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Solids, liquids and gases all meet both conditions, even though their particles are arranged and move differently."},{"text":"Anything with mass that does not take up space.","correct":false,"explanation":"Having mass alone is not enough to define matter; matter must also occupy space. The correct definition is anything with mass that takes up space."},{"text":"Anything that takes up space but has no mass.","correct":false,"explanation":"Objects and substances cannot take up space without having mass in the particle model. Matter is defined as anything with mass that takes up space."},{"text":"Anything made only from atoms that takes up space.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some forms of matter, such as light gases, are made of molecules rather than individual atoms. Matter is defined by having mass and occupying space."}]},{"id":"38ccbd22-bf4d-46e1-afcd-7e274822a125","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a molecule made from?","back":"Two or more atoms joined together.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Two or more atoms joined together.","correct":true,"explanation":"A molecule consists of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. The atoms may be identical, as in oxygen, or different, as in water."},{"text":"One atom with electrons joined together.","correct":false,"explanation":"A single atom is not a molecule, even though it contains electrons, protons and usually neutrons. A molecule requires two or more atoms joined together."},{"text":"Two or more nuclei joined together.","correct":false,"explanation":"Molecules contain complete atoms, not just joined nuclei. Their atoms remain bonded while their nuclei stay separate, so the correct answer is two or more atoms joined together."},{"text":"One proton and one neutron joined together.","correct":false,"explanation":"A proton and neutron together form part of an atomic nucleus, not a molecule. Molecules are made from two or more atoms joined together."}]},{"id":"749d5bed-a23d-4398-ab40-b729f1bd5f7a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where are electrons found in an atom?","back":"Around the nucleus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Around the nucleus.","correct":true,"explanation":"Electrons occupy regions around the atom’s nucleus. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, while the negatively charged electrons form the surrounding electron cloud or shells."},{"text":"In the nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, not electrons. Electrons are found in regions around the nucleus, where they occupy shells or energy levels."},{"text":"Inside the protons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protons are particles within the nucleus and do not contain the atom’s electrons. Electrons are separate particles located around the nucleus."},{"text":"Between the neutrons in the nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutrons are located in the nucleus, but electrons are not packed between them. Electrons occupy regions around the nucleus in shells or energy levels."}]},{"id":"614846dd-a50b-4ff9-b544-10bfed902062","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where are protons found in an atom?","back":"In the nucleus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the nucleus.","correct":true,"explanation":"Protons are positively charged particles found in the atom’s nucleus. The nucleus also contains neutrons, while electrons are located around it."},{"text":"Around the nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons are found around the nucleus, which can make this location tempting. Protons are positively charged particles located inside the nucleus."},{"text":"In the electron shells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electron shells are regions around the nucleus occupied by electrons. Protons are much more massive and are located in the nucleus."},{"text":"Outside the atom.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protons are not outside the atom; they form part of its central nucleus. The particles found around the nucleus are electrons."}]},{"id":"369b3e43-5e18-45a1-9426-ce9cb30c6717","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where are neutrons found in an atom?","back":"In the nucleus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the nucleus.","correct":true,"explanation":"Neutrons are uncharged particles located in the atom’s nucleus alongside positively charged protons. Electrons are found outside the nucleus."},{"text":"Around the nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons occupy regions around the nucleus, whereas neutrons are held in the nucleus. Their lack of charge does not determine their location."},{"text":"In the electron shells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electron shells contain electrons, not neutrons. Neutrons are neutral particles found in the nucleus with the protons."},{"text":"Inside the electrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons do not contain neutrons; they are separate subatomic particles. Neutrons are located in the atom’s nucleus."}]},{"id":"44837ac1-963e-4aaf-8f20-50d3e3906d69","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A proton has relative charge [ ] and relative mass [ ].","back":"A proton has relative charge +1 and relative mass 1.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A proton has relative charge +1 and relative mass 1.","correct":true,"explanation":"A proton carries one unit of positive relative charge and has a relative mass of 1. These values are measured relative to a proton."},{"text":"A proton has relative charge 0 and relative mass 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"The mass is correct, but charge 0 describes a neutron. A proton has relative charge +1 and relative mass 1."},{"text":"A proton has relative charge +1 and relative mass very small.","correct":false,"explanation":"The positive charge is correct, but very small relative mass describes an electron. A proton has relative mass 1."},{"text":"A proton has relative charge -1 and relative mass very small.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both values describe an electron, not a proton. A proton has relative charge +1 and relative mass 1."}]},{"id":"fe05b3ec-646a-42e2-94a0-8ee004d98c7d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A neutron has relative charge [ ] and relative mass [ ].","back":"A neutron has relative charge 0 and relative mass 1.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A neutron has relative charge 0 and relative mass 1.","correct":true,"explanation":"A neutron has no charge, so its relative charge is 0, and it has approximately the same mass as a proton, giving it a relative mass of 1."},{"text":"A neutron has relative charge +1 and relative mass 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"Relative mass 1 is correct, but charge +1 belongs to a proton. A neutron is uncharged, so its relative charge is 0."},{"text":"A neutron has relative charge 0 and relative mass very small.","correct":false,"explanation":"A neutron is neutral, but it is not very light. Very small relative mass applies to an electron; a neutron has relative mass 1."},{"text":"A neutron has relative charge -1 and relative mass very small.","correct":false,"explanation":"These values describe an electron. A neutron has relative charge 0 and relative mass 1."}]},{"id":"6d149ba7-f64e-4c68-9c86-1e7d9a668d81","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An electron has relative charge [ ] and relative mass [ ].","back":"An electron has relative charge -1 and relative mass very small.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An electron has relative charge -1 and relative mass very small.","correct":true,"explanation":"An electron has one unit of negative relative charge and a mass much smaller than a proton or neutron, represented as very small."},{"text":"An electron has relative charge +1 and relative mass very small.","correct":false,"explanation":"The very small mass is correct, but +1 is the relative charge of a proton. An electron has relative charge -1."},{"text":"An electron has relative charge -1 and relative mass 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"The negative charge is correct, but relative mass 1 belongs approximately to protons and neutrons. An electron has a very small relative mass."},{"text":"An electron has relative charge 0 and relative mass 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are the relative properties of a neutron. An electron has relative charge -1 and a very small relative mass."}]},{"id":"4b67f424-78a0-45df-abf2-4e985a5a806b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is a neutral atom uncharged overall?","back":"It has equal numbers of protons and electrons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It has equal numbers of protons and electrons.","correct":true,"explanation":"Protons have positive charge and electrons have equal-magnitude negative charge. Equal numbers make these charges cancel, giving the atom zero overall charge."},{"text":"It has equal numbers of neutrons and electrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutrons have no electric charge, so matching their number to the electrons would not cancel the electrons’ negative charge. Neutrality requires equal numbers of protons and electrons."},{"text":"It has equal numbers of protons and neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protons and neutrons do not have opposite charges: neutrons are uncharged. A neutral atom instead contains equal numbers of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons."},{"text":"It has more protons than electrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Having more protons than electrons gives an atom a net positive charge. A neutral atom must have equal numbers of protons and electrons so their charges cancel."}]},{"id":"0e661bd4-7a68-4f5b-882f-8b12614334b8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is almost all the mass of an atom?","back":"In the tiny nucleus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the tiny nucleus.","correct":true,"explanation":"The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, which are far more massive than electrons. Consequently, nearly all an atom’s mass is concentrated within its tiny nucleus."},{"text":"In the outer electron shells.","correct":false,"explanation":"The electron shells occupy most of the atom’s volume, but electrons have extremely little mass. Almost all the mass is concentrated in the nucleus."},{"text":"In the surrounding empty space.","correct":false,"explanation":"Empty space accounts for most of an atom’s volume but contains no particles to provide mass. Almost all atomic mass is located in the nucleus."},{"text":"In the orbiting electrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons contribute only a tiny fraction of an atom’s mass because each is much lighter than a proton or neutron. Almost all the mass is in the nucleus."}]},{"id":"777a836a-01c2-4155-b821-90078fad0d6d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does the tiny nuclear radius imply about most of an atom?","back":"Most of the atom is empty space.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Most of the atom is empty space.","correct":true,"explanation":"The nucleus is extremely small compared with the atom’s overall radius. Since electrons are also tiny, most of the volume between them is empty space."},{"text":"Most of the atom is dense matter.","correct":false,"explanation":"The atom’s mass is concentrated in the nucleus, but the nucleus occupies only a tiny fraction of its volume. Most of the atom is empty space."},{"text":"Most of the atom is negative charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons occupy regions around the nucleus but do not fill the atom as solid material. The tiny nuclear radius means most atomic volume is empty space."},{"text":"Most of the atom is positive charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"Positive charge is concentrated in the tiny nucleus rather than spread throughout the atom. The nucleus’s small size implies that most of the atom is empty space."}]},{"id":"033e3b15-c933-4e84-9092-3a4b9f8d34e1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Atoms and small molecules are typically about [ ] across.","back":"Atoms and small molecules are typically about $1 \\times 10^{-10}\\ \\text{m}$ across.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$1 \\times 10^{-10}\\ \\text{m}$","correct":true,"explanation":"A typical atom or small molecule has a diameter on the order of $10^{-10}$ metres, equivalent to about $0.1$ nanometres."},{"text":"$$1 \\times 10^{-15}\\ \\text{m}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This is about the scale of a small atomic nucleus, not an entire atom. Atoms and small molecules are typically about $1 \\times 10^{-10}\\ \\text{m}$ across."},{"text":"$$1 \\times 10^{-6}\\ \\text{m}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This is roughly a micrometre, a scale associated with cells or microorganisms rather than atoms. Atoms are typically about $1 \\times 10^{-10}\\ \\text{m}$ across."},{"text":"$$1 \\times 10^{-9}\\ \\text{m}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This is one nanometre, making it ten times larger than the typical atomic scale. Atoms and small molecules are about $1 \\times 10^{-10}\\ \\text{m}$ across."}]},{"id":"e0caf4f0-aaf3-4c5d-a64c-687df3cee47d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What caused Thomson to suggest the plum pudding model?","back":"The discovery of electrons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The discovery of electrons.","correct":true,"explanation":"The discovery of negatively charged electrons showed that atoms were divisible and contained smaller particles. Thomson therefore proposed electrons embedded within diffuse positive charge."},{"text":"The discovery of neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"The neutron was discovered after Thomson proposed his model and therefore could not have prompted it. His plum pudding model followed the discovery of electrons."},{"text":"The discovery of the nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"The concentrated nucleus was identified through alpha-particle scattering and led to Rutherford’s nuclear model, which replaced Thomson’s model. The discovery of electrons prompted the plum pudding model."},{"text":"The discovery of protons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protons were not the discovery that prompted Thomson’s model. It was evidence for negatively charged electrons that led him to propose electrons within a positive sphere."}]},{"id":"3f6a10c9-10e3-40e5-96ec-a85ece3018b5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Thomson’s model, how were electrons arranged?","back":"Embedded in a positive sphere.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Embedded in a positive sphere.","correct":true,"explanation":"Thomson pictured the atom as a sphere of diffuse positive charge with negatively charged electrons embedded throughout it, producing an overall neutral atom."},{"text":"Orbiting a positive nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons orbiting a central positive nucleus belong to the later nuclear model, not Thomson’s model. Thomson proposed electrons embedded in a positive sphere."},{"text":"Contained inside a tiny nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thomson’s model did not include a nucleus; the nucleus was introduced after Rutherford’s scattering evidence. Thomson placed electrons within a diffuse positive sphere."},{"text":"Embedded in a negative sphere.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons are negatively charged, so embedding them in a negative sphere would not explain an atom’s overall neutrality. Thomson placed them in a positive sphere."}]},{"id":"b0028305-d7a7-4045-a79b-efc0b3abc719","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What evidence led Rutherford to the nuclear model?","back":"Geiger and Marsden’s gold foil experiment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Geiger and Marsden’s gold foil experiment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Geiger and Marsden observed that most alpha particles passed through gold foil while a small number were strongly deflected. Rutherford used this evidence to propose the nuclear model."},{"text":"Thomson’s cathode ray experiment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thomson’s cathode-ray experiments provided evidence for electrons and helped inspire the plum pudding model. Rutherford’s nuclear model arose from Geiger and Marsden’s gold foil experiment."},{"text":"Brown’s pollen grain experiment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Brownian motion provided evidence for the existence and random motion of particles, not for a concentrated atomic nucleus. The nuclear model followed the gold foil experiment."},{"text":"Millikan’s oil drop experiment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Millikan’s experiment measured the electron’s charge rather than revealing the structure of the atomic nucleus. Rutherford relied on Geiger and Marsden’s gold foil experiment."}]},{"id":"7120c5d9-4755-4708-a226-e231215e2c3f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did most alpha particles doing straight through the gold foil show?","back":"Atoms are mostly empty space.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Atoms are mostly empty space.","correct":true,"explanation":"Most alpha particles passed straight through because they encountered no concentrated matter or charge. This showed that most of an atom’s volume is empty space."},{"text":"Atoms are mostly dense matter.","correct":false,"explanation":"A uniformly dense atom would obstruct or deflect many more alpha particles. Their mostly straight paths showed instead that atoms consist mainly of empty space."},{"text":"Atoms are mostly positive charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"The concentration of positive charge was inferred from the few alpha particles deflected through large angles, not from those passing straight through. Straight paths showed mostly empty space."},{"text":"Atoms are mostly orbiting electrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons are too light to cause significant alpha-particle deflection, and they do not fill most atomic volume. Most particles passing through showed that atoms are mostly empty space."}]},{"id":"d0f88ea7-2263-4982-b84e-200eaf06f897","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did a few alpha particles being strongly deflected show?","back":"A tiny region of concentrated positive charge.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A tiny region of concentrated positive charge.","correct":true,"explanation":"Strong deflections could occur only if the atom’s positive charge and most of its mass were concentrated in a very small nucleus."},{"text":"A tiny region of concentrated negative charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons provide negative charge, but they cannot explain alpha particles being strongly repelled. The observations showed a tiny region of concentrated positive charge."},{"text":"A large region of spread-out positive charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"A diffuse positive charge would produce only weak deflections, as predicted by the plum pudding model. Strong deflections revealed a tiny concentrated positive region."},{"text":"A tiny region of concentrated neutral matter.","correct":false,"explanation":"A neutral region would not strongly repel positively charged alpha particles. The deflections demonstrated that concentrated positive charge existed within the atom."}]},{"id":"7aa4d0c4-a419-4c7e-a2bf-73828f69d237","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Bohr add to the atomic model?","back":"Electrons arranged in fixed shells.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Electrons arranged in fixed shells.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bohr proposed that electrons occupy fixed shells, or energy levels, around the nucleus rather than orbiting at any possible distance."},{"text":"Protons arranged in a central nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"The nucleus had already been introduced by Rutherford. Bohr’s contribution was arranging electrons in fixed shells with particular energy levels."},{"text":"Electrons arranged in a diffuse cloud.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cloud of freely positioned electrons belongs to later quantum models, not Bohr’s model. Bohr placed electrons in fixed shells."},{"text":"Neutrons arranged in fixed shells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chadwick discovered neutrons after Bohr developed his model. Bohr added the idea that electrons were arranged in fixed shells."}]},{"id":"0a1d4d9f-a718-4cb3-981a-3a3aa948a3a6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Density is calculated using [ ].","back":"Density is calculated using $\\rho = \\frac{m}{V}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$\\rho = \\frac{m}{V}$","correct":true,"explanation":"Density is mass per unit volume, so mass must be divided by volume. The standard relationship is $\\rho = \\frac{m}{V}$."},{"text":"$$\\rho = mV$","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying mass by volume does not give density and produces the wrong units. Density is found by dividing mass by volume: $\\rho = \\frac{m}{V}$."},{"text":"$$\\rho = \\frac{V}{m}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the density formula, giving volume per unit mass. Density is mass per unit volume, so $\\rho = \\frac{m}{V}$."},{"text":"$$\\rho = m + V$","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding mass and volume combines unlike quantities and cannot calculate density. The correct relationship divides mass by volume: $\\rho = \\frac{m}{V}$."}]},{"id":"571e2915-f220-4948-a1fd-50c09e8fa6ee","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are the SI units for density when mass is in kg and volume is in m³?","back":"kg/m³.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"kg/m³.","correct":true,"explanation":"Density equals mass divided by volume, so using kilograms and cubic metres gives kilograms per cubic metre, written kg/m³."},{"text":"kg·m³.","correct":false,"explanation":"Kilograms multiplied by cubic metres would result from multiplying mass and volume. Density divides mass by volume, giving kg/m³."},{"text":"m/kg.","correct":false,"explanation":"Metres per kilogram does not include cubic volume and reverses the required arrangement. With mass in kg and volume in m³, density is kg/m³."},{"text":"N/m³.","correct":false,"explanation":"Newtons per cubic metre describes force per unit volume, not mass density. Using kilograms and cubic metres gives the density unit kg/m³."}]},{"id":"f775a47a-bc7a-4dd1-aad6-6e07e9ed8758","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How do you convert cm³ to m³?","back":"Divide by 1,000,000.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Divide by 1,000,000.","correct":true,"explanation":"One metre contains 100 centimetres, so one cubic metre contains $100^3 = 1,000,000$ cubic centimetres. Therefore, divide cm³ by 1,000,000."},{"text":"Divide by 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by 100 applies a linear conversion only once. Volume requires cubing the length conversion, so cm³ must be divided by $100^3 = 1,000,000$."},{"text":"Divide by 10,000.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by 10,000 squares the conversion factor, which is appropriate for area. Cubic volume requires three factors of 100, giving 1,000,000."},{"text":"Divide by 1,000.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by 1,000 confuses cubic centimetres with millilitres and litres. Converting cm³ directly to m³ requires division by 1,000,000."}]},{"id":"16da1637-acf3-488c-8cde-d8d3030486f4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How can you find the volume of an irregular solid?","back":"Use water displacement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Use water displacement.","correct":true,"explanation":"Submerging the irregular solid causes it to displace a volume of water equal to its own volume, which can then be measured."},{"text":"Use length measurements.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying dimensions works only for regular shapes with measurable geometric dimensions. An irregular solid’s volume is found using water displacement."},{"text":"Use an electronic balance.","correct":false,"explanation":"A balance measures the solid’s mass rather than its volume. Its volume can be measured by the amount of water it displaces."},{"text":"Use a digital thermometer.","correct":false,"explanation":"A thermometer measures temperature, not volume. An irregular solid’s volume is determined by measuring the water displaced when it is submerged."}]},{"id":"d0c994a8-7d4c-408f-8b15-b57fe7aca87c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For a regular cuboid, volume = [ ].","back":"For a regular cuboid, volume = length × width × height.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"length × width × height","correct":true,"explanation":"A cuboid’s volume is the area of its rectangular base multiplied by its perpendicular height, giving length × width × height."},{"text":"length + width + height","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding the three dimensions does not calculate the space occupied and gives units of length. Volume requires multiplying length, width and height."},{"text":"length × width","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying only length and width calculates the area of one face, not volume. The additional factor of height is required."},{"text":"4 × (length + width + height)","correct":false,"explanation":"This calculates a cuboid’s total edge length rather than its volume. Volume is found by multiplying length, width and height."}]},{"id":"0b02167f-3a06-4ed9-a100-f23cc7e07e51","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do solids usually have high density?","back":"Particles are close together with little empty space.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Particles are close together with little empty space.","correct":true,"explanation":"Solid particles are packed closely together, so a relatively large mass occupies a small volume. This small amount of empty space produces high density."},{"text":"Particles are far apart with much empty space.","correct":false,"explanation":"Widely separated particles with much empty space are characteristic of gases and produce low density. Solids are dense because their particles are closely packed."},{"text":"Particles move rapidly with high kinetic energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rapid particle motion is associated with higher temperatures and gases, not the usual high density of solids. Closely packed particles explain their density."},{"text":"Particles form a lattice with large gaps between them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Large gaps would increase the volume occupied by a given mass and lower its density. Solids usually have closely packed particles with little empty space."}]},{"id":"98d8c8de-d36f-4bb1-bd65-ef64f2289ffe","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do gases have much lower density than solids or liquids?","back":"Particles are far apart, so the same mass has larger volume.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Particles are far apart, so the same mass has larger volume.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gas particles have large spaces between them, so a fixed mass occupies a greater volume. Since density is mass divided by volume, this produces a much lower density."},{"text":"Particles are far apart, so the same mass has smaller volume.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the volume relationship. Widely separated gas particles make a fixed mass occupy a larger volume, which reduces its density compared with solids and liquids."},{"text":"Particles are close together, so the same mass has larger volume.","correct":false,"explanation":"Closely packed particles would give a smaller volume for the same mass and therefore a higher density. Gases have low density because their particles are far apart."},{"text":"Particles are far apart, so the same volume has larger mass.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the mass relationship: a given volume of gas contains relatively little mass. Its particles are far apart, so the same mass occupies a larger volume."}]},{"id":"be65e047-0573-4c5f-926d-e607e8c254c7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is unusual about the density of ice?","back":"Ice is less dense than liquid water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ice is less dense than liquid water.","correct":true,"explanation":"Water expands when it freezes because its molecules form an open structure. The same mass then occupies more volume, making ice less dense than liquid water."},{"text":"Ice is denser than liquid water.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the unusual density relationship. Freezing creates an open molecular structure, increasing the volume, so ice is less dense than liquid water and floats on it."},{"text":"Ice has the same density as liquid water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freezing changes water’s volume without changing its mass, so the densities are not equal. Ice occupies more volume and is therefore less dense than liquid water."},{"text":"Ice is less dense than water vapour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water vapour has particles much farther apart than those in ice, so its density is far lower. The unusual fact is that ice is less dense than liquid water."}]},{"id":"4f9ddb3b-ad26-47be-a089-00555f750def","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If a sealed gas syringe is compressed, what happens to the gas mass?","back":"It stays the same.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It stays the same.","correct":true,"explanation":"The syringe is sealed, so no gas particles can enter or leave. Compression reduces the gas volume, but the number of particles and total mass remain unchanged."},{"text":"It increases.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compression moves the existing particles closer together but does not create additional matter. Because the syringe is sealed, the gas mass stays the same while its density increases."},{"text":"It decreases.","correct":false,"explanation":"A decrease in volume can be mistaken for a decrease in mass, but no particles escape from a sealed syringe. The gas mass therefore stays the same."},{"text":"It becomes zero.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compression does not remove the gas; it only forces its particles into a smaller volume. Since the syringe remains sealed, the gas retains the same mass."}]},{"id":"4cd51a2d-3a34-4b04-afec-93bb1e601365","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If mass is conserved and volume decreases, what happens to density?","back":"Density increases.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Density increases.","correct":true,"explanation":"Density is calculated using $\\rho = \\frac{m}{V}$. With constant mass, reducing the denominator increases the result, so the density increases."},{"text":"Density decreases.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses a smaller volume with a smaller density. For conserved mass, dividing by a smaller volume gives a larger value, so density increases."},{"text":"Density stays the same.","correct":false,"explanation":"Density would remain constant only if mass decreased in the same proportion as volume. Here mass is conserved, so a smaller volume causes density to increase."},{"text":"Density becomes zero.","correct":false,"explanation":"Zero density would require zero mass in a non-zero volume. The mass is conserved, so decreasing the volume instead makes the density increase."}]},{"id":"3b31fecd-2859-4ab6-8fe7-ab5b1b308f78","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A gas has mass 0.018 kg and volume 0.0040 m³. What is its density?","back":"4.5 kg/m³.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"4.5 kg/m³.","correct":true,"explanation":"Using $\\rho = \\frac{m}{V}$ gives $\\frac{0.018}{0.0040} = 4.5$. The gas therefore has a density of $4.5\\,\\text{kg/m}^3$."},{"text":"45 kg/m³.","correct":false,"explanation":"This results from treating $0.0040$ as $0.00040$, making the volume ten times too small. Dividing $0.018$ by the stated volume gives $4.5\\,\\text{kg/m}^3$."},{"text":"0.45 kg/m³.","correct":false,"explanation":"This results from treating $0.0040$ as $0.040$, making the volume ten times too large. The correct calculation is $0.018 \\div 0.0040 = 4.5\\,\\text{kg/m}^3$."},{"text":"0.22 kg/m³.","correct":false,"explanation":"This comes from reversing the density formula and calculating volume divided by mass. Density is mass divided by volume, giving $0.018 \\div 0.0040 = 4.5\\,\\text{kg/m}^3$."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"The particle model","title":"The particle model Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/physics/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"213b3bf7-bdbc-5675-87b1-3ddb72a76e40","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]