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circuit."},{"text":"All components are connected on separate branches.","correct":false,"explanation":"Separate branches create multiple paths, which describes a parallel circuit. A series circuit has only one path because all components form one continuous loop."},{"text":"All components are connected to separate supplies.","correct":false,"explanation":"The number of supplies does not determine how many paths charge can take. A series circuit has one path because its components are connected in one loop."},{"text":"All components are connected at one junction.","correct":false,"explanation":"A junction is where current can divide between different paths, so it is associated with branching. Series components instead form one continuous loop without branches."}]},{"id":"0157c017-d8c4-4bb6-a945-6ad8e34c627f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the current through each component in a series circuit?","back":"The same current flows through every component.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The same current flows through every component.","correct":true,"explanation":"A series circuit has no junctions where charge can split, so the rate of charge flow is identical through every component in the loop."},{"text":"A smaller current flows through each successive component.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes components use up current as it travels around the circuit. Charge is conserved, so the same current flows through every series component."},{"text":"A larger current flows through each successive component.","correct":false,"explanation":"Current does not build up as it passes through components. With only one path and no junctions, every series component carries the same current."},{"text":"A different current flows through every component.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different currents occur in separate parallel branches, not at successive points in one series loop. Every component in a series circuit carries the same current."}]},{"id":"9771eef3-d20e-4eb5-8d6a-529c9a3b4439","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does the current stay the same throughout a series circuit?","back":"Charge is not used up, and the same charge passes each component every second.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Charge is not used up, and the same charge passes each component every second.","correct":true,"explanation":"Current is the rate of flow of charge. Because charge is conserved rather than consumed, the same quantity passes each series component every second."},{"text":"Energy is not transferred, and the same energy passes each component every second.","correct":false,"explanation":"Components do transfer electrical energy, so energy is not unchanged around the circuit. Current stays constant because charge is conserved and is not used up."},{"text":"Charge is replaced by the supply, and new charge passes each component every second.","correct":false,"explanation":"The supply transfers energy to charge rather than continually replacing it. Current remains the same because existing charge is conserved throughout the series loop."},{"text":"Resistance is used up equally, and the same resistance passes each component every second.","correct":false,"explanation":"Resistance is a property of a component and does not flow around a circuit. The current stays constant because charge is conserved and not consumed."}]},{"id":"682bed97-49be-4bac-a86a-a26f485d5d30","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How are potential differences related in a series circuit?","back":"The potential differences across the components add to the supply potential difference.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The potential differences across the components add to the supply potential difference.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each component transfers part of the energy supplied per coulomb. These individual potential differences therefore sum to the supply potential difference around the series loop."},{"text":"The potential differences across the components are all equal to the supply potential difference.","correct":false,"explanation":"That rule applies to branches connected in parallel. In series, the supply potential difference is shared, and the component potential differences add to the supply value."},{"text":"The potential differences across the components multiply to give the supply potential difference.","correct":false,"explanation":"Potential differences are added around a series loop, not multiplied. Their sum equals the supply potential difference because energy transferred per coulomb is conserved."},{"text":"The potential differences across the components subtract from the supply potential difference.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses sharing the supply voltage with repeatedly deducting values. The potential differences across all series components add together to equal the supply potential difference."}]},{"id":"7fa2d55b-3d95-4898-af45-98cd1378f6c4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to total resistance when resistors are added in series?","back":"The total resistance increases because the resistances add together.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The total resistance increases because the resistances add together.","correct":true,"explanation":"Series resistors each provide an additional opposition to charge flow. Their resistances add, so adding another positive resistance increases the circuit's total resistance."},{"text":"The total resistance decreases because the resistances divide between them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduced total resistance is associated with adding parallel paths. In series there is only one path, so individual resistances add and total resistance increases."},{"text":"The total resistance stays constant because the current is unchanged between components.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal current through series components does not mean resistance remains constant. Adding another resistor adds further opposition, making the total resistance larger."},{"text":"The total resistance becomes zero because the resistances cancel each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ordinary positive resistances do not cancel when connected in series. They add together, so every additional series resistor increases the total resistance."}]},{"id":"91e51d1d-0cc7-433f-a12a-76f6428b2139","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does adding a series resistor reduce current for the same supply potential difference?","back":"It increases the total resistance, so $I = \\frac{V}{R}$ gives a smaller current.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It increases the total resistance, so $I = \\frac{V}{R}$ gives a smaller current.","correct":true,"explanation":"A series resistor adds to the circuit's total resistance. With supply potential difference fixed, Ohm's law shows that increasing resistance reduces current."},{"text":"It increases the supply potential difference, so $I = \\frac{V}{R}$ gives a smaller current.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding a resistor does not increase a fixed supply potential difference, and increasing voltage would raise current. Current falls because the total resistance increases."},{"text":"It decreases the total resistance, so $I = \\frac{V}{R}$ gives a smaller current.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the effect of a series resistor and the relationship in Ohm's law. Series resistance increases, and dividing fixed voltage by the larger resistance gives less current."},{"text":"It increases the total current, so $I = \\frac{V}{R}$ gives a smaller current.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is self-contradictory because the quantity being reduced is current itself. Adding a series resistor increases total resistance, which produces a smaller current at fixed voltage."}]},{"id":"a3cb1d35-c080-4de0-b6ca-b99d813918de","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is the total resistance of series resistors calculated?","back":"$R_\\text{total} = R_1 + R_2 + \\dots$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$R_\\text{total} = R_1 + R_2 + \\dots$","correct":true,"explanation":"Resistors connected in series oppose the same current one after another, so their individual resistances are added to calculate the total resistance."},{"text":"$R_\\text{total} = R_1 \\times R_2 \\times \\dots$","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying resistances gives incorrect units and is not the series rule. The total resistance of series resistors is found by adding all individual resistances."},{"text":"$R_\\text{total} = R_1 - R_2 - \\dots$","correct":false,"explanation":"Series resistances do not cancel or subtract because each resistor adds opposition to current. The correct calculation is the sum of all individual resistances."},{"text":"$R_\\text{total} = \\frac{1}{R_1} + \\frac{1}{R_2} + \\dots$","correct":false,"explanation":"This resembles the reciprocal relationship used for parallel resistors but omits the reciprocal of total resistance. For series resistors, the resistances simply add."}]},{"id":"aac77739-b433-4d81-9fe2-337d1cff9c87","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A $12\\ \\text{V}$ supply is connected to $4\\ \\Omega$ and $8\\ \\Omega$ resistors in series. What is the current?","back":"$1.0\\ \\text{A}$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$1.0\\ \\text{A}$","correct":true,"explanation":"The series resistance is $4\\ \\Omega + 8\\ \\Omega = 12\\ \\Omega$. Using $I = V/R$ gives $12\\ \\text{V}/12\\ \\Omega = 1.0\\ \\text{A}$."},{"text":"$3.0\\ \\text{A}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses only the $4\\ \\Omega$ resistor in $I = V/R$. Series resistances add to $12\\ \\Omega$, giving a current of $1.0\\ \\text{A}$."},{"text":"$1.5\\ \\text{A}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses only the $8\\ \\Omega$ resistor and ignores the other series resistance. The total is $12\\ \\Omega$, so the current is $1.0\\ \\text{A}$."},{"text":"$0.33\\ \\text{A}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This comes from dividing resistance by voltage or otherwise inverting Ohm's law. Using $I=V/R$ with $R=12\\ \\Omega$ gives $1.0\\ \\text{A}$."}]},{"id":"7f900642-9815-488d-b146-1b019d0eca23","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a series circuit, the current is [ ].","back":"In a series circuit, the current is the same through every component.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"the same through every component","correct":true,"explanation":"A series circuit provides only one route for charge and contains no junction where current can split. Consequently, every component carries the same current."},{"text":"shared equally between every component","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses current with potential difference: current is not divided among successive series components. The same current passes through every component in the single loop."},{"text":"largest before the first component","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes components gradually use up current. Charge is conserved, so current is not depleted and remains the same through every series component."},{"text":"different through every component","correct":false,"explanation":"Different currents may occur in separate parallel branches, but a series circuit has no branches. Its single path carries the same current through every component."}]},{"id":"50662856-d782-4e17-84a3-0713c4e88882","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For series resistors, $R_\\text{total} = \\text{[...]}$.","back":"For series resistors, $R_\\text{total} = \\boxed{R_1 + R_2 + \\dots}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$R_1 + R_2 + \\dots$","correct":true,"explanation":"Every series resistor adds further opposition along the circuit's single path, so the total resistance equals the sum of all individual resistances."},{"text":"$$R_1 \\times R_2 \\times \\dots$","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplication is not the rule for series resistance and would not produce units of ohms. Series resistances are added: $R_1 + R_2 + \\dots$."},{"text":"$$R_1 - R_2 - \\dots$","correct":false,"explanation":"Resistors do not cancel one another when connected in series. Each adds opposition to current, so the correct expression is $R_1 + R_2 + \\dots$."},{"text":"$$\\frac{1}{R_1} + \\frac{1}{R_2} + \\dots$","correct":false,"explanation":"Reciprocal resistance terms belong to the parallel-resistor formula, not the series rule. For series resistors, total resistance is $R_1 + R_2 + \\dots$."}]},{"id":"6cca57fe-2bd4-4f88-9d02-06290e81475f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a series circuit, $V_\\text{supply} = \\text{[...]}$.","back":"In a series circuit, $V_\\text{supply} = \\boxed{V_1 + V_2 + \\dots}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$V_1 + V_2 + \\dots$","correct":true,"explanation":"The supply transfers energy per coulomb that is shared among the series components, so their individual potential differences add to the supply potential difference."},{"text":"$$V_1 \\times V_2 \\times \\dots$","correct":false,"explanation":"Potential differences are not multiplied, which would also give the wrong units. In series, the component potential differences add: $V_1 + V_2 + \\dots$."},{"text":"$$V_1 - V_2 - \\dots$","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly treats successive potential differences as values to subtract from one another. Their sum, $V_1 + V_2 + \\dots$, equals the supply potential difference."},{"text":"$$V_1 = V_2 = \\dots$","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal potential differences are not guaranteed across unequal series components; that idea is commonly confused with parallel branches. Series potential differences add to the supply value."}]},{"id":"9c4a9e11-4556-4026-9da4-941cd82431ee","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What makes a parallel circuit provide more than one path for charge?","back":"Components are connected on separate branches.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Components are connected on separate branches.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each parallel branch forms its own route between the same two circuit points, allowing charge to divide and travel along more than one path."},{"text":"Components are connected in one continuous loop.","correct":false,"explanation":"One continuous loop provides only one route and therefore describes a series circuit. A parallel circuit has separate branches that provide multiple paths."},{"text":"Components are connected to different supply voltages.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiple paths come from the circuit's branching arrangement, not from using different supply voltages. Parallel components are connected on separate branches."},{"text":"Components are connected at one common terminal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sharing just one terminal does not create complete alternative routes. Parallel branches connect between the same two points, providing separate paths for charge."}]},{"id":"a9eda7eb-b816-44e7-9da4-d2c5fc03bb97","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the potential difference across each branch of a parallel circuit?","back":"Each branch has the same potential difference as the supply.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each branch has the same potential difference as the supply.","correct":true,"explanation":"Every parallel branch is connected between the same two supply terminals, so the energy transferred per coulomb across each branch equals the supply potential difference."},{"text":"Each branch has an equal share of the supply potential difference.","correct":false,"explanation":"Potential difference is shared between components in series, not divided between parallel branches. Every complete parallel branch has the full supply potential difference."},{"text":"Each branch has a different potential difference from the supply.","correct":false,"explanation":"Branch resistance can change current, but not the potential difference across a branch connected directly to the supply. Each branch receives the full supply potential difference."},{"text":"Each branch has a zero potential difference across its components.","correct":false,"explanation":"A zero potential difference would provide no energy transfer to drive current through the branch. Parallel branches instead have the same potential difference as the supply."}]},{"id":"da5bcf30-c797-493b-8d52-1de078e4f434","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the potential difference the same across parallel branches?","back":"Each branch is connected directly across the same two supply terminals.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each branch is connected directly across the same two supply terminals.","correct":true,"explanation":"Potential difference is determined by the difference in potential between two points. All parallel branches share the same two endpoints, so their potential differences are equal."},{"text":"Each branch carries current through the same series components.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parallel branches contain separate paths rather than the same series components. Their potential differences match because each branch connects across the same two supply terminals."},{"text":"Each branch has exactly the same total resistance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parallel branches can have different resistances and therefore different currents. Their potential differences remain equal because they connect between the same two supply terminals."},{"text":"Each branch receives exactly the same branch current.","correct":false,"explanation":"Branch currents need not be equal when branch resistances differ. Equal potential difference results from connection across the same two supply terminals, not equal current."}]},{"id":"bae770f0-c5b6-4ad2-b078-34467b608df5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is total current related to branch currents in a parallel circuit?","back":"The total current is the sum of the branch currents.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The total current is the sum of the branch currents.","correct":true,"explanation":"At a junction, incoming charge divides among the branches. Conservation of charge means the current before the split equals all branch currents added together."},{"text":"The total current is the same as every branch current.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly applies the series-current rule to a parallel circuit. Current splits at a junction, so total current is the sum of the branch currents."},{"text":"The total current is the difference between the branch currents.","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting branch currents would fail to account for all charge leaving the junction. Conservation of charge requires the branch currents to be added."},{"text":"The total current is the product of the branch currents.","correct":false,"explanation":"Currents are not multiplied at a junction, and doing so produces incorrect units. The total current equals the sum of all branch currents."}]},{"id":"d7310aa5-b55e-478e-88c7-02728a59eebe","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do branch currents add to the total current at a junction?","back":"Charge is conserved: charge entering each second equals charge leaving.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Charge is conserved: charge entering each second equals charge leaving.","correct":true,"explanation":"Current measures charge flow per second. Because charge cannot accumulate or disappear at a junction, the total incoming current must equal the total outgoing branch currents."},{"text":"Energy is conserved: energy entering each second equals energy leaving.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although total energy is conserved, components transfer electrical energy, and this does not directly establish the junction rule. Branch currents add because electric charge is conserved."},{"text":"Potential difference is conserved: voltage entering each second equals voltage leaving.","correct":false,"explanation":"Potential difference is not a substance that flows through a junction each second. Currents add because charge is conserved, so incoming and outgoing charge rates match."},{"text":"Resistance is conserved: resistance entering each second equals resistance leaving.","correct":false,"explanation":"Resistance is a component property and does not flow into or out of a junction. Branch currents add because charge is conserved at the junction."}]},{"id":"3ce93460-c9ff-4264-93c6-5f06851520d5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to total resistance when a resistor is added in parallel?","back":"The total resistance decreases.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The total resistance decreases.","correct":true,"explanation":"Adding a parallel path increases the total current for the same potential difference. Since $R = \\frac{V}{I}$, the circuit’s total resistance must decrease."},{"text":"The total resistance increases.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the effect of a parallel branch. More paths allow more current to flow, so for the same potential difference the total resistance decreases."},{"text":"The total resistance stays the same.","correct":false,"explanation":"A new parallel branch changes the circuit’s total resistance because it provides another route for charge. The total resistance decreases rather than remaining unchanged."},{"text":"The total resistance becomes zero.","correct":false,"explanation":"A parallel resistor provides an additional path but still has resistance, so it cannot make the total resistance zero. The total resistance decreases to a non-zero value."}]},{"id":"27a66632-0d5f-4e70-b97d-6384b21618bf","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does adding a parallel branch decrease total resistance?","back":"The extra branch provides another path, so more current flows for the same potential difference.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The extra branch provides another path, so more current flows for the same potential difference.","correct":true,"explanation":"The extra branch gives charge another route through the circuit. Therefore the total current increases for the same potential difference, which means the total resistance decreases."},{"text":"The extra branch provides another path, so less current flows for the same potential difference.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding a parallel path increases, rather than reduces, the total current for a fixed potential difference. This increased current causes the total resistance to decrease."},{"text":"The extra branch provides another path, so the potential difference increases for the same current.","correct":false,"explanation":"The potential difference is fixed in this comparison; the important change is that more current flows through the additional path. This makes the total resistance decrease."},{"text":"The extra branch provides another path, so the current stops flowing for the same potential difference.","correct":false,"explanation":"A parallel branch does not block the circuit. It creates an additional conducting route, allowing more total current to flow for the same potential difference."}]},{"id":"7db429ae-2c66-4e64-a1bf-d398d96c24d7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How does the total resistance of two parallel resistors compare with the smaller resistor?","back":"It is less than the smaller resistor.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is less than the smaller resistor.","correct":true,"explanation":"Both parallel resistors provide routes for current, so their combined resistance is lower than either individual resistance. It must therefore be less than the smaller resistor."},{"text":"It is greater than the larger resistor.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is closer to the behaviour of resistors in series. Parallel paths increase current and produce a total resistance lower than the smaller individual resistor."},{"text":"It is equal to the smaller resistor.","correct":false,"explanation":"The smaller resistor alone is not the complete parallel combination. The second branch provides an additional route, reducing the total resistance below the smaller resistor."},{"text":"It is between the two resistors.","correct":false,"explanation":"A parallel combination has a resistance below the smallest resistor, not between the two values. The additional path increases the total current for the same potential difference."}]},{"id":"85b3f9e6-5c79-488e-a695-5a7ddb3998df","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can other household lamps keep working when one parallel branch breaks?","back":"The other branches remain complete conducting paths.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The other branches remain complete conducting paths.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each parallel branch has its own conducting route across the supply. If one branch breaks, the other complete branches can still carry current and power their lamps."},{"text":"The other branches remain open circuits.","correct":false,"explanation":"An open circuit cannot carry current. The other parallel branches continue working because they remain complete conducting paths, while the broken branch becomes open."},{"text":"The other branches become short circuits.","correct":false,"explanation":"A broken lamp branch does not turn the remaining branches into short circuits. They continue as separate complete conducting paths with their normal components."},{"text":"The other branches share the broken lamp’s resistance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parallel branches operate independently rather than sharing a failed component’s resistance. The remaining branches keep their own complete conducting paths and continue to work."}]},{"id":"cc4be61c-146f-48b3-89f5-a347d334759b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where should an ammeter be connected to measure a component's current?","back":"In series with the component or branch.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In series with the component or branch.","correct":true,"explanation":"An ammeter measures the current flowing through it, so it must be placed in series with the component or branch. The same current then passes through the meter."},{"text":"In parallel across the component or branch.","correct":false,"explanation":"A voltmeter is connected in parallel to measure potential difference. An ammeter belongs in series, because the measured current must flow through it."},{"text":"Across the power supply only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Connecting an ammeter across a supply places its very low resistance directly across the source, which can cause a very large current. It must be connected in series."},{"text":"Between the earth and the component.","correct":false,"explanation":"Current is not measured by placing an ammeter between earth and a component. The meter must form part of the component’s series current path."}]},{"id":"00478c29-258b-4406-a31b-51a9b2eac775","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where should a voltmeter be connected to measure a component's potential difference?","back":"In parallel across the component.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In parallel across the component.","correct":true,"explanation":"A voltmeter measures the potential difference between two points, so it is connected in parallel across the component. Its high resistance draws very little current."},{"text":"In series with the component.","correct":false,"explanation":"An ammeter is connected in series to measure current. A voltmeter must be connected across the component in parallel to compare the potential at its two ends."},{"text":"In parallel with the power supply only.","correct":false,"explanation":"That connection measures the supply’s total potential difference, not necessarily the potential difference across the chosen component. The voltmeter must be placed directly across that component."},{"text":"In series across the component.","correct":false,"explanation":"Series and across describe incompatible connection requirements here. A voltmeter is connected in parallel, with one terminal at each end of the component."}]},{"id":"faca68cf-0af8-40d4-936a-04ab1f80bfca","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a parallel circuit, the current [ ].","back":"In a parallel circuit, the current splits between the branches.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"splits between the branches","correct":true,"explanation":"At a junction in a parallel circuit, the incoming current divides between the available branches. The branch currents then recombine, so total charge is conserved."},{"text":"remains the same in every branch","correct":false,"explanation":"Current is the same at all points in a series circuit, but it divides between parallel branches. The current in each branch depends on that branch’s resistance."},{"text":"increases after every branch","correct":false,"explanation":"Current does not automatically increase after passing through a branch. In parallel circuits, the total current splits at junctions and recombines later."},{"text":"stops at the first junction","correct":false,"explanation":"A junction divides current between the conducting branches; it does not stop the current. Current only stops along a branch if that branch is broken or open."}]},{"id":"b6f939ce-63be-4f52-bd58-9b8b42dff14b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For parallel branches, $I_\\text{total} = \\text{[...]}$.","back":"For parallel branches, $I_\\text{total} = \\boxed{I_1 + I_2 + \\dots}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$I_1 + I_2 + \\dots$","correct":true,"explanation":"In a parallel circuit, the total current equals the sum of the currents in all branches. This follows from conservation of charge at each junction."},{"text":"$$I_1 - I_2 + \\dots$","correct":false,"explanation":"Branch currents are not subtracted when finding the total current entering a parallel combination. They add together because each branch carries charge away from the junction."},{"text":"$$I_1 \\times I_2 \\times \\dots$","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying branch currents is not the circuit rule for parallel branches. The total current is found by adding the current in each individual branch."},{"text":"$$\\frac{I_1 + I_2 + \\dots}{n}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by the number of branches would calculate an average branch current, not the total current. Parallel branch currents add directly to give $I_\\text{total}$."}]},{"id":"f6b61eb8-bdb6-4de7-a941-e7f90470dae0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Adding a resistor in parallel gives the charge an extra [ ].","back":"Adding a resistor in parallel gives the charge an extra path.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"path","correct":true,"explanation":"A parallel resistor creates an additional route through which charge can move. This extra path allows the total current to increase for the same potential difference."},{"text":"barrier","correct":false,"explanation":"A resistor restricts current but does not act as an extra barrier that charge must cross instead. In parallel, it provides an additional path for charge."},{"text":"battery","correct":false,"explanation":"A resistor in parallel does not supply energy like a battery. It provides another conducting path, while the battery remains the source of potential difference."},{"text":"switch","correct":false,"explanation":"A resistor is not an extra switch and does not simply open or close the circuit. Its parallel connection gives charge another path with a particular resistance."}]},{"id":"2e658935-29be-47b2-b69f-594ef802ecb4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Household lighting uses parallel circuits because one failed lamp does not stop the [ ].","back":"Household lighting uses parallel circuits because one failed lamp does not stop the other branches.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"other branches","correct":true,"explanation":"Parallel lighting provides separate conducting paths. If one lamp fails and opens its branch, the other branches remain complete, so their lamps can continue operating."},{"text":"power supply","correct":false,"explanation":"One failed lamp does not normally stop the power supply; it interrupts only its own branch. The other branches continue working because they have separate paths."},{"text":"total resistance","correct":false,"explanation":"A failed lamp may change the circuit’s total resistance, but it does not stop that quantity. The relevant reason for continued lighting is that other branches remain complete."},{"text":"current in every branch","correct":false,"explanation":"A broken branch stops current in that branch, not in every branch. Separate parallel paths allow current to continue through the remaining branches."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-25","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"2.2 Series and parallel circuits","title":"2.2 Series and parallel circuits Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/physics/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"dac71104-ff5e-5155-aa81-c48510a19301","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]