasian, making up 84% of the sample.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Caucasian","correct":true,"explanation":"Young’s sample was predominantly Caucasian, with this ethnic group accounting for 84% of the clients included in the study."},{"text":"African American","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the largest ethnic group with a minority group in the sample. Caucasian clients formed the clear majority, accounting for 84% of participants."},{"text":"Asian American","correct":false,"explanation":"Asian American clients did not constitute 84% of the sample. The reported figure refers to Caucasian clients, who made up the large majority."},{"text":"Hispanic American","correct":false,"explanation":"This substitutes another ethnic category for the study’s predominant group. Young reported that 84% of the clients in the sample were Caucasian."}]},{"id":"924eb2f5-4146-4c66-aefc-ef275ecb89e1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"After time and relationship problems, the next most common problem was [ ], reported by 75% of clients.","back":"After time and relationship problems, the next most common problem was sexual problems, reported by 75% of clients.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"sexual problems","correct":true,"explanation":"Sexual problems were reported by 75% of clients, making them the next most common difficulty after problems involving time and relationships."},{"text":"financial problems","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses two reported difficulties and their frequencies. Financial problems affected 42% of clients, whereas sexual problems were reported by 75%."},{"text":"health problems","correct":false,"explanation":"Health problems were not the difficulty identified at the 75% level. After time and relationship problems, sexual problems were the next most commonly reported issue."},{"text":"employment problems","correct":false,"explanation":"Employment problems are a plausible consequence of excessive internet use, but they were not the category reported by 75% of clients; that was sexual problems."}]},{"id":"627be711-19f1-4640-99cf-86d59e762f5a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Financial problems were reported by [ ] of clients.","back":"Financial problems were reported by 42% of clients.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"42%","correct":true,"explanation":"Young found that 42% of the clients reported financial problems associated with their excessive internet use."},{"text":"52%","correct":false,"explanation":"This is a near-miss caused by misremembering the tens digit. The study reported financial problems among 42% of clients, not a majority of the sample."},{"text":"32%","correct":false,"explanation":"This underestimates the reported proportion by ten percentage points. Young found that financial problems affected 42% of the clients in the sample."},{"text":"75%","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the financial-problems figure with the percentage reporting sexual problems. Financial problems were reported by 42% of clients, while sexual problems affected 75%."}]},{"id":"cee53864-1dd1-474a-bfad-b1ae81393331","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The absence of a control group means improvement cannot be attributed to CBT rather than [ ].","back":"The absence of a control group means improvement cannot be attributed to CBT rather than time passing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"time passing","correct":true,"explanation":"Without a control group, clients might have improved naturally over time. 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Without controls, improvement may have resulted simply from time passing."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"3.2.2 Young (2007)","title":"3.2.2 Young (2007) Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/psychology/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L90"}]}],"topicId":"b1aecbc9-d150-4225-9512-20929c138dd8","walled":"$L91"}],"$L92","$L93"]