A correlational study finds that pupils with higher stress scores tend to report fewer hours of sleep.
Explain why the researcher cannot conclude that stress causes reduced sleep.
64 exam-style questions on Edexcel GCSE Psychology 11.1 Designing psychological research, covering 11.1.1 Identify variables, 11.1.2 Controlling extraneous variables, 11.1.3 Write a null hypothesis, 11.1.4 Write an alternative hypothesis, 11.1.5 Methods of sampling, 11.1.6 Experimental and research designs, 11.1.7 Reliability and validity, 11.1.8 Ethical issues in research, 11.1.9 Laboratory experiment, 11.1.10 Field experiment, 11.1.11 Natural experiment, 11.1.12 Interview, 11.1.13 Questionnaire, 11.1.14 Correlation, 11.1.15 Case study, and 11.1.16 Observation. Each one has a worked solution and a mark scheme showing where the marks go.