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English commonly uses horizontal terms such as before and after when describing time."},{"text":"English uses circular terms such as around and around to describe time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Circular language is not the typical spatial system identified for English time descriptions. The relevant pattern is horizontal language, including before and after."},{"text":"English uses distance terms such as near and far to describe time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Near and far describe physical distance rather than the usual spatial layout of time in English. English generally uses horizontal terms such as before and after."}]},{"id":"216cd852-6d90-416e-9ce8-c705b2ffb856","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How does Mandarin differ from English in describing time?","back":"Mandarin uses horizontal terms and also uses vertical terms meaning up and down.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mandarin uses horizontal terms and also uses vertical terms meaning up and down.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mandarin describes time horizontally as English does, but it also commonly uses vertical terms, with earlier and later events associated with up and down."},{"text":"Mandarin uses only vertical terms and never uses horizontal terms to describe time.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the comparison between the languages. Mandarin uses horizontal terms too, while its distinctive feature is the additional use of vertical terms meaning up and down."},{"text":"Mandarin uses only circular terms and avoids spatial language for time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mandarin does use spatial language for time, including horizontal and vertical terms. Circular language is not the key difference investigated in this study."},{"text":"Mandarin uses horizontal terms but cannot use vertical terms to describe time.","correct":false,"explanation":"The important finding about Mandarin is precisely that vertical terms are also available for describing time. It is not restricted to horizontal expressions."}]},{"id":"c245cd1b-882a-40ab-93a1-c6db8e7b7d5d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was the aim of Boroditsky (2001)?","back":"Boroditsky investigated whether spatial language shapes people's thinking about time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Boroditsky investigated whether spatial language shapes people's thinking about time.","correct":true,"explanation":"The study tested whether habitual differences in spatial language, particularly English horizontal and Mandarin vertical expressions, influence how people think about time."},{"text":"Boroditsky investigated whether time changes people's ability to understand spatial language.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the proposed relationship. The study examined whether spatial language influences thinking about time, rather than whether time affects spatial-language understanding."},{"text":"Boroditsky investigated whether bilingualism improves people's memory for spatial locations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Memory for locations and bilingual advantages were not the central aim. The investigation focused on whether spatial language shapes people's representations of time."},{"text":"Boroditsky investigated whether people can learn Mandarin faster than they learn English.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study compared English and Mandarin speakers’ responses, but it did not measure language-learning speed. Its aim concerned spatial language and thinking about time."}]},{"id":"ee65cd45-c1f2-43fd-bd51-6e8762d134ba","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many native English speakers took part?","back":"There were 26 native English speakers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"There were 26 native English speakers.","correct":true,"explanation":"The English-speaking group contained 26 native English speakers, allowing their responses to be compared with those of the native Mandarin-speaking group."},{"text":"There were 20 native English speakers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Twenty was the size of the native Mandarin-speaking group, not the English-speaking group. Boroditsky included 26 native English speakers."},{"text":"There were 24 native English speakers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Twenty-four is a near-miss participant count, but it was not the English-speaking sample size. The study included 26 native English speakers."},{"text":"There were 30 native English speakers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thirty overestimates the English-speaking sample. The correct group size was 26 native English speakers."}]},{"id":"90fe9db2-a2e7-41a9-aad3-c9102dcc9b20","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many native Mandarin speakers took part?","back":"There were 20 native Mandarin speakers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"There were 20 native Mandarin speakers.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Mandarin-speaking group consisted of 20 native Mandarin speakers, who were compared with 26 native English speakers."},{"text":"There were 26 native Mandarin speakers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Twenty-six was the number of native English speakers, not Mandarin speakers. The native Mandarin group contained 20 participants."},{"text":"There were 18 native Mandarin speakers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eighteen is a plausible near-miss but not the reported sample size. Boroditsky’s study included 20 native Mandarin speakers."},{"text":"There were 22 native Mandarin speakers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Twenty-two slightly overestimates the Mandarin-speaking group. The reported number of native Mandarin speakers was 20."}]},{"id":"423ec364-ebb2-4b6f-a82a-298217b44b9f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Who were the participants in Boroditsky's study?","back":"All participants were Stanford students.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"All participants were Stanford students.","correct":true,"explanation":"Every participant was recruited from Stanford’s student population, so the sample consisted of Stanford students."},{"text":"All participants were school pupils.","correct":false,"explanation":"The participants were university students rather than school pupils. Specifically, all were Stanford students."},{"text":"All participants were professional translators.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study did not recruit language professionals. Its participants were Stanford students, making the sample primarily a university-based convenience sample."},{"text":"All participants were retired adults.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sample was not made up of retired adults. All participants were Stanford students."}]},{"id":"c51c6afa-37a4-49c3-9452-74d09d9b3a35","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which language was used to test every participant?","back":"Every participant was tested in English.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Every participant was tested in English.","correct":true,"explanation":"English was used as the testing language for both language groups, helping ensure that task instructions and responses were presented consistently."},{"text":"Every participant was tested in Mandarin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mandarin was the native language of one group, but it was not the testing language for everyone. Every participant completed the test in English."},{"text":"Every participant was tested in their first language.","correct":false,"explanation":"The procedure did not test each person in their own first language. English was used for every participant, including the Mandarin speakers."},{"text":"Every participant was tested in French.","correct":false,"explanation":"French was not the study’s testing language. The common language used for all participants was English."}]},{"id":"e0b96dbd-ef2c-4977-a2a3-0f28cac94351","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did participants do with each spatial prime statement?","back":"Participants judged whether each spatial statement was true or false.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Participants judged whether each spatial statement was true or false.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each spatial prime was a statement that participants evaluated for truth, creating a timed judgement task before they answered the target question."},{"text":"Participants translated each spatial statement into Mandarin.","correct":false,"explanation":"The task did not require translation into Mandarin. Participants judged whether each spatial prime statement was true or false."},{"text":"Participants drew a diagram for each spatial statement.","correct":false,"explanation":"No drawing task was used for the spatial primes. Participants made a true-or-false judgement for each statement."},{"text":"Participants memorised each spatial statement for later recall.","correct":false,"explanation":"The primes were not tested through a later recall task. Participants immediately judged whether each spatial statement was true or false."}]},{"id":"a01a8091-78e6-41ad-8621-e14bed5524e5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was the time limit for judging each spatial prime?","back":"Each spatial prime had to be judged within five seconds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each spatial prime had to be judged within five seconds.","correct":true,"explanation":"Participants had a five-second limit to decide whether each spatial prime was true or false, allowing response time to be measured consistently."},{"text":"Each spatial prime had to be judged within three seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Three seconds is a plausible timing error, but the reported limit was five seconds for judging each spatial prime."},{"text":"Each spatial prime had to be judged within ten seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ten seconds doubles the reported time limit. Each spatial prime had to be judged within five seconds."},{"text":"Each spatial prime had to be judged within one second.","correct":false,"explanation":"One second is too short and was not the study’s stated limit. Participants had up to five seconds to judge each spatial prime."}]},{"id":"f084fee4-c5fd-43bc-9341-7e822759e975","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did a horizontal spatial prime describe?","back":"A horizontal prime described one ball as ahead of another.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A horizontal prime described one ball as ahead of another.","correct":true,"explanation":"A horizontal prime represented spatial order from front to back, for example describing one ball as ahead of another."},{"text":"A horizontal prime described one ball as above another.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being above another ball describes a vertical, not horizontal, relationship. A horizontal prime described one ball as ahead of another."},{"text":"A horizontal prime described one ball as inside another.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being inside another object does not express the front-to-back relation used here. The horizontal prime placed one ball ahead of another."},{"text":"A horizontal prime described one ball as heavier than another.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heaviness is a physical property, not a spatial direction. The prime concerned one ball’s horizontal position ahead of another."}]},{"id":"10aceff7-e273-44dc-8f1d-b83af8187db1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did a vertical spatial prime describe?","back":"A vertical prime described one ball as above another.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A vertical prime described one ball as above another.","correct":true,"explanation":"A vertical prime represented an up-down relationship by describing one ball as above another."},{"text":"A vertical prime described one ball as ahead of another.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being ahead of another ball is the front-to-back relation used for a horizontal prime. A vertical prime described one ball as above another."},{"text":"A vertical prime described one ball as beside another.","correct":false,"explanation":"Beside indicates a side-to-side relation, not the up-down relation used in the vertical prime. The relevant description was one ball above another."},{"text":"A vertical prime described one ball as larger than another.","correct":false,"explanation":"Size does not define the vertical spatial relationship. The vertical prime described one ball as above another."}]},{"id":"4fe6121e-f05c-43ba-a930-b81c72d1be58","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What made a target question spatiotemporal?","back":"A spatiotemporal target used a spatial word, such as before.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A spatiotemporal target used a spatial word, such as before.","correct":true,"explanation":"A spatiotemporal target contained a temporal expression with spatial meaning, such as before, which allowed the researchers to examine compatibility with the spatial prime."},{"text":"A spatiotemporal target used a number word, such as two.","correct":false,"explanation":"A number does not make a target spatiotemporal in this classification. The target needed a spatial word used to describe time, such as before."},{"text":"A spatiotemporal target used a colour word, such as red.","correct":false,"explanation":"Colour is unrelated to the distinction between target types. A spatiotemporal target used a spatial word, such as before."},{"text":"A spatiotemporal target used a sound word, such as loud.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sound qualities do not provide the spatial-temporal link being tested. The defining feature was a spatial word such as before."}]},{"id":"fc4f0942-4036-4570-a757-1a53ded9543b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What made a target question purely temporal?","back":"A purely temporal target used no spatial word, such as earlier.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A purely temporal target used no spatial word, such as earlier.","correct":true,"explanation":"Purely temporal targets expressed time without spatial language. Earlier is temporal, whereas before can carry a spatial meaning as well as a temporal one."},{"text":"A purely temporal target used a spatial word, such as before.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes the spatiotemporal condition instead. A purely temporal target avoided spatial words and used expressions such as earlier."},{"text":"A purely temporal target used a vertical word, such as above.","correct":false,"explanation":"Above is explicitly spatial and therefore would not define a purely temporal target. Purely temporal targets used no spatial word, such as earlier."},{"text":"A purely temporal target used a directional word, such as ahead.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ahead is directional and spatial, so it would not fit the purely temporal condition. That condition used no spatial word, such as earlier."}]},{"id":"ce352a2b-953d-4ee8-b445-b7d47d26e0f3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was the measure in Boroditsky's study?","back":"The dependent variable was response time, recorded in milliseconds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The dependent variable was response time, recorded in milliseconds.","correct":true,"explanation":"The researchers measured how long participants took to respond, recording response time in milliseconds as the dependent variable."},{"text":"The dependent variable was accuracy, recorded as a percentage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Accuracy was not the main dependent variable reported here. The study measured response time, recorded in milliseconds."},{"text":"The dependent variable was memory score, recorded out of ten.","correct":false,"explanation":"The procedure did not use a ten-item memory score as its measure. The dependent variable was response time in milliseconds."},{"text":"The dependent variable was language fluency, recorded on a rating scale.","correct":false,"explanation":"Language fluency was not rated as the outcome measure. The study recorded participants’ response times in milliseconds."}]},{"id":"eff44f68-7a4e-4de8-84fd-080717c73197","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happened after horizontal primes on spatiotemporal targets?","back":"On spatiotemporal targets, both groups responded faster after horizontal primes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"On spatiotemporal targets, both groups responded faster after horizontal primes.","correct":true,"explanation":"For targets containing spatial language about time, both English and Mandarin speakers responded more quickly when preceded by horizontal primes."},{"text":"On spatiotemporal targets, both groups responded faster after vertical primes.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the reported priming effect. Both groups were faster after horizontal primes on spatiotemporal targets."},{"text":"On spatiotemporal targets, only English speakers responded faster after horizontal primes.","correct":false,"explanation":"The effect was found in both language groups, not only among English speakers. Both groups responded faster after horizontal primes."},{"text":"On spatiotemporal targets, both groups responded slower after horizontal primes.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the direction of the result. Horizontal primes facilitated responses, so both groups responded faster on spatiotemporal targets."}]},{"id":"544ded7a-91f7-49d8-8718-4bc217c6be18","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"On purely temporal targets, English speakers were faster after [ ].","back":"On purely temporal targets, English speakers were faster after horizontal primes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"horizontal primes","correct":true,"explanation":"English speakers were faster after horizontal primes on purely temporal targets, showing that horizontal spatial language influenced their processing even when the target lacked a spatial word."},{"text":"vertical primes","correct":false,"explanation":"Vertical primes were associated with the Mandarin speakers’ distinctive temporal mapping, not the reported English-speaker advantage here. English speakers were faster after horizontal primes."},{"text":"neutral primes","correct":false,"explanation":"The result was linked to a specific spatial direction rather than an absence of spatial information. English speakers responded faster after horizontal primes."},{"text":"mixed primes","correct":false,"explanation":"The study compared horizontal and vertical spatial primes, not a mixed-prime category. The reported advantage for English speakers followed horizontal primes."}]},{"id":"a674dfef-f8d5-404d-aafb-a2c2c0e24286","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"English speakers answered purely temporal targets in [ ] after horizontal primes and 2300 ms after vertical primes.","back":"English speakers answered purely temporal targets in 2128 ms after horizontal primes and 2300 ms after vertical primes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"2128 ms","correct":true,"explanation":"The English group responded faster after horizontal primes, with a mean response time of 2128 ms compared with 2300 ms after vertical primes."},{"text":"2178 ms","correct":false,"explanation":"This near-miss value is not the reported horizontal-prime time. The correct response time was 2128 ms, showing English speakers benefited from horizontal primes."},{"text":"2200 ms","correct":false,"explanation":"This rounded value incorrectly replaces the study’s measured result. English speakers answered in 2128 ms after horizontal primes, faster than 2300 ms after vertical primes."},{"text":"2347 ms","correct":false,"explanation":"This value belongs to Mandarin speakers after vertical primes, not English speakers after horizontal primes. The English horizontal-prime result was 2128 ms."}]},{"id":"8c8027ff-1a8c-4394-b8d9-8eaa11c39a89","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Mandarin speakers answered purely temporal targets in 2347 ms after vertical primes and [ ] after horizontal primes.","back":"Mandarin speakers answered purely temporal targets in 2347 ms after vertical primes and 2503 ms after horizontal primes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"2503 ms","correct":true,"explanation":"Mandarin speakers responded in 2503 ms after horizontal primes, slower than their 2347 ms response after vertical primes, demonstrating a vertical advantage."},{"text":"2453 ms","correct":false,"explanation":"This plausible near-miss is not the reported horizontal-prime result. The correct time was 2503 ms, which was slower than 2347 ms after vertical primes."},{"text":"2300 ms","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the English group’s vertical-prime time, not the Mandarin group’s horizontal-prime time. Mandarin speakers took 2503 ms after horizontal primes."},{"text":"2128 ms","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the English group’s horizontal-prime result. Mandarin speakers responded more slowly, taking 2503 ms after horizontal primes compared with 2347 ms after vertical primes."}]},{"id":"b44591f8-1161-4f55-b915-f9c804bfdbb6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Mandarin speakers showed a vertical advantage despite being tested entirely in [ ].","back":"The Mandarin speakers showed a vertical advantage despite being tested entirely in English.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"English","correct":true,"explanation":"Testing Mandarin speakers entirely in English showed that their vertical advantage persisted outside a Mandarin-language task, implicating habitual patterns associated with their native language."},{"text":"Mandarin","correct":false,"explanation":"The participants were Mandarin speakers, but the experiment was conducted entirely in English. This matters because the vertical advantage persisted despite using English during testing."},{"text":"Chinese","correct":false,"explanation":"Chinese describes the participants’ linguistic background too broadly and does not identify the task language. They were tested entirely in English, yet still showed a vertical advantage."},{"text":"their native language","correct":false,"explanation":"The task was not conducted in the participants’ native language. It was conducted entirely in English, so the result could not simply be caused by using Mandarin during testing."}]},{"id":"ad6f9e68-d92d-47a0-9eaa-7215c4439648","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The study supports [ ], because language influences rather than fixes thought.","back":"The study supports soft linguistic relativity, because language influences rather than fixes thought.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"soft linguistic relativity","correct":true,"explanation":"The findings indicate that language influences habitual thought about time, while participants can still answer flexibly. That influence without complete determination is soft linguistic relativity."},{"text":"strong linguistic determinism","correct":false,"explanation":"Strong linguistic determinism claims language fixes or determines thought. Boroditsky’s findings showed an influence on habitual thinking, not an inability to think or answer differently."},{"text":"linguistic universalism","correct":false,"explanation":"Linguistic universalism would predict similar thinking regardless of language. The different prime effects between groups instead suggest that language influences habitual thought about time."},{"text":"behaviourism","correct":false,"explanation":"Behaviourism explains behaviour through observable learning and environmental contingencies, not specifically language-shaped thought. The study’s conclusion concerns soft linguistic relativity."}]},{"id":"8a651b29-5d2f-4b4a-a637-3412bc9e57a8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happened to Mandarin speakers on purely temporal targets?","back":"Mandarin speakers were faster after vertical primes: 2347 ms compared with 2503 ms after horizontal primes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mandarin speakers were faster after vertical primes: 2347 ms compared with 2503 ms after horizontal primes.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Mandarin group responded in 2347 ms after vertical primes and 2503 ms after horizontal primes, so vertical primes produced the faster responses."},{"text":"Mandarin speakers were faster after horizontal primes: 2347 ms compared with 2503 ms after vertical primes.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both the prime advantage and the comparison. Mandarin speakers were faster after vertical primes, responding in 2347 ms versus 2503 ms after horizontal primes."},{"text":"Mandarin speakers were faster after vertical primes: 2503 ms compared with 2347 ms after horizontal primes.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two response times have been assigned to the wrong prime conditions. Vertical primes produced 2347 ms, while horizontal primes produced the slower 2503 ms."},{"text":"Mandarin speakers were equally fast after both primes: 2347 ms compared with 2503 ms after horizontal primes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different response times show that the groups were not equally fast. Mandarin speakers were faster after vertical primes, at 2347 ms rather than 2503 ms."}]},{"id":"f7f00ca8-e775-40f5-ae1d-c5b6693f3a0c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happened to English speakers on purely temporal targets?","back":"English speakers were faster after horizontal primes: 2128 ms compared with 2300 ms after vertical primes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"English speakers were faster after horizontal primes: 2128 ms compared with 2300 ms after vertical primes.","correct":true,"explanation":"English speakers responded in 2128 ms after horizontal primes and 2300 ms after vertical primes, showing the faster response associated with horizontal spatial information."},{"text":"English speakers were faster after vertical primes: 2128 ms compared with 2300 ms after horizontal primes.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the prime conditions. English speakers were faster after horizontal primes, responding in 2128 ms compared with 2300 ms after vertical primes."},{"text":"English speakers were faster after horizontal primes: 2300 ms compared with 2128 ms after vertical primes.","correct":false,"explanation":"The response times have been swapped between conditions. The horizontal-prime time was 2128 ms, while the vertical-prime time was 2300 ms."},{"text":"English speakers showed no prime effect: 2128 ms compared with 2300 ms after vertical primes.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 172 ms difference indicates a prime effect rather than equal performance. English speakers were faster after horizontal primes, at 2128 ms versus 2300 ms."}]},{"id":"f1dcce8b-5d52-4192-a491-018cfca9ca57","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is it important that Mandarin speakers were tested in English?","back":"The vertical advantage persisted in English, showing the effect was linked to the speakers' native language, not the task language.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The vertical advantage persisted in English, showing the effect was linked to the speakers' native language, not the task language.","correct":true,"explanation":"Because the Mandarin-speaking group was tested in English but retained its vertical advantage, the pattern was associated with native-language experience rather than merely the language used in the task."},{"text":"The vertical advantage disappeared in English, showing the effect was linked to the speakers' native language, not the task language.","correct":false,"explanation":"The advantage did not disappear: it persisted during English testing. This persistence supports an association with the speakers’ native language rather than the task language."},{"text":"The horizontal advantage persisted in English, showing the effect was linked to the speakers' task language, not their native language.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Mandarin speakers showed a vertical, not horizontal, advantage, and it persisted in English. This points to native-language influence rather than a task-language effect."},{"text":"The vertical advantage persisted in English, showing the effect was linked to the speakers' age, not the task language.","correct":false,"explanation":"Age was not the conclusion supported by this comparison. Persistence in English suggested that native-language experience, rather than task language, was linked to the vertical advantage."}]},{"id":"919788b0-bf64-4d98-8160-fc44b7a549bc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does Boroditsky's conclusion support soft rather than strong linguistic relativity?","back":"The findings support soft linguistic relativity because native language influenced habitual thinking about time, but did not determine the answers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The findings support soft linguistic relativity because native language influenced habitual thinking about time, but did not determine the answers.","correct":true,"explanation":"The different spatial advantages indicate that native language shaped habitual temporal thinking, but participants were not forced into one answer pattern. That is soft rather than strong relativity."},{"text":"The findings support strong linguistic determinism because native language determined every answer about time.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study did not show that native language determined every response. It influenced response patterns while leaving participants able to answer flexibly, which supports soft linguistic relativity."},{"text":"The findings reject linguistic relativity because both groups completed the same task in English.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using the same English task did not remove the group difference. The Mandarin group still showed a vertical advantage, supporting an influence of native language on thought."},{"text":"The findings support soft linguistic relativity because the task language completely controlled the answers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Complete control by task language would be a deterministic account, and English testing did not explain the persistent group difference. Native language influenced, but did not fix, responses."}]},{"id":"f8f913c4-5b3d-448a-b779-e9dce6204c51","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What are two strengths of Boroditsky's study?","back":"

Objective measure: a machine recorded response times in milliseconds.
Cross-linguistic comparison: both groups completed the same task in English.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Objective measure: a machine recorded response times in milliseconds.
Cross-linguistic comparison: both groups completed the same task in English.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Response times were recorded objectively in milliseconds, reducing reliance on subjective judgement, while the same English task allowed comparison between Mandarin-speaking and English-speaking groups."},{"text":"

Objective measure: participants described their own response times.
Cross-linguistic comparison: each group completed a different task in its native language.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The study used machine-recorded response times, not self-estimates, and both groups completed the same task in English. These features made measurement and group comparison more consistent."},{"text":"

Objective measure: a machine recorded accuracy only.
Cross-linguistic comparison: only Mandarin speakers completed the task.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The machine recorded response times in milliseconds, and the design compared two language groups. Omitting response time or one group removes the strengths actually demonstrated by the study."},{"text":"

Objective measure: researchers judged whether answers sounded thoughtful.
Cross-linguistic comparison: both groups completed unrelated tasks in English.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Researchers used an objective machine measure rather than subjective judgements, and both groups completed the same task. Unrelated tasks would make the cross-linguistic comparison less valid."}]},{"id":"458b5222-071d-4d08-9338-715cdd03fccc","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What are two weaknesses of Boroditsky's study?","back":"

The ball primes and month questions were artificial.
Later replications produced mixed results, questioning reliability.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

The ball primes and month questions were artificial.
Later replications produced mixed results, questioning reliability.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The spatial ball primes and temporal month questions were artificial tasks, limiting everyday relevance, while mixed replication findings raise doubts about whether the effect is reliable."},{"text":"

The ball primes and month questions were realistic.
Later replications produced consistent results, confirming reliability.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The tasks were artificial rather than realistic, and later replications were mixed rather than consistent. Both features weaken ecological validity and confidence in reliability."},{"text":"

The ball primes and month questions were artificial.
Later replications produced consistent results, questioning reliability.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Artificial materials are a valid weakness, but consistent replications would strengthen reliability rather than question it. Later studies instead produced mixed results."},{"text":"

The ball primes and month questions were naturalistic.
Later replications produced mixed results, questioning reliability.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Mixed replications do question reliability, but the original materials were artificial, not naturalistic. The unusual primes and month questions may not represent everyday temporal thinking."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"10.2.2 Boroditsky (2001)","title":"10.2.2 Boroditsky (2001) Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/psychology/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L90"}]}],"topicId":"ef9723f4-fbe5-41e3-83cc-c137b1928608","walled":"$L91"}],"$L92","$L93"]