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through it."},{"text":"It is connected to the output circuit.","correct":false,"explanation":"The output circuit is connected to the secondary coil. The primary coil is connected to the input alternating potential difference, which supplies energy to the transformer."},{"text":"It is connected to the input direct potential difference.","correct":false,"explanation":"A steady direct supply does not provide continuous transformer action. The primary coil must be connected to an input alternating potential difference to create a changing magnetic field."},{"text":"It is connected to the iron core.","correct":false,"explanation":"The iron core carries the changing magnetic field between the coils but is not an electrical connection. The primary coil connects to the input alternating potential difference."}]},{"id":"67adc836-484c-43ab-aa98-8c82c2eb4dc3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does the secondary coil do in a transformer?","back":"It is connected to the output circuit.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is connected to the output circuit.","correct":true,"explanation":"The secondary coil supplies the induced potential difference to the output circuit, where it can produce a current if the circuit is complete."},{"text":"It is connected to the input alternating potential difference.","correct":false,"explanation":"The primary coil connects to the input alternating potential difference. The secondary coil is connected to the output circuit and receives an induced potential difference."},{"text":"It is connected to the direct-current supply.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transformers require alternating input rather than a direct-current supply. The secondary coil is not connected to the supply; it is connected to the output circuit."},{"text":"It is connected to the iron core.","correct":false,"explanation":"The iron core transfers the changing magnetic field, but the secondary coil remains electrically separate from it. The secondary coil is connected to the output circuit."}]},{"id":"574f6887-508a-4d9d-a342-4b0a8241dd12","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are the transformer coils electrically separate?","back":"Energy passes between them through a changing magnetic field, not by direct current flow.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Energy passes between them through a changing magnetic field, not by direct current flow.","correct":true,"explanation":"The changing current in the primary creates a changing magnetic field in the iron core, inducing a potential difference in the electrically separate secondary coil."},{"text":"Energy passes between them through a steady magnetic field, not by direct current flow.","correct":false,"explanation":"A steady magnetic field does not continuously induce a potential difference. Transformer action requires a changing magnetic field, created by alternating current in the primary coil."},{"text":"Energy passes between them through a direct electrical connection, not by magnetic induction.","correct":false,"explanation":"The coils are electrically separate, so current cannot flow directly between them. Energy is transferred by a changing magnetic field in the iron core."},{"text":"Energy passes between them through a changing electric current, not by magnetic induction.","correct":false,"explanation":"The changing current is confined to the primary circuit and creates the magnetic field. Energy reaches the secondary by magnetic induction through the changing magnetic field."}]},{"id":"4d3556e3-ba3a-41ca-bf61-04973459213a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is iron used for a transformer core?","back":"Iron is easily magnetised, so it carries the changing field effectively between the coils.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Iron is easily magnetised, so it carries the changing field effectively between the coils.","correct":true,"explanation":"Iron is easily magnetised, allowing the changing magnetic field to pass effectively between the primary and secondary coils and increasing the induced potential difference."},{"text":"Iron is difficult to magnetise, so it prevents the changing field from escaping.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transformer cores need a material that is easily magnetised so the changing field is transferred effectively. Being difficult to magnetise would make this process less effective."},{"text":"Iron is electrically conductive, so it carries current between the coils.","correct":false,"explanation":"The coils must remain electrically separate, so current is not carried between them by the core. Iron is used because it is easily magnetised and carries the changing field."},{"text":"Iron is permanently magnetised, so it provides a constant field between the coils.","correct":false,"explanation":"A constant magnetic field cannot continuously induce a potential difference. The core must respond to the changing field produced by the alternating primary current."}]},{"id":"fa114096-b719-43bd-a78b-ee31ce56e319","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why must the current in the primary coil be alternating?","back":"It continually changes direction and size, producing a changing magnetic field.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It continually changes direction and size, producing a changing magnetic field.","correct":true,"explanation":"Alternating current repeatedly changes direction and size, so the magnetic field in the core changes and continuously induces a potential difference in the secondary coil."},{"text":"It continually changes direction and size, producing a constant magnetic field.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changes in current produce changes in magnetic field, not a constant field. A changing magnetic field is necessary to continuously induce a potential difference in the secondary coil."},{"text":"It flows in one direction and size, producing a changing magnetic field.","correct":false,"explanation":"A current that remains constant in direction and size produces a steady magnetic field after the initial change. Alternating current is needed for continuous transformer action."},{"text":"It continually changes direction and size, producing a changing electric current.","correct":false,"explanation":"The alternating current already changes in the primary circuit. Its important transformer effect is to produce a changing magnetic field in the core."}]},{"id":"4b933885-287f-4120-bc2f-999fc7a2c1d9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What induces the potential difference across the secondary coil?","back":"The changing magnetic field in the iron core.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The changing magnetic field in the iron core.","correct":true,"explanation":"The changing magnetic field in the iron core passes through the secondary coil and induces a potential difference across it by electromagnetic induction."},{"text":"The steady magnetic field in the iron core.","correct":false,"explanation":"A steady magnetic field does not continuously induce a potential difference. The field in the core must change as the primary current changes."},{"text":"The direct current in the secondary coil.","correct":false,"explanation":"The induced potential difference causes current in the secondary circuit; current does not induce the potential difference in this situation. The cause is the changing magnetic field."},{"text":"The electrical connection between the coils.","correct":false,"explanation":"There is no direct electrical connection between the coils. The changing magnetic field in the iron core induces the potential difference across the secondary coil."}]},{"id":"f9eb6bd6-724e-49a2-9789-f82b975c2d1b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When does a current flow in the secondary circuit?","back":"Only when the secondary circuit is complete.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Only when the secondary circuit is complete.","correct":true,"explanation":"A potential difference can be induced across the secondary coil, but current flows only when the secondary circuit forms a complete conducting loop."},{"text":"Only when the secondary circuit is open.","correct":false,"explanation":"An open circuit has a break, so there is no complete path for charge to flow. Current flows when the secondary circuit is complete."},{"text":"Only when the primary circuit is complete.","correct":false,"explanation":"The primary circuit must operate to create the changing magnetic field, but current in the secondary also requires its own circuit to be complete."},{"text":"Only when the secondary circuit has no potential difference.","correct":false,"explanation":"A potential difference drives current through a resistance. The secondary circuit must be complete, with an induced potential difference present, for current to flow."}]},{"id":"4e7a0f53-06e8-49a7-b1b8-19b6d11d61b3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does a steady direct current produce no continuous transformer action?","back":"Its magnetic field is not changing, so it cannot continuously induce a potential difference.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its magnetic field is not changing, so it cannot continuously induce a potential difference.","correct":true,"explanation":"After the initial switch-on change, steady direct current produces a constant magnetic field. Without continuous change, no continuous potential difference is induced in the secondary."},{"text":"Its magnetic field is changing continuously, so it cannot induce a potential difference.","correct":false,"explanation":"A continuously changing magnetic field is exactly what produces transformer action. Steady direct current fails because its magnetic field is not changing continuously."},{"text":"Its magnetic field is not present, so it cannot produce a potential difference.","correct":false,"explanation":"Direct current does produce a magnetic field around the primary coil. The problem is that the field becomes steady, so it cannot continuously induce a potential difference."},{"text":"Its magnetic field is reversed continuously, so it cancels the output.","correct":false,"explanation":"A continuously reversing magnetic field would induce transformer action rather than cancel it. Steady direct current produces a field that is not changing."}]},{"id":"0eb0a1f4-bd47-4cb2-b150-c792073fd7fb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"State the transformer turns-ratio equation.","back":"$$$\\dfrac{V_p}{V_s}=\\dfrac{n_p}{n_s}$$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$$\\dfrac{V_p}{V_s}=\\dfrac{n_p}{n_s}$$","correct":true,"explanation":"The transformer turns-ratio equation compares primary to secondary potential difference in the same order as primary to secondary turns: $V_p/V_s=n_p/n_s$."},{"text":"$$$\\dfrac{V_p}{V_s}=\\dfrac{n_s}{n_p}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the turns ratio. Matching primary quantities together and secondary quantities together gives the correct equation, $V_p/V_s=n_p/n_s$."},{"text":"$$$\\dfrac{V_s}{V_p}=\\dfrac{n_p}{n_s}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"The potential differences have been reversed without reversing the turns. The correct corresponding ratios are $V_p/V_s=n_p/n_s$, or equivalently $V_s/V_p=n_s/n_p$."},{"text":"$$$\\dfrac{V_p}{V_s}=\\dfrac{n_p+n_s}{n_s}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"Transformer voltage depends on the ratio of the numbers of turns, not their sum. The correct relationship is $V_p/V_s=n_p/n_s$."}]},{"id":"cc955be5-e863-4e91-87c9-27973bd81192","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to potential difference when a coil has more turns?","back":"It has a greater potential difference.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It has a greater potential difference.","correct":true,"explanation":"For coils in the same transformer, the induced potential difference is proportional to the number of turns. More turns therefore produce a greater potential difference."},{"text":"It has a smaller potential difference.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the proportional relationship. Increasing the number of turns increases the potential difference induced across that coil."},{"text":"It has the same potential difference.","correct":false,"explanation":"The potential difference is not independent of turns. Coils with different numbers of turns have potential differences in the same ratio as their turns."},{"text":"It has a zero potential difference.","correct":false,"explanation":"A coil can have an induced potential difference when the magnetic field changes. More turns increase this potential difference rather than making it zero."}]},{"id":"c325b41c-e316-49bb-ab33-9c3c662406d6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How can you identify a step-up transformer from its turns?","back":"The secondary has more turns: $n_s>n_p$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The secondary has more turns: $n_s>n_p$.","correct":true,"explanation":"A step-up transformer has more turns on the secondary than the primary. Since potential difference is proportional to turns, the secondary potential difference is increased."},{"text":"The secondary has fewer turns: $n_sn_p$."},{"text":"The primary has more turns: $n_p>n_s$.","correct":false,"explanation":"More primary turns than secondary turns produce a lower secondary potential difference, identifying a step-down transformer. A step-up transformer has $n_s>n_p$."},{"text":"The secondary has the same number of turns: $n_s=n_p$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal numbers of turns give equal potential differences, so the transformer is neither step-up nor step-down. Step-up operation requires more secondary turns."}]},{"id":"67986e90-0d5b-4f51-9f44-3cc1e6c55d74","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How can you identify a step-down transformer from its turns?","back":"The secondary has fewer turns: $n_sfewer turns: $n_smore turns: $n_s>n_p$.","correct":false,"explanation":"More secondary turns produce a greater secondary potential difference, identifying a step-up transformer. Step-down transformers require $n_sfewer turns: $n_pn_p$, which identifies a step-up transformer. For step-down operation, the secondary must have fewer turns."},{"text":"The secondary has the same number of turns: $n_s=n_p$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal turns produce equal primary and secondary potential differences, not a step-down output. A step-down transformer has $n_s$P_{input}=P_{output}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are equal: $P_{input}=P_{output}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"An ideal transformer has no energy losses, so all input power is transferred to the output. Therefore $P_{input}=P_{output}$."},{"text":"The input power is greater: $P_{input}>P_{output}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This would indicate energy lost in heating, sound or other inefficiencies. An ideal transformer has no losses, so its input and output powers are equal."},{"text":"The output power is greater: $P_{output}>P_{input}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"A transformer cannot produce extra energy, and an ideal transformer has no power gain. Its input power is transferred unchanged to the output."},{"text":"They are both zero: $P_{input}=P_{output}=0$.","correct":false,"explanation":"An ideal transformer can transfer non-zero power with no losses. Ideal means input and output powers are equal, not that both powers must be zero."}]},{"id":"54371a8f-712f-4bf7-a52c-6aea7bcea45e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A transformer needs [ ] in its primary coil to produce a changing magnetic field.","back":"A transformer needs alternating current in its primary coil to produce a changing magnetic field.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"alternating current","correct":true,"explanation":"Alternating current continually changes direction and size, producing the changing magnetic field required for transformer action in the core."},{"text":"direct current","correct":false,"explanation":"Steady direct current produces a magnetic field that becomes constant, so it cannot continuously induce a potential difference. The primary needs alternating current."},{"text":"constant current","correct":false,"explanation":"A constant current creates a steady magnetic field after the initial switch-on, so it cannot maintain transformer action. Alternating current is required."},{"text":"induced current","correct":false,"explanation":"Induced current is produced in a secondary circuit by a changing magnetic field; it is not the required input to the primary coil. The primary needs alternating current."}]},{"id":"8e45cbeb-7cae-47fd-8a08-54c99aacfd6e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Current is not passed directly between the coils; energy is transferred by a [ ].","back":"Current is not passed directly between the coils; energy is transferred by a changing magnetic field.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"changing magnetic field","correct":true,"explanation":"The coils are electrically separate, but alternating current creates a changing magnetic field in the core. This field transfers energy and induces a potential difference in the secondary."},{"text":"steady magnetic field","correct":false,"explanation":"A steady magnetic field cannot continuously induce a potential difference. Energy transfer in a transformer requires the changing magnetic field produced by alternating current."},{"text":"direct electrical connection","correct":false,"explanation":"The coils are deliberately electrically separate, so energy does not pass through a direct electrical connection. It is transferred by a changing magnetic field."},{"text":"continuous direct current","correct":false,"explanation":"Direct current cannot provide continuous transformer action because its magnetic field becomes steady. Energy is transferred between the coils by a changing magnetic field."}]},{"id":"494d063a-405f-4a28-925c-7a02820b13fe","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For an ideal transformer, the power relationship is $\\text{[...]}$.","back":"For an ideal transformer, the power relationship is $\\boxed{V_pI_p=V_sI_s}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$V_pI_p=V_sI_s$","correct":true,"explanation":"For an ideal transformer, input power equals output power, so primary potential difference multiplied by primary current equals secondary potential difference multiplied by secondary current."},{"text":"$$V_pI_s=V_sI_p$","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the primary and secondary currents, so it does not represent conservation of power. The correct relationship is $V_pI_p=V_sI_s$, equating input and output power."},{"text":"$$V_pV_s=I_pI_s$","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying the two potential differences and equating them to currents mixes unlike quantities. Power is potential difference multiplied by current, giving $V_pI_p=V_sI_s$."},{"text":"$$V_p+I_p=V_s+I_s$","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding potential difference and current is not a power relationship because they are different physical quantities. Ideal power conservation requires $V_pI_p=V_sI_s$."}]},{"id":"23ce0e7b-5186-4aa5-85c6-ff7cc45afa2d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to current when an ideal transformer increases potential difference?","back":"The current decreases, so power remains constant.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The current decreases, so power remains constant.","correct":true,"explanation":"An ideal transformer conserves power. When potential difference increases, the current decreases in the corresponding proportion, so the input and output powers remain equal."},{"text":"The current increases, so power remains constant.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the inverse relationship between potential difference and current. For constant power, increasing potential difference makes the current decrease, so the correct answer says the current decreases."},{"text":"The current decreases, so power increases.","correct":false,"explanation":"The current does decrease, but an ideal transformer cannot increase power because energy is conserved. The correct conclusion is that power remains constant."},{"text":"The current stays constant, so power increases.","correct":false,"explanation":"Keeping current constant while increasing potential difference would increase power, which an ideal transformer cannot do. The current decreases so that power remains constant."}]},{"id":"d0e4a565-45da-4508-9363-7c19a6350d9e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"State the relationship between current ratio, potential difference ratio and turns ratio.","back":"$$$\\dfrac{I_s}{I_p}=\\dfrac{V_p}{V_s}=\\dfrac{n_p}{n_s}$$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$$\\dfrac{I_s}{I_p}=\\dfrac{V_p}{V_s}=\\dfrac{n_p}{n_s}$$","correct":true,"explanation":"For an ideal transformer, current ratio is inversely related to potential difference ratio and matches the inverse turns ratio, giving the stated relationship."},{"text":"$$$\\dfrac{I_s}{I_p}=\\dfrac{V_s}{V_p}=\\dfrac{n_p}{n_s}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"The potential difference ratio has been inverted. Current ratio matches primary-to-secondary potential difference and turns ratios, so the correct relationship is $$\\dfrac{I_s}{I_p}=\\dfrac{V_p}{V_s}=\\dfrac{n_p}{n_s}$$."},{"text":"$$$\\dfrac{I_s}{I_p}=\\dfrac{V_p}{V_s}=\\dfrac{n_s}{n_p}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"The turns ratio is reversed. Secondary-to-primary current ratio equals primary-to-secondary turns ratio, so the correct final term is $\\dfrac{n_p}{n_s}$."},{"text":"$$$\\dfrac{I_s}{I_p}=\\dfrac{V_s}{V_p}=\\dfrac{n_s}{n_p}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"Both ratios on the right have been reversed, treating current as directly proportional to potential difference and turns. The correct relationship uses $\\dfrac{V_p}{V_s}=\\dfrac{n_p}{n_s}$."}]},{"id":"6824e673-c167-45b1-a80e-d1d22907dd6d","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Why does the National Grid transmit power at a high potential difference?","back":"

A higher potential difference gives a lower current for fixed power.
Lower current causes less heating in the cables.
Less energy is wasted, making transmission more efficient.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

A higher potential difference gives a lower current for fixed power.
Lower current causes less heating in the cables.
Less energy is wasted, making transmission more efficient.

","correct":true,"explanation":"For fixed power, a higher potential difference means lower current. Cable heating depends on current squared, so less energy is wasted and transmission becomes more efficient."},{"text":"

A higher potential difference gives a higher current for fixed power.
Higher current causes more heating in the cables.
More energy is wasted, making transmission less efficient.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the effect of increasing potential difference. Fixed power requires lower current at higher potential difference, reducing cable heating and making transmission more efficient."},{"text":"

A lower potential difference gives a lower current for fixed power.
Lower current causes less heating in the cables.
Less energy is wasted, making transmission more efficient.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The heating conclusion is right, but the voltage relationship is wrong. For fixed power, lowering potential difference increases current; the National Grid uses high potential difference to reduce current."},{"text":"

A higher potential difference gives the same current for fixed power.
The same current causes unchanged heating in the cables.
The same energy is wasted, making transmission equally efficient.

","correct":false,"explanation":"At fixed power, current cannot remain unchanged when potential difference changes. Higher potential difference lowers current, which reduces heating and energy wastage in the cables."}]},{"id":"96a508e0-e836-4c54-98db-326a63ba7d9a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does a step-up transformer not create energy?","back":"Increasing potential difference makes the current fall, so input and output powers remain equal.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Increasing potential difference makes the current fall, so input and output powers remain equal.","correct":true,"explanation":"A step-up transformer raises potential difference while reducing current in the corresponding proportion. Therefore, for an ideal transformer, input power and output power remain equal."},{"text":"Increasing potential difference makes the current rise, so input and output powers remain equal.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the current change needed to conserve power. A step-up transformer makes potential difference increase and current fall, keeping input and output powers equal."},{"text":"Increasing potential difference makes the current fall, so output power becomes greater.","correct":false,"explanation":"The current does fall, but this balances the increased potential difference rather than creating power. Ideal transformer input and output powers remain equal."},{"text":"Increasing potential difference makes the current stay constant, so input and output powers remain equal.","correct":false,"explanation":"If current stayed constant while potential difference increased, output power would increase. The current must fall so that the product of potential difference and current remains equal."}]},{"id":"f0da19bd-1adf-4b1f-b265-731ed398f257","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A transformer supplies 2.0 MW from a 25 kV primary. What primary current is required if it is ideal?","back":"$$$I_p=\\dfrac{2.0\\times10^6}{25\\,000}=\\mathbf{80\\ A}$$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$$I_p=\\dfrac{2.0\\times10^6}{25\\,000}=\\mathbf{80\\ A}$$","correct":true,"explanation":"Using $P=VI$, the primary current is $I_p=P/V_p=(2.0\\times10^6\\ \\text{W})/(25\\,000\\ \\text{V})=80\\ \\text{A}$."},{"text":"$$$I_p=\\dfrac{25\\,000}{2.0\\times10^6}=\\mathbf{0.0125\\ A}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This divides potential difference by power instead of power by potential difference, producing the reciprocal result. Using $I=P/V$ gives the correct primary current of $80\\ \\text{A}$."},{"text":"$$$I_p=\\dfrac{2.0\\times10^6}{25\\,000}=\\mathbf{800\\ A}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"The division is correct, but the decimal place is misplaced: $2,000,000/25,000=80$, not 800. The required primary current is $80\\ \\text{A}$."},{"text":"$$$I_p=\\dfrac{2.0\\times10^6}{25\\,000}=\\mathbf{0.08\\ A}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"The powers of ten have been mishandled, making the current 1,000 times too small. Dividing $2.0\\times10^6$ by $25,000$ gives the correct value, $80\\ \\text{A}$."}]},{"id":"0a901847-9350-45b1-9baf-9ed329eb3311","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Near consumers, [ ] reduce the potential difference to safer, usable levels.","back":"Near consumers, step-down transformers reduce the potential difference to safer, usable levels.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"step-down transformers","correct":true,"explanation":"Step-down transformers reduce potential difference before electricity reaches consumers, making it suitable for domestic and other practical uses."},{"text":"step-up transformers","correct":false,"explanation":"Step-up transformers increase potential difference for efficient long-distance transmission. Near consumers, step-down transformers are used to reduce it to safer, usable levels."},{"text":"isolating transformers","correct":false,"explanation":"An isolating transformer normally keeps the potential difference approximately unchanged while separating circuits electrically. Step-down transformers reduce potential difference near consumers."},{"text":"rectifying transformers","correct":false,"explanation":"Rectification changes alternating current into direct current and is not the transformer function described here. Step-down transformers reduce potential difference near consumers."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"7.3.4 Transformers (HT only)","title":"7.3.4 Transformers (HT only) Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/physics/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"dff7be11-f8c0-52fe-aefb-6d5713cda6d5","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]