.4,"y":388.4},{"x":170.3,"y":389.8},{"x":180.3,"y":390.5},{"x":190.3,"y":390.5},{"x":200.2,"y":389.8},{"x":210.1,"y":388.4},{"x":219.9,"y":386.3},{"x":229.5,"y":383.6},{"x":238.9,"y":380.2},{"x":248.1,"y":376.1},{"x":256.9,"y":371.4},{"x":265.4,"y":366.1},{"x":273.5,"y":360.2},{"x":281.1,"y":353.8},{"x":288.3,"y":346.9},{"x":295,"y":339.4},{"x":301.2,"y":331.5},{"x":306.7,"y":323.3},{"x":311.7,"y":314.6},{"x":316.1,"y":305.6},{"x":319.9,"y":296.3},{"x":323,"y":286.8},{"x":325.4,"y":277.1},{"x":327.1,"y":267.3},{"x":328.2,"y":257.3},{"x":328.5,"y":247.3}]]},{"id":"energy_arrow","toX":602,"toY":247.3,"type":"arrow","color":"orange","fromX":328.5,"fromY":247.3},{"x":84.1,"y":42,"id":"label-1","text":"heavier nucleus","type":"text","color":"black"},{"x":360.2,"y":165.7,"id":"label-2","text":"energy released","type":"text","color":"orange"}],"caption":"Some of the mass of the original nuclei is converted into energy, which is released. This is the third marking point.","diagramSpec":{"points":[{"at":[0,0],"name":"H"},{"at":[1.1,0],"name":"E1"},{"at":[3.2,0],"name":"E2"}],"elements":[{"id":"heavy_nucleus","kind":"circle","color":"red","center":"H","radius":1.1},{"id":"energy_arrow","to":"E2","from":"E1","kind":"segment","color":"orange","arrows":"end"},{"at":[0,1.45],"dir":"above","kind":"label","text":"heavier nucleus","color":"black"},{"at":[2.15,0.5],"dir":"above","kind":"label","text":"energy released","color":"orange"}]}}]}],"generatedAt":"2026-07-21T17:03:44.140Z","modelVersion":"gpt-5.6-terra+diagrams-1","explanationVersion":"v3"},"options":[]}],"options":[],"explanation":null,"firstAttemptFullMarks":null},{"id":"ebc03fb3-980d-4c1e-92f1-e9d8b0e92e7b","revisionId":"94126f30-bf80-4c07-8441-5b90c49adf48","questionNumber":null,"questionType":"LA","specification":"Working with high-activity gamma-emitting radioactive sources in industrial testing can pose significant health risks.","difficulty":5,"difficultyBand":"medium","totalMarks":6,"sourceTitle":null,"calculatorUse":null,"parts":[{"id":"1e56b996-216c-4f6a-a856-ebce9b3cee23","label":null,"content":"Describe the hazards associated with exposure to this radiation, and the safety measures that technicians must take to protect themselves and others during their work.","markscheme":"- Explains that gamma radiation is highly penetrating/ionising and causes cellular ionisation or DNA damage/mutation, which can lead to cancer B1\n- Explains that high doses can kill cells outright, leading to tissue damage, radiation burns, or acute radiation sickness B1\n- Describes the safety measure of **Distance**: keeping as far away as possible (using remote handling or tongs) because intensity decreases with distance (inverse square law) B1\n- Describes the safety measure of **Shielding**: using dense materials like lead, steel, or tungsten to absorb/attenuate the gamma radiation B1\n- Describes the safety measure of **Time**: minimising time spent near the active source to reduce the cumulative dose received B1\n- Describes monitoring and public safety: wearing personal monitoring devices (dosimeters/badges) to record dose, or setting up physical exclusion zones with warning signs B1","marks":6,"order":0,"markingRubric":null,"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"radiation_protection","label":"Hazards and radiation protection","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Explain long-term harm","content":"Gamma is **highly penetrating** and **ionising**. Ionisation means it can remove electrons from atoms in cells. This can damage or mutate DNA, and damaged DNA can lead to cancer. Explaining this chain earns **B1**.","highlights":[{"text":"high-activity gamma-emitting radioactive sources","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Explain high-dose harm","content":"A high dose can kill cells outright. This causes tissue damage, radiation burns or acute radiation sickness. This distinct effect earns the second **B1**.","highlights":[{"text":"significant health risks","location":"specifica

Radiation safety and nuclear energy

Question 29

Radiation safety and nuclear energy Questions

Radiation safety and nuclear energy

Question 29

Radiation safety and nuclear energy Questions