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24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/gcse/physics/ocr/wave-behaviour/flashcards","label":"Wave behaviour","subjectCode":"gcse_physics__ocr","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"aecb7101-cc3a-4710-b211-5fa3644d6fba","title":"Wave behaviour Flashcards","topicId":"45d74db7-a626-5a33-a966-3f5ec82e79cd","topicSlug":"wave-behaviour","cards":[{"id":"1adf3a21-6e82-4ae1-b3cb-a0842c52f07d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What two things can waves transfer between two points without transferring matter?","back":"

Energy
Information

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Energy
Information

","correct":true,"explanation":"Waves transfer energy and information from one point to another without carrying the medium itself along. The particles oscillate about fixed positions while the disturbance propagates."},{"text":"

Matter
Energy

","correct":false,"explanation":"Matter is not transferred overall by a wave; particles usually oscillate around fixed positions. The correct pair is energy and information, which the wave carries between points."},{"text":"

Mass
Information

","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass is a property of matter and is not transported overall by waves. Waves transfer energy and information, while the medium’s particles remain centred around their rest positions."},{"text":"

Force
Momentum

","correct":false,"explanation":"Force and momentum can be involved in wave motion, but they are not the two quantities identified as being transferred between points. The expected answer is energy and information."}]},{"id":"dea3ec33-dae4-467c-a255-57c7d6ce79cf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] wave requires a medium to travel through, whereas an electromagnetic wave can travel through a vacuum.","back":"A mechanical wave requires a medium to travel through, whereas an electromagnetic wave can travel through a vacuum.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"mechanical","correct":true,"explanation":"A mechanical wave depends on particles in a medium to pass the disturbance along, so it cannot travel through a vacuum. Sound and water waves are examples."},{"text":"electromagnetic","correct":false,"explanation":"Electromagnetic waves do not require particles and can travel through a vacuum. The wave requiring a medium is a mechanical wave, such as sound."},{"text":"transverse","correct":false,"explanation":"Transverse describes the direction of particle oscillations compared with wave travel, not whether a medium is required. Both mechanical and electromagnetic waves can be transverse."},{"text":"longitudinal","correct":false,"explanation":"Longitudinal describes oscillations parallel to the direction of travel, rather than the need for a medium. The correct term for a wave requiring a medium is mechanical."}]},{"id":"4cb51b13-eae8-498f-90b9-95ac09c4e253","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A mechanical wave requires a medium to travel through, whereas an [ ] wave can travel through a vacuum.","back":"A mechanical wave requires a medium to travel through, whereas an electromagnetic wave can travel through a vacuum.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"electromagnetic","correct":true,"explanation":"Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum because their oscillating electric and magnetic fields do not need particles in a medium to transmit the disturbance."},{"text":"mechanical","correct":false,"explanation":"Mechanical waves require particles in a medium to oscillate and transfer the disturbance, so they cannot travel through a vacuum. The correct term here is electromagnetic."},{"text":"longitudinal","correct":false,"explanation":"Longitudinal identifies the direction of oscillation, not whether a wave can travel through a vacuum. The wave type that can cross a vacuum is electromagnetic."},{"text":"surface","correct":false,"explanation":"Surface waves travel along an interface between media and therefore depend on matter being present. Electromagnetic waves, unlike surface waves, can propagate through a vacuum."}]},{"id":"06f333da-e44b-4828-b49c-42807a61bea6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How do particles in a mechanical wave behave relative to their rest positions?","back":"They vibrate or oscillate around fixed positions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They vibrate or oscillate around fixed positions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Particles in a mechanical wave oscillate about their equilibrium or rest positions. The disturbance and energy move through the medium, but the particles do not travel with the wave overall."},{"text":"They move continuously in the direction of wave travel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Particles do not continuously move along with a mechanical wave. They oscillate around fixed positions, while the wave transfers energy through the medium."},{"text":"They rotate around a single central position.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wave particles generally vibrate or oscillate rather than rotate. Their motion is around fixed rest positions, which may form a line or other arrangement in the medium."},{"text":"They remain still while energy moves between different particles.","correct":false,"explanation":"The particles must oscillate for a mechanical wave to transfer energy through the medium. They do not remain still, although they do not move permanently from their rest positions."}]},{"id":"7022b759-25ec-4f63-9e17-7dd9c2285a36","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Define the amplitude of a wave.","back":"The maximum displacement from the rest position.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The maximum displacement from the rest position.","correct":true,"explanation":"Amplitude is the greatest distance a point on the wave moves from its equilibrium or rest position. It is measured from the centre line, not from crest to trough."},{"text":"The total displacement from crest to trough.","correct":false,"explanation":"Crest-to-trough distance is twice the amplitude, because it includes displacement on both sides of the rest position. Amplitude is the maximum displacement from equilibrium."},{"text":"The distance travelled in one complete wave.","correct":false,"explanation":"The distance corresponding to one complete cycle is the wavelength, not the amplitude. Amplitude measures the maximum displacement from the rest position."},{"text":"The average displacement from the rest position.","correct":false,"explanation":"For a symmetrical wave, average displacement may be zero, so it does not describe amplitude. Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the rest position."}]},{"id":"bc25eb18-403e-4719-b910-c66a39768e87","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Define the frequency of a wave.","back":"The number of waves passing a point each second.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The number of waves passing a point each second.","correct":true,"explanation":"Frequency measures how many complete waves pass a fixed point per second. Its unit is the hertz, where one hertz means one wave or cycle each second."},{"text":"The time for one wave to pass a point each second.","correct":false,"explanation":"The time for one complete wave is the period, not the frequency. Frequency counts waves passing each second and is measured in hertz."},{"text":"The distance between waves passing a point each second.","correct":false,"explanation":"The distance between matching points on successive waves is the wavelength. Frequency instead counts the number of complete waves passing a point per second."},{"text":"The maximum displacement of waves passing a point each second.","correct":false,"explanation":"Maximum displacement is amplitude, not frequency. Frequency describes how many complete waves pass a point each second, regardless of their amplitude."}]},{"id":"3b7be4c8-80df-4fcf-ab77-060ddb93f92b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The relationship between period ($T$) and frequency ($f$) is given by the formula $\\text{[...]}$.","back":"The relationship between period ($T$) and frequency ($f$) is given by the formula $\\boxed{T = \\frac{1}{f}}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$T = \\frac{1}{f}$","correct":true,"explanation":"Period and frequency are reciprocals: a wave with more cycles each second takes less time per cycle. Therefore, the period equals one divided by the frequency."},{"text":"$$T = f$","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly treats period and frequency as equal, even though one measures seconds per cycle and the other cycles per second. The correct relationship is $T = \\frac{1}{f}$."},{"text":"$$T = \\frac{f}{1}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses frequency directly rather than its reciprocal, reversing the relationship between cycles per second and seconds per cycle. The correct formula is $T = \\frac{1}{f}$."},{"text":"$$T = \\frac{1}{f^2}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Squaring the frequency is an unnecessary mathematical step and gives incorrect units for the period. Period is simply the reciprocal of frequency: $T = \\frac{1}{f}$."}]},{"id":"302f5c6c-4b89-48d8-bb9c-b339bab01c58","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What wave property can be determined from the horizontal distance between matching points on a displacement-distance graph?","back":"Wavelength ($\\lambda$).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Wavelength ($\\lambda$).","correct":true,"explanation":"The horizontal distance between identical points in consecutive cycles, such as crest to crest, is the wavelength. It is represented by the symbol $\\lambda$."},{"text":"Amplitude ($A$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Amplitude is the vertical displacement from the rest position to a crest or trough. A horizontal distance between matching points measures wavelength, represented by $\\lambda$."},{"text":"Frequency ($f$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequency is the number of complete waves passing a point each second, found from time information. Horizontal spacing between matching points gives wavelength, $\\lambda$."},{"text":"Period ($T$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Period is the time taken for one complete cycle, so it cannot be read directly as a horizontal distance on a displacement-distance graph. That distance is wavelength, $\\lambda$."}]},{"id":"f5cf10b1-8eca-41b4-a541-417370fb2a7b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What wave property is found by measuring the time between peaks on a displacement-time graph?","back":"The period ($T$).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The period ($T$).","correct":true,"explanation":"The period is the time taken for one complete oscillation, so it is measured between successive peaks on a displacement-time graph."},{"text":"The wavelength ($\\lambda$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Wavelength is the distance between corresponding points on a displacement-distance graph. The time between peaks on a displacement-time graph is the period, $T$."},{"text":"The amplitude ($A$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Amplitude is the maximum displacement from equilibrium and is read vertically from the graph. The horizontal time interval between successive peaks is the period, $T$."},{"text":"The frequency ($f$).","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequency counts oscillations per second rather than measuring the time for one oscillation. The measured interval is the period, with $f = 1/T$."}]},{"id":"6e266a76-7b8f-461d-9566-f74a7e508dd2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"State the wave speed equation linking velocity, frequency, and wavelength.","back":"$$v = f\\lambda$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$v = f\\lambda$","correct":true,"explanation":"A wave travels one wavelength during each cycle, and there are $f$ cycles every second. Therefore, wave speed equals frequency multiplied by wavelength."},{"text":"$$v = \\frac{f}{\\lambda}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing frequency by wavelength is a common rearrangement error and does not produce speed units. Wave speed is found by multiplying frequency by wavelength: $v = f\\lambda$."},{"text":"$$v = \\frac{\\lambda}{f}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This divides the distance travelled per cycle by the number of cycles per second. The correct relationship multiplies these quantities, giving $v = f\\lambda$."},{"text":"$$v = f + \\lambda$","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequency and wavelength have different units, so they cannot be added meaningfully. Their product has units of metres per second, giving $v = f\\lambda$."}]},{"id":"901e2e7b-1cf7-469f-a324-6e29b816af2c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a transverse wave, what is the relationship between the direction of vibration and the direction of energy transfer?","back":"They are perpendicular (at right angles).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are perpendicular (at right angles).","correct":true,"explanation":"In a transverse wave, particles vibrate at right angles to the direction in which the wave transfers energy, as with vibrations on a stretched string."},{"text":"They are parallel (in the same direction).","correct":false,"explanation":"Parallel vibrations define a longitudinal wave, not a transverse wave. In a transverse wave, vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer."},{"text":"They are antiparallel (in opposite directions).","correct":false,"explanation":"Opposite-direction vibrations would still lie parallel to energy transfer and therefore describe longitudinal alignment. Transverse vibrations are perpendicular to the energy-transfer direction."},{"text":"They are diagonal (at an angle of 45°).","correct":false,"explanation":"Transverse does not mean merely angled away from the direction of travel. The vibration and energy-transfer directions must be perpendicular, forming an angle of 90°."}]},{"id":"2cea0a18-99c7-466b-957e-960fcf1679b8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How do vibrations move in a longitudinal wave relative to the direction of travel?","back":"Parallel to the direction of travel.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Parallel to the direction of travel.","correct":true,"explanation":"Particles in a longitudinal wave oscillate backwards and forwards along a line parallel to the wave’s direction of travel, producing compressions and rarefactions."},{"text":"Perpendicular to the direction of travel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Perpendicular vibrations are characteristic of transverse waves. In a longitudinal wave, particles vibrate parallel to the direction in which the wave travels."},{"text":"Opposite to the direction of travel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Particles oscillate both forwards and backwards rather than moving permanently opposite to the wave. Their line of vibration is parallel to the direction of travel."},{"text":"At 45° to the direction of travel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Longitudinal vibrations are not diagonal to the wave’s motion. The particles oscillate along the same line as the wave travels, so the directions are parallel."}]},{"id":"57133be2-ded8-4cf9-bd30-cbcbf96a6230","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In longitudinal waves, regions where particles are closest together are called [ ] and regions where they are furthest apart are rarefactions.","back":"In longitudinal waves, regions where particles are closest together are called compressions and regions where they are furthest apart are rarefactions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"compressions","correct":true,"explanation":"Compressions are regions of a longitudinal wave where particles are crowded close together, producing higher density and pressure than in the surrounding medium."},{"text":"rarefactions","correct":false,"explanation":"Rarefactions are the low-density regions where particles are furthest apart. Regions where particles are closest together are instead called compressions."},{"text":"crests","correct":false,"explanation":"Crests are the highest points of transverse waves and do not describe particle spacing in longitudinal waves. Closely packed regions are called compressions."},{"text":"troughs","correct":false,"explanation":"Troughs are the lowest points of transverse waves, not dense regions in longitudinal waves. Regions of closely packed particles are called compressions."}]},{"id":"6a442dcb-56ba-4bc8-a7dd-71c26749e78f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In longitudinal waves, regions where particles are closest together are called compressions and regions where they are furthest apart are [ ].","back":"In longitudinal waves, regions where particles are closest together are called compressions and regions where they are furthest apart are rarefactions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"rarefactions","correct":true,"explanation":"Rarefactions are the spread-out regions of a longitudinal wave, where particles are furthest apart and the medium has lower density and pressure."},{"text":"compressions","correct":false,"explanation":"Compressions are regions where particles are closest together, so this reverses the two terms. Regions where particles are furthest apart are rarefactions."},{"text":"crests","correct":false,"explanation":"Crests are maximum upward displacements on transverse waves, not regions of low particle density. Spread-out regions in longitudinal waves are rarefactions."},{"text":"troughs","correct":false,"explanation":"Troughs are minimum displacements on transverse waves and do not describe longitudinal particle spacing. Regions where particles are furthest apart are rarefactions."}]},{"id":"ec3119ad-a216-4fe2-b74a-c2dec1d1ac7a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What evidence using a cork shows that water waves do not carry the water itself?","back":"The cork bobs up and down on the spot.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The cork bobs up and down on the spot.","correct":true,"explanation":"The cork oscillates vertically but has no overall movement with the wave. This shows that the wave transfers energy without transporting the water itself."},{"text":"The cork moves forwards with the wave across the surface.","correct":false,"explanation":"Steady forward motion would suggest that the water is being transported with the wave. Instead, the cork bobs up and down around the same position."},{"text":"The cork stays completely motionless as waves pass.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cork responds to passing water waves, so it does not remain completely still. It bobs up and down while staying in approximately the same place."},{"text":"The cork sinks beneath each passing crest and resurfaces.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cork does not repeatedly sink below the surface as each crest passes. It bobs up and down on the spot, demonstrating no net transport of water."}]},{"id":"d287c699-f9f1-412d-b1d8-6eb554797665","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What three things can happen to wave energy at a material interface?","back":"

Reflection
Transmission
Absorption

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Reflection
Transmission
Absorption

","correct":true,"explanation":"At a boundary, incoming wave energy may be reflected back, transmitted into the second material, or absorbed and converted into internal energy."},{"text":"

Refraction
Diffraction
Interference

","correct":false,"explanation":"Refraction, diffraction, and interference describe changes in wave direction or pattern, not the three possible energy outcomes. Energy may be reflected, transmitted, or absorbed."},{"text":"

Transmission
Dispersion
Polarisation

","correct":false,"explanation":"Dispersion and polarisation are particular wave behaviours rather than general destinations for incident energy. At an interface, energy can undergo reflection, transmission, or absorption."},{"text":"

Absorption
Interference
Superposition

","correct":false,"explanation":"Interference and superposition describe waves combining, not how incident energy is divided at an interface. The three possibilities are reflection, transmission, and absorption."}]},{"id":"f38c5b3a-23cd-416f-83e2-67722a09ef06","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"When a wave is transmitted into a new stationary medium, its [ ] remains constant, even if its speed changes.","back":"When a wave is transmitted into a new stationary medium, its frequency remains constant, even if its speed changes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"frequency","correct":true,"explanation":"The source determines the frequency, and wavefronts must cross the boundary at the same rate. A change in wave speed therefore changes the wavelength instead."},{"text":"wavelength","correct":false,"explanation":"Wavelength generally changes at a boundary because wave speed changes while frequency remains fixed. The quantity that remains constant in a stationary medium is frequency."},{"text":"amplitude","correct":false,"explanation":"Amplitude can change because some wave energy may be reflected or absorbed at the boundary. Frequency remains constant because it is determined by the source."},{"text":"speed","correct":false,"explanation":"Wave speed depends on the properties of the medium, so it can change during transmission. Frequency remains constant, while wavelength adjusts according to the wave equation."}]},{"id":"ca726f52-32e4-4e82-a658-10a2ad95fa79","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"If a wave travels into a medium where it speeds up, what happens to its wavelength?","back":"The wavelength increases (as $v \\propto \\lambda$ when $f$ is constant).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The wavelength increases (as $v \\propto \\lambda$ when $f$ is constant).","correct":true,"explanation":"The wave equation is $v=f\\lambda$. Because frequency remains constant at the boundary, a greater wave speed requires a proportionally greater wavelength."},{"text":"The wavelength decreases (as $v \\propto \\frac{1}{\\lambda}$ when $f$ is constant).","correct":false,"explanation":"A decrease reverses the relationship in $v=f\\lambda$. With frequency constant, a wave that speeds up must have a larger wavelength, not a smaller one."},{"text":"The wavelength stays constant (as $v$ changes independently of $\\lambda$ when $f$ is constant).","correct":false,"explanation":"Wavelength would remain constant only if speed did not change while frequency stayed fixed. Since the wave speeds up, its wavelength must increase according to $v=f\\lambda$."},{"text":"The frequency increases (as $v \\propto f$ when $\\lambda$ is constant).","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequency is set by the source and remains constant when the wave enters a stationary medium. The increase in speed therefore causes wavelength, rather than frequency, to increase."}]},{"id":"08402ce5-8e5f-4609-9ad8-7be0ba8d0807","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the definition of ultrasound?","back":"Sound with a frequency above 20,000 Hz (human hearing limit).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sound with a frequency above 20,000 Hz (human hearing limit).","correct":true,"explanation":"Ultrasound consists of sound waves above the upper frequency limit of typical human hearing, which is approximately 20,000 Hz for a healthy young person."},{"text":"Sound with a frequency above 2,000 Hz (human hearing limit).","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequencies above 2,000 Hz are still within the audible range for humans. Ultrasound begins above the much higher upper hearing limit of 20,000 Hz."},{"text":"Sound with a frequency above 20 Hz (human hearing limit).","correct":false,"explanation":"A frequency of 20 Hz is the approximate lower limit of human hearing, not the ultrasound threshold. Ultrasound has frequencies above 20,000 Hz."},{"text":"Sound with a frequency below 20 Hz (human hearing limit).","correct":false,"explanation":"Sound below 20 Hz is called infrasound, reflecting the common confusion between the two hearing limits. Ultrasound instead has frequencies above 20,000 Hz."}]},{"id":"d61798e0-21c8-442c-bc0c-36692e153a43","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In a sonar calculation, why must you halve the total distance calculated from wave speed and time?","back":"The sound travels to the object and back (double the distance).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The sound travels to the object and back (double the distance).","correct":true,"explanation":"The measured time covers the outward journey to the object and the return journey of the echo. Multiplying speed by time therefore gives twice the one-way distance."},{"text":"The sound travels to the object only once (single the distance).","correct":false,"explanation":"The recorded time includes both the outward and return journeys, not just one journey. The calculated distance is halved because the sound travels to the object and back."},{"text":"The sound travels at twice its actual speed (double the speed).","correct":false,"explanation":"The sound retains its normal speed in the medium; reflection does not double it. Halving is necessary because the measured time covers the outward and return distances."},{"text":"The echo takes half the measured time (half the journey).","correct":false,"explanation":"The measured time is the full echo time and should not itself be treated as half the journey. The distance is halved because the sound travels out and back."}]},{"id":"386aca5d-8d7a-4ec7-acc7-1d10b1f3d559","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What component in a loudspeaker converts electrical signals into sound waves?","back":"A vibrating cone.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A vibrating cone.","correct":true,"explanation":"The electrical signal makes the loudspeaker cone vibrate. Its movement produces compressions and rarefactions in the surrounding air, creating a sound wave."},{"text":"A stationary cone.","correct":false,"explanation":"A stationary cone cannot transfer vibrations to the surrounding air. The cone must vibrate in response to the electrical signal to produce sound waves."},{"text":"A fixed permanent magnet.","correct":false,"explanation":"The permanent magnet supplies a magnetic field but normally remains fixed. The changing electrical signal ultimately drives a vibrating cone, which produces the sound wave."},{"text":"A microphone diaphragm.","correct":false,"explanation":"A microphone diaphragm performs the reverse process by converting sound vibrations into electrical signals. In a loudspeaker, a vibrating cone converts electrical signals into sound."}]},{"id":"8ba6e803-272a-420d-af9b-28a892a54e91","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Outline the path of vibrations through the ear before they reach the auditory nerve.","back":"

Eardrum
Ossicles
Cochlea

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Eardrum
Ossicles
Cochlea

","correct":true,"explanation":"Sound first vibrates the eardrum, which transfers vibrations through the ossicles to the cochlea. The cochlea converts them into electrical signals for the auditory nerve."},{"text":"

Cochlea
Ossicles
Eardrum

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the actual transmission route through the ear. Vibrations pass from the eardrum through the ossicles to the cochlea before nerve impulses are produced."},{"text":"

Eardrum
Cochlea
Ossicles

","correct":false,"explanation":"The cochlea receives vibrations only after the ossicles have amplified and transmitted them. The correct sequence is eardrum, ossicles, then cochlea."},{"text":"

Pinna
Eardrum
Cochlea

","correct":false,"explanation":"The pinna collects sound waves but does not replace the middle-ear ossicles in the vibration pathway. The required sequence is eardrum, ossicles, then cochlea."}]},{"id":"c5b11170-a006-4863-bf71-55656c0e9201","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The typical frequency range for healthy young human hearing is [ ] to 20,000 Hz.","back":"The typical frequency range for healthy young human hearing is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"20 Hz","correct":true,"explanation":"Approximately 20 Hz is the lower frequency limit of healthy young human hearing. Frequencies below this threshold are classified as infrasound."},{"text":"2 Hz","correct":false,"explanation":"A frequency of 2 Hz is below the normal human hearing range and is classed as infrasound. The typical lower hearing limit is approximately 20 Hz."},{"text":"200 Hz","correct":false,"explanation":"A lower limit of 200 Hz would exclude many clearly audible low-frequency sounds. Healthy young humans can typically hear frequencies down to approximately 20 Hz."},{"text":"20,000 Hz","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the upper and lower limits of human hearing. The typical range begins at 20 Hz and extends up to approximately 20,000 Hz."}]},{"id":"7b01b717-b165-4064-9611-0b2669b97a71","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The typical frequency range for healthy young human hearing is 20 Hz to [ ].","back":"The typical frequency range for healthy young human hearing is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"20,000 Hz","correct":true,"explanation":"Approximately 20,000 Hz is the upper frequency limit for healthy young human hearing. Sound above this frequency is classified as ultrasound."},{"text":"2,000 Hz","correct":false,"explanation":"A frequency of 2,000 Hz lies well within the audible range and is not its upper boundary. The typical upper hearing limit is approximately 20,000 Hz."},{"text":"200,000 Hz","correct":false,"explanation":"A frequency of 200,000 Hz is far above the human hearing range and is ultrasound. The typical upper limit of human hearing is approximately 20,000 Hz."},{"text":"20 Hz","correct":false,"explanation":"This repeats the lower hearing limit instead of giving the upper one. Healthy young humans typically hear from about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Wave behaviour","title":"Wave behaviour Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/physics/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"45d74db7-a626-5a33-a966-3f5ec82e79cd","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]