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nuclei.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes nuclear fission, not fusion. Fusion joins two light nuclei together, whereas fission splits one heavy nucleus into smaller nuclei."},{"text":"Two heavy nuclei split to form several smaller nuclei.","correct":false,"explanation":"The mistake is treating fusion as a splitting process. Fusion combines two light nuclei into one heavier nucleus; splitting nuclei is characteristic of fission."},{"text":"One light nucleus changes into two heavier nuclei.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fusion does not make two products from one starting nucleus. It joins two light nuclei to form one heavier nucleus, with some mass converted into energy."}]},{"id":"48c2ab2e-230d-4d95-9b92-d295576ec3dd","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How does fusion differ from fission?","back":"Fusion joins two light nuclei; fission splits one heavy nucleus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fusion joins two light nuclei; fission splits one heavy nucleus.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fusion combines two light nuclei, while fission divides one heavy nucleus into smaller nuclei. These opposite changes distinguish the two nuclear processes."},{"text":"Fusion splits one heavy nucleus; fission joins two light nuclei.","correct":false,"explanation":"The processes have been reversed. Fission splits one heavy nucleus, whereas fusion joins two light nuclei to make a heavier nucleus."},{"text":"Fusion joins two heavy nuclei; fission splits one light nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fusion starts with light nuclei, not heavy ones, and fission splits a heavy nucleus, not a light one. Both starting descriptions are incorrect."},{"text":"Fusion splits two light nuclei; fission joins one heavy nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"This option incorrectly reverses both processes and their starting nuclei. Fusion joins two light nuclei; fission splits one heavy nucleus."}]},{"id":"e959aaf6-d375-4442-a778-ae5b79a00b3b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to some of the original nuclear mass during fusion?","back":"Some mass is converted into energy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Some mass is converted into energy.","correct":true,"explanation":"In fusion, the mass of the products is slightly less than the mass of the original nuclei. The missing mass is converted into energy according to $E = mc^2$."},{"text":"Some mass is converted into charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electric charge is conserved in nuclear reactions and is not created from the missing mass. The mass difference is converted into energy, according to $E = mc^2$."},{"text":"Some mass is converted into neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"A neutron can be produced in particular fusion reactions, but mass is not generally converted into neutrons. The mass difference is released as energy."},{"text":"Some mass is converted into pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pressure can help bring nuclei close enough to fuse, but it is not the product of converted mass. The mass difference becomes energy."}]},{"id":"1db491d0-ba3c-4f03-9779-c5b2c83adaad","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In what form is energy released during nuclear fusion?","back":"The energy is released as radiation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The energy is released as radiation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fusion releases energy, and this energy is transferred away from the reaction as radiation, including electromagnetic radiation and energy carried by particles."},{"text":"The energy is released as electric charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electric charge is conserved rather than released as an energy form. Nuclear fusion releases energy as radiation, including energy carried by emitted particles."},{"text":"The energy is released as nuclear mass.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fusion converts a small amount of nuclear mass into energy, so nuclear mass is not the form in which the released energy leaves the reaction."},{"text":"The energy is released as electrostatic repulsion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrostatic repulsion is a force opposing fusion before the nuclei join. The energy released by the reaction is carried away as radiation."}]},{"id":"a47cfb81-9df6-4e4c-87c7-8a3fd50318dc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do the nuclei involved in fusion repel each other?","back":"The nuclei are both positively charged, so they repel each other.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The nuclei are both positively charged, so they repel each other.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each nucleus contains positively charged protons and has an overall positive charge. Like charges repel, creating electrostatic repulsion between the nuclei."},{"text":"The nuclei are both negatively charged, so they repel each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Atomic nuclei are positively charged because of their protons; neutrons have no charge. Their repulsion comes from like positive charges, not negative charges."},{"text":"The nuclei have opposite charges, so they repel each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Opposite charges attract rather than repel. Fusion nuclei both have positive charge, so their like charges create electrostatic repulsion."},{"text":"The nuclei are both uncharged, so they repel each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neutrons are uncharged, but nuclei also contain positively charged protons and therefore have a net positive charge. That positive charge causes repulsion."}]},{"id":"69bec433-ebfb-4075-a945-d320df018e89","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does nuclear fusion require extremely high temperatures and pressures?","back":"Fusion requires extremely high temperatures and pressures to force the nuclei very close together.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fusion requires extremely high temperatures and pressures to force the nuclei very close together.","correct":true,"explanation":"High temperature gives nuclei enough kinetic energy to approach, while high pressure confines them. They must get very close for the strong nuclear force to act."},{"text":"Fusion requires extremely high temperatures and pressures to force the nuclei farther apart.","correct":false,"explanation":"Moving nuclei farther apart would prevent the strong nuclear force from joining them. The conditions are needed to force the positively charged nuclei very close together."},{"text":"Fusion requires extremely high temperatures and pressures to make the nuclei electrically neutral.","correct":false,"explanation":"The nuclei remain positively charged during the approach. High temperature and pressure help bring them very close together despite their electrostatic repulsion."},{"text":"Fusion requires extremely high temperatures and pressures to split the nuclei into electrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fusion joins nuclei and does not split them into electrons. The extreme conditions provide the energy and confinement needed to bring nuclei close enough to fuse."}]},{"id":"1f989c08-4a35-4679-b69b-cc78f8e6968a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What must be overcome to bring two nuclei close enough for fusion?","back":"The high temperature and pressure help overcome the nuclei's electrostatic repulsion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The high temperature and pressure help overcome the nuclei's electrostatic repulsion.","correct":true,"explanation":"Both nuclei are positively charged, so they repel. High temperature gives them greater kinetic energy and high pressure confines them, helping them overcome this repulsion."},{"text":"The high temperature and pressure help overcome the nuclei's gravitational attraction.","correct":false,"explanation":"The main obstacle is electrostatic repulsion between positively charged nuclei, not gravitational attraction. Temperature and pressure help the nuclei approach despite that repulsion."},{"text":"The high temperature and pressure help overcome the nuclei's strong nuclear attraction.","correct":false,"explanation":"The strong nuclear force attracts nucleons at very short range and helps fusion occur. The force that must initially be overcome is electrostatic repulsion."},{"text":"The high temperature and pressure help overcome the nuclei's magnetic attraction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Magnetic attraction is not the relevant barrier in this fusion explanation. The positively charged nuclei repel electrostatically as they approach."}]},{"id":"d4f65f25-ef09-415a-a2e8-6e4fe03a824a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where does nuclear fusion release energy naturally?","back":"Fusion releases energy in the Sun and other stars.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fusion releases energy in the Sun and other stars.","correct":true,"explanation":"The extreme temperatures and pressures inside stars allow light nuclei to fuse. The resulting nuclear reactions release the energy emitted by the Sun and other stars."},{"text":"Fusion releases energy in the Earth's atmosphere and oceans.","correct":false,"explanation":"Earth's atmosphere and oceans do not naturally provide the stellar conditions needed for sustained nuclear fusion. Natural fusion occurs in the Sun and other stars."},{"text":"Fusion releases energy in the Moon and other rocky planets.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Moon and rocky planets lack the enormous temperatures and pressures found inside stars. Natural nuclear fusion therefore occurs in stars, including the Sun."},{"text":"Fusion releases energy in the Earth's outer crust and mantle.","correct":false,"explanation":"The crust and mantle are not hot or pressurised enough for natural fusion. The required conditions occur naturally inside the Sun and other stars."}]},{"id":"d0b926bc-7e8e-4170-8703-84a4e150a6fd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What particles are in a deuterium nucleus in the fusion example?","back":"A deuterium nucleus contains one proton and one neutron.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A deuterium nucleus contains one proton and one neutron.","correct":true,"explanation":"Deuterium is a hydrogen isotope with one proton and one neutron. Its nucleus therefore has mass number 2 while retaining hydrogen's single proton."},{"text":"A deuterium nucleus contains one proton and two neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"One proton and two neutrons describes tritium, another hydrogen isotope. Deuterium contains one proton and one neutron."},{"text":"A deuterium nucleus contains two protons and one neutron.","correct":false,"explanation":"Two protons and one neutron would give a helium-3 nucleus, not deuterium. Deuterium has one proton and one neutron."},{"text":"A deuterium nucleus contains two protons and two neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Two protons and two neutrons make a helium-4 nucleus, the product in the example. Deuterium starts with one proton and one neutron."}]},{"id":"c07897b5-e050-46d5-8585-dc4961070b7e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What particles are in a tritium nucleus in the fusion example?","back":"A tritium nucleus contains one proton and two neutrons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A tritium nucleus contains one proton and two neutrons.","correct":true,"explanation":"Tritium is a hydrogen isotope, so it has one proton, and it has two neutrons. Its nucleus therefore contains three nucleons."},{"text":"A tritium nucleus contains one proton and one neutron.","correct":false,"explanation":"One proton and one neutron describes deuterium. Tritium has the same one proton but contains two neutrons."},{"text":"A tritium nucleus contains two protons and one neutron.","correct":false,"explanation":"Two protons and one neutron would not be a hydrogen isotope because hydrogen nuclei contain one proton. Tritium contains one proton and two neutrons."},{"text":"A tritium nucleus contains two protons and two neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Two protons and two neutrons describe helium-4, the fusion product in this example. Tritium contains one proton and two neutrons."}]},{"id":"cb7f4493-fc8f-406a-8c4c-908e0d7cc0bc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What nucleus is produced when deuterium and tritium fuse?","back":"The fusion example produces a helium-4 nucleus containing two protons and two neutrons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The fusion example produces a helium-4 nucleus containing two protons and two neutrons.","correct":true,"explanation":"Adding deuterium's one proton and one neutron to tritium's one proton and two neutrons gives two protons and three neutrons overall; one neutron is released, leaving helium-4."},{"text":"The fusion example produces a helium-3 nucleus containing two protons and one neutron.","correct":false,"explanation":"Helium-3 contains two protons and one neutron, but the deuterium-tritium reaction produces helium-4 with two protons and two neutrons, plus a separate neutron."},{"text":"The fusion example produces a hydrogen-3 nucleus containing one proton and two neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"One proton and two neutrons describes the tritium starting nucleus, not the fusion product. The reaction produces helium-4 containing two protons and two neutrons."},{"text":"The fusion example produces a helium-5 nucleus containing two protons and three neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"The combined five nucleons include a neutron that is emitted, so the helium nucleus has four nucleons. The product is helium-4, not helium-5."}]},{"id":"b3272d75-0c6c-4520-88ff-98f5857a0e47","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What other particle is released when deuterium and tritium fuse?","back":"The reaction also releases a single neutron.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The reaction also releases a single neutron.","correct":true,"explanation":"In the deuterium-tritium reaction, the helium-4 nucleus accounts for two protons and two neutrons, while one additional neutron is emitted with the released energy."},{"text":"The reaction also releases a single proton.","correct":false,"explanation":"The reaction's emitted particle is a neutron, not a proton. The two protons remain in the helium-4 nucleus produced by the fusion."},{"text":"The reaction also releases two neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Only one neutron is emitted in the standard deuterium-tritium fusion equation. The other two neutrons remain in the helium-4 nucleus."},{"text":"The reaction also releases a single electron.","correct":false,"explanation":"The emitted particle in this fusion example is a neutron. An electron is not released as the additional particle in the standard deuterium-tritium reaction."}]},{"id":"cabba51b-1738-430a-ba91-2357c095d255","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of nucleus forms when two light nuclei fuse?","back":"The deuterium and tritium nuclei join to form one heavier nucleus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The deuterium and tritium nuclei join to form one heavier nucleus.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fusion combines the two light hydrogen-isotope nuclei into one heavier helium nucleus. The reaction also releases a neutron and energy."},{"text":"The deuterium and tritium nuclei join to form two lighter nuclei.","correct":false,"explanation":"Producing two lighter nuclei describes a splitting reaction rather than fusion. Deuterium and tritium combine to form one heavier nucleus."},{"text":"The deuterium and tritium nuclei split to form one heavier nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"The nuclei join together; they do not split. Fusion forms one heavier nucleus from the two light starting nuclei."},{"text":"The deuterium and tritium nuclei join to form two heavier nuclei.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two starting nuclei combine into one main heavier nucleus, not two heavier nuclei. A neutron is also released, but it is not a heavier nucleus."}]},{"id":"da8b2752-2dc3-4fa3-a979-16702063cc82","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which nuclear process releases energy in the Sun?","back":"The Sun's energy is released by fusion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Sun's energy is released by fusion.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Sun's immense temperature and pressure allow hydrogen nuclei to fuse. These reactions release nuclear energy that ultimately reaches us as sunlight and heat."},{"text":"The Sun's energy is released by fission.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fission splits heavy nuclei and is not the process powering the Sun. The Sun releases energy mainly through fusion of light hydrogen nuclei."},{"text":"The Sun's energy is released by combustion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Combustion is a chemical reaction requiring fuel and oxygen, whereas the Sun's energy comes from nuclear reactions. Hydrogen nuclei undergo fusion in its interior."},{"text":"The Sun's energy is released by radioactive decay.","correct":false,"explanation":"Radioactive decay is not the main energy source of the Sun. Its energy is released when light hydrogen nuclei fuse under extreme stellar conditions."}]},{"id":"af173bfb-5e18-407d-96fd-daff3fcc99cb","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Nuclear [ ] joins two light nuclei.","back":"Nuclear fusion joins two light nuclei.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"fusion","correct":true,"explanation":"Nuclear fusion is the process in which two light nuclei join together, producing a heavier nucleus and releasing energy."},{"text":"fission","correct":false,"explanation":"Fission means splitting a heavy nucleus into smaller nuclei. The process that joins two light nuclei is fusion."},{"text":"decay","correct":false,"explanation":"Radioactive decay is the spontaneous change of an unstable nucleus. It does not specifically mean joining two light nuclei together."},{"text":"ionisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Ionisation removes or adds electrons to an atom, changing its charge. Nuclear fusion instead involves the joining of two atomic nuclei."}]},{"id":"f03507f7-0b28-4278-997f-842a0a0b6a23","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In fusion, some of the nuclei's mass is converted into [ ].","back":"In fusion, some of the nuclei's mass is converted into energy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"energy","correct":true,"explanation":"Fusion converts a small amount of the nuclei's mass into energy. This mass-energy conversion releases energy during the nuclear reaction."},{"text":"charge","correct":false,"explanation":"Charge is conserved in the fusion reaction and is not produced from converted mass. The mass difference is converted into energy."},{"text":"pressure","correct":false,"explanation":"Pressure helps confine nuclei and bring them together, but it is not the result of mass conversion. The converted mass becomes energy."},{"text":"radiation","correct":false,"explanation":"Radiation is a way the released energy can be transferred away, but the blank asks what mass is converted into. The direct answer is energy."}]},{"id":"c501e309-7650-4679-a056-7484be1f9d71","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The energy released during fusion is released as [ ].","back":"The energy released during fusion is released as radiation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"radiation","correct":true,"explanation":"Fusion converts a small amount of mass into energy, which is released from the reacting nuclei mainly as radiation. This radiation carries energy away from the fusion reaction."},{"text":"chemical energy","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical energy is released by rearranging electrons in chemical bonds, not by joining atomic nuclei. In fusion, the released energy is radiation produced by the nuclear reaction."},{"text":"gravitational potential energy","correct":false,"explanation":"Gravitational potential energy depends on an object's position in a gravitational field and is not produced by nuclear joining. Fusion releases its energy as radiation."},{"text":"elastic potential energy","correct":false,"explanation":"Elastic potential energy is stored when materials are stretched or compressed, so it does not describe energy from nuclear fusion. The fusion energy is released as radiation."}]},{"id":"64ad6d5b-b865-4b2d-a9e1-1137fe9ad986","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The two nuclei must be forced very close together because they are both [ ].","back":"The two nuclei must be forced very close together because they are both positively charged.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"positively charged","correct":true,"explanation":"Atomic nuclei contain protons, so they have positive charge. The electrostatic repulsion between two positively charged nuclei must be overcome by forcing them very close together."},{"text":"negatively charged","correct":false,"explanation":"Nuclei are not negatively charged because they contain positive protons and neutral neutrons. Their positive charges repel, so the correct description is positively charged."},{"text":"electrically neutral","correct":false,"explanation":"A nucleus may have no electrons, but its protons still give it a positive net charge. Therefore, the two nuclei are positively charged and repel each other."},{"text":"oppositely charged","correct":false,"explanation":"The nuclei involved in fusion both have positive charge, so they repel rather than attract as oppositely charged objects would. The correct description is positively charged."}]},{"id":"e3f35a90-5852-4b44-a228-7133feee4e1b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Fusion requires extremely high temperatures and [ ].","back":"Fusion requires extremely high temperatures and pressures.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"pressures","correct":true,"explanation":"Extremely high temperatures give nuclei enough kinetic energy to overcome electrostatic repulsion, while high pressures force them close together. Together these conditions allow nuclear fusion to occur."},{"text":"magnetic fields","correct":false,"explanation":"Magnetic fields can help confine hot plasma in some fusion reactors, but they are not the second general condition stated here. Fusion requires extremely high temperatures and pressures."},{"text":"electric currents","correct":false,"explanation":"Electric currents may be used to heat or control plasma, but they are not a required paired condition for fusion. The required conditions are extremely high temperatures and pressures."},{"text":"low pressures","correct":false,"explanation":"Low pressure makes collisions between nuclei less frequent and reduces the chance of fusion. Fusion requires extremely high temperatures and pressures to bring nuclei together often enough."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"6.7.4 Nuclear fusion","title":"4.4.2 Nuclear fusion Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/physics/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"0d4c1be4-c022-4b19-aa18-2e57829aff88","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]

6.7.4 Nuclear fusion Flashcards

6.7.4 Nuclear fusion Flashcards