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Dynamic landscapes are continually modified by physical processes such as erosion, weathering and deposition."},{"text":"contains only natural features","correct":false,"explanation":"Being made only of natural materials does not define a dynamic landscape. The key feature is that its landforms and processes change over time."},{"text":"is shaped only by people","correct":false,"explanation":"Human activity can influence landscapes, but a dynamic landscape is defined by ongoing change, which may be caused by natural processes rather than people alone."}]},{"id":"ed23801c-be54-466c-a06b-868be713922c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When energy falls in a river or coastal system, what happens to transported sediment?","back":"It is deposited.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is deposited.","correct":true,"explanation":"When a river or coastal system loses energy, it can no longer carry as much sediment, so the material is deposited on the bed, banks or coastline."},{"text":"It is transported faster.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lower energy reduces the river’s or sea’s ability to transport material; it does not make sediment move faster. Sediment is deposited when energy falls."},{"text":"It is eroded.","correct":false,"explanation":"Erosion is the wearing away and removal of material, usually caused by sufficient energy. When energy falls, transported sediment is deposited instead."},{"text":"It remains suspended.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sediment may remain suspended while energy is high, but reduced energy makes suspension harder. The material settles and is deposited instead."}]},{"id":"7ea6582e-b43a-4199-a029-ec5885df232f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does heavy rainfall raise river discharge?","back":"

Saturation reduces infiltration.
Surface runoff increases into the river.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Saturation reduces infiltration.
Surface runoff increases into the river.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Heavy rainfall saturates the ground, reducing infiltration, while more water flows over the surface into the channel. Both processes increase river discharge."},{"text":"

Saturation increases infiltration.
Surface runoff decreases into the river.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Heavy rainfall generally makes the ground more saturated, not less, so infiltration decreases. Increased surface runoff then raises discharge rather than reducing it."},{"text":"

Dry soil reduces infiltration.
Surface runoff increases into the river.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Rainfall does not normally increase infiltration once the soil is saturated. Heavy rain instead creates more surface runoff, which reaches the river and raises discharge."},{"text":"

Saturation reduces infiltration.
Surface runoff decreases into the river.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Heavy rainfall usually increases runoff rather than reducing it. Saturation limits infiltration, so both the saturated ground and increased runoff contribute to higher discharge."}]},{"id":"9fbd10c4-236a-45e8-97d7-4f2bf79d9869","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A river basin or drainage basin is land drained by [ ].","back":"A river basin or drainage basin is land drained by a river and its tributaries.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"a river and its tributaries","correct":true,"explanation":"A drainage basin includes all land from which water drains into a main river and the smaller tributaries that flow into it."},{"text":"the sea and its beaches","correct":false,"explanation":"A drainage basin is defined by the river system draining the land, not by the nearby coastline. The correct description includes a river and its tributaries."},{"text":"a watershed and its valleys","correct":false,"explanation":"A watershed is the boundary separating drainage basins, not the feature that drains the land. The land is drained by a river and its tributaries."},{"text":"a floodplain and its levees","correct":false,"explanation":"A floodplain is a flat area beside a river, so it is only one part of a drainage basin. The whole basin is drained by a river and its tributaries."}]},{"id":"d59b9b44-937c-4209-bda6-fac3f58a1b61","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The River Tees flows from the [ ] to the [ ].","back":"The River Tees flows from the Pennines near Cross Fell to the North Sea near Middlesbrough.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The River Tees flows from the Pennines near Cross Fell to the North Sea near Middlesbrough.","correct":true,"explanation":"The River Tees rises in the Pennines near Cross Fell and flows eastwards to its estuary on the North Sea near Middlesbrough."},{"text":"The River Tees flows from the North Sea near Middlesbrough to the Pennines near Cross Fell.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Tees does not rise in the North Sea or flow towards Cross Fell. Its source is in the Pennines near Cross Fell, and its mouth is near Middlesbrough."},{"text":"The River Tees flows from the Lake District near Keswick to the Humber Estuary near Hull.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Tees is not sourced in the Lake District and does not end at the Humber. It begins near Cross Fell in the Pennines and reaches the North Sea near Middlesbrough."},{"text":"The River Tees flows from the North York Moors near Whitby to the Solway Firth near Carlisle.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Tees does not start in the North York Moors or reach the Solway Firth. Its recognised source is near Cross Fell, with its mouth on the North Sea near Middlesbrough."}]},{"id":"30e298d9-b171-428d-a416-5a410a8d840c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which resistant rock forms the hard cap at High Force?","back":"The Whin Sill.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Whin Sill.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Whin Sill is a resistant dolerite intrusion forming the hard cap rock at High Force, allowing the softer rocks beneath it to be undercut."},{"text":"The granite batholith.","correct":false,"explanation":"Granite is resistant, but it does not form High Force’s hard cap. The named resistant rock there is the Whin Sill, a dolerite intrusion."},{"text":"The limestone pavement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Limestone is present in some UK landscapes, but it is not the resistant cap at High Force. That cap is formed by the Whin Sill."},{"text":"The Millstone Grit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sandstone can form resistant layers elsewhere, but it is not the hard cap at High Force. The correct rock is the Whin Sill."}]},{"id":"a92d0f9d-f5ad-44cf-b52f-13d27d0c9512","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does hard rock above softer rock create undercutting at High Force?","back":"The softer rock erodes faster beneath the cap rock.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The softer rock erodes faster beneath the cap rock.","correct":true,"explanation":"The softer rock beneath the resistant cap is eroded more rapidly by hydraulic action and abrasion, leaving an overhang and causing undercutting at the waterfall."},{"text":"The hard cap rock erodes faster beneath the softer rock.","correct":false,"explanation":"The hard cap is more resistant, so it erodes more slowly rather than faster. The softer rock beneath it is removed quickly, producing undercutting."},{"text":"The softer rock is deposited beneath the cap rock.","correct":false,"explanation":"Undercutting is caused by differential erosion, not by the softer rock being deposited. The softer layer is worn away faster beneath the resistant cap."},{"text":"The hard cap rock is deposited beneath the softer rock.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cap rock’s resistance delays its erosion, while the softer layer is attacked more rapidly. This difference in erosion rates creates the undercut notch."}]},{"id":"f7e8b32c-bf26-4e4c-80f6-d870cc7de983","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does High Force retreat upstream?","back":"Unsupported hard cap rock collapses repeatedly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Unsupported hard cap rock collapses repeatedly.","correct":true,"explanation":"Erosion removes the softer rock beneath the resistant Whin Sill, leaving an unsupported overhang. Gravity then causes sections of the hard cap to collapse, moving the waterfall upstream."},{"text":"Unsupported softer rock collapses repeatedly.","correct":false,"explanation":"The softer rock is eroded and undercut rather than forming the repeated collapsing overhang. It is the unsupported hard cap rock that collapses and causes retreat."},{"text":"Deposited river sediment builds up repeatedly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deposition builds up sediment rather than removing the waterfall’s supporting rock. Retreat occurs when erosion leaves unsupported hard cap rock that collapses."},{"text":"The river channel widens downstream repeatedly.","correct":false,"explanation":"The river’s downstream flow does not by itself explain upstream retreat. Repeated collapse of the unsupported hard cap follows erosion of the softer rock beneath it."}]},{"id":"fabd58fa-e5b4-4759-9ea0-bb675a2fd97a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What landform is left downstream as High Force retreats?","back":"A steep-sided gorge.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A steep-sided gorge.","correct":true,"explanation":"As High Force retreats upstream through erosion, it leaves a narrow, steep-sided gorge behind where the waterfall and plunge pool once stood."},{"text":"A wide floodplain.","correct":false,"explanation":"A floodplain forms mainly on flat land beside a river in its lower course, not directly from the retreat of a waterfall in the upper course. The correct landform is a steep-sided gorge."},{"text":"A sedimentary delta.","correct":false,"explanation":"A delta develops where a river deposits sediment at its mouth, whereas waterfall retreat cuts into resistant rock and leaves a steep-sided gorge."},{"text":"An abandoned oxbow lake.","correct":false,"explanation":"An oxbow lake forms when a meander is cut off, not when a waterfall retreats upstream. The retreating waterfall leaves a steep-sided gorge."}]},{"id":"83c1d18f-9e88-4348-9080-0b0aab74dedc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which erosion type forms V-shaped valleys and interlocking spurs in the upper Tees?","back":"Vertical erosion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Vertical erosion.","correct":true,"explanation":"Vertical erosion cuts down into the river bed in the upper course, producing narrow V-shaped valleys and leaving harder ridges as interlocking spurs."},{"text":"Lateral erosion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lateral erosion widens a valley and is more important in the middle and lower courses. Downcutting in the upper Tees is vertical erosion."},{"text":"Deposition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deposition adds sediment to the channel rather than cutting downward into it. The upper Tees landforms are mainly produced by vertical erosion."},{"text":"Transportation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transportation moves material along the channel but does not describe the dominant valley-forming erosion in the upper course. The correct process is vertical erosion."}]},{"id":"699c55bf-7a9d-427a-a8b8-a2f8c132acef","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the lower Tees, reduced gradient means [ ] and [ ] become more important than vertical erosion.","back":"In the lower Tees, reduced gradient means lateral erosion and deposition become more important than vertical erosion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the lower Tees, reduced gradient means lateral erosion and deposition become more important than vertical erosion.","correct":true,"explanation":"The lower river has a gentler gradient, so its energy is directed more towards widening the channel and depositing sediment than cutting vertically downwards."},{"text":"In the lower Tees, reduced gradient means hydraulic action and attrition become more important than vertical erosion.","correct":false,"explanation":"A gentler gradient reduces the dominance of vertical erosion, but it does not make hydraulic action and attrition the named contrasting processes here. The correct terms are lateral erosion and deposition."},{"text":"In the lower Tees, reduced gradient means vertical erosion and transportation become more important than vertical erosion.","correct":false,"explanation":"The lower course does not become dominated by vertical erosion and transportation in this comparison. Reduced gradient makes lateral erosion and deposition more important."},{"text":"In the lower Tees, reduced gradient means solution and suspension become more important than vertical erosion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solution and suspension describe erosion or transport mechanisms, not the two main changes in river processes caused by the reduced gradient. The correct terms are lateral erosion and deposition."}]},{"id":"3f754ec1-be0e-4efa-b178-d56005422a43","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can Cow Green Reservoir reduce some downstream peak flows?","back":"It stores and regulates water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It stores and regulates water.","correct":true,"explanation":"The reservoir temporarily holds excess water and controls its release, reducing the amount reaching downstream at the same time during some high-flow events."},{"text":"It releases and accelerates water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rapidly releasing stored water would increase downstream flow and could worsen a peak rather than reduce it. Flood reduction depends on storing and regulating water."},{"text":"It diverts and removes water.","correct":false,"explanation":"A reservoir does not reduce peaks by diverting all river water around the catchment. It reduces some peaks by storing and regulating water."},{"text":"It evaporates and disperses water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing evaporation is not the main flood-management mechanism and would not reliably control river discharge. The reservoir stores and regulates water instead."}]},{"id":"bdb861a2-f53e-4c54-aeb7-98f39458a00c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can urban areas around Stockton and Middlesbrough increase flood risk?","back":"

Impermeable surfaces stop water soaking in.
Runoff increases into the river.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Impermeable surfaces stop water soaking in.
Runoff increases into the river.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Impermeable urban surfaces prevent infiltration, while the resulting greater runoff reaches the river more quickly, increasing discharge and potential flood risk."},{"text":"

Permeable surfaces stop water soaking in.
Runoff decreases into the river.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Permeable surfaces encourage infiltration rather than preventing it, and reduced runoff would normally lower flood risk. Urban impermeability increases runoff into the river."},{"text":"

Woodland cover stops water soaking in.
Runoff increases into the river.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Urban areas generally have less vegetation and more impermeable cover, not more woodland that absorbs rainfall. Increased runoff from impermeable surfaces raises flood risk."},{"text":"

Impermeable surfaces stop water soaking in.
Runoff decreases into the river.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Impermeable surfaces reduce infiltration, but they do not reduce runoff. The key effect is increased runoff reaching the river more quickly."}]},{"id":"b6c31c77-9433-4ffb-8f74-05e3ea409a35","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Holderness Coast runs between [ ] and [ ].","back":"The Holderness Coast runs between Flamborough Head and Spurn Head.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Holderness Coast runs between Flamborough Head and Spurn Head.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Holderness Coast extends along the east coast of Yorkshire from the chalk headland at Flamborough Head southwards to the spit at Spurn Head."},{"text":"The Holderness Coast runs between Robin Hood’s Bay and Spurn Head.","correct":false,"explanation":"Robin Hood’s Bay is north of Flamborough Head, while Spurn Head is the southern limit. The Holderness Coast is bounded by Flamborough Head and Spurn Head."},{"text":"The Holderness Coast runs between Flamborough Head and Bridlington.","correct":false,"explanation":"Flamborough Head is the northern boundary, but Bridlington is within the Holderness coastline rather than its southern endpoint. The correct southern limit is Spurn Head."},{"text":"The Holderness Coast runs between Scarborough and Flamborough Head.","correct":false,"explanation":"Scarborough lies north of the Holderness Coast, and Flamborough Head is not the southern endpoint. The coastline runs between Flamborough Head and Spurn Head."}]},{"id":"c1f969db-e087-4ac5-9180-49b21c0936aa","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Holderness is mainly soft [ ], also called [ ].","back":"Holderness is mainly soft glacial till, also called boulder clay.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Holderness is mainly soft glacial till, also called boulder clay.","correct":true,"explanation":"Most of Holderness consists of unconsolidated glacial till, a mixture of sediment deposited by ice and commonly known as boulder clay."},{"text":"Holderness is mainly soft chalk, also called limestone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chalk is the resistant rock forming Flamborough Head, not the soft material covering most of Holderness. The main material is glacial till, also called boulder clay."},{"text":"Holderness is mainly soft shale, also called mudstone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shale and mudstone are sedimentary rocks, but they are not the standard description of Holderness’s soft glacial deposit. The correct terms are glacial till and boulder clay."},{"text":"Holderness is mainly soft sand, also called gravel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sand and gravel can occur in coastal deposits, but they are not the principal glacial material of Holderness. Its soft cliffs mainly comprise glacial till, or boulder clay."}]},{"id":"d8b6fbea-fcce-4991-b8bc-64163f967a53","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is Holderness often quoted as eroding at on average?","back":"Around 1-2 m per year.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Around 1-2 m per year.","correct":true,"explanation":"The commonly quoted average erosion rate for Holderness is approximately one to two metres each year, although the rate varies between locations and during storms."},{"text":"Around 0.1-0.2 m per year.","correct":false,"explanation":"A rate of 0.1-0.2 metres per year is too low for the commonly quoted Holderness average. The accepted figure is around 1-2 metres per year."},{"text":"Around 10-20 m per year.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ten to twenty metres per year greatly overestimates the long-term average and might confuse occasional storm retreat with annual erosion. The quoted average is around 1-2 metres per year."},{"text":"Around 1-2 cm per year.","correct":false,"explanation":"Centimetres are the wrong scale for the standard Holderness figure; converting 1-2 metres to centimetres gives 100-200 centimetres. The answer is around 1-2 metres per year."}]},{"id":"d1d7b0ba-3365-4a4a-a245-4e70a0e0b0e8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does Holderness glacial till erode easily?","back":"It is weak, unconsolidated clay, sand and stones.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is weak, unconsolidated clay, sand and stones.","correct":true,"explanation":"Glacial till contains loosely compacted clay, sand and stones, so it is weak and easily removed by waves, especially during storms."},{"text":"It is strong, consolidated clay, sand and stones.","correct":false,"explanation":"Consolidated material is more resistant because its particles are firmly held together. Holderness erodes easily because its glacial till is weak and unconsolidated."},{"text":"It is hard, resistant clay, sand and stones.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hard, resistant rock would withstand wave attack more effectively. The cliffs consist of weak, unconsolidated clay, sand and stones, which waves can erode readily."},{"text":"It is weak, cemented clay, sand and stones.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cementing would bind the sediment together and increase resistance. The correct explanation is that Holderness till is weak and unconsolidated, making it vulnerable to erosion."}]},{"id":"f1824876-0fc7-477b-a88e-6fa60dd6973d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does Flamborough Head resist erosion more than much of Holderness?","back":"It is made of resistant chalk, unlike soft till.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is made of resistant chalk, unlike soft till.","correct":true,"explanation":"Flamborough Head is formed from resistant chalk, whereas much of Holderness consists of softer glacial till. Chalk therefore withstands erosion more effectively."},{"text":"It is made of weak clay till, unlike soft till.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clay till is the less resistant material found along much of Holderness, not the reason Flamborough Head is more resistant. Flamborough Head is made of resistant chalk."},{"text":"It is made of resistant sandstone, unlike soft till.","correct":false,"explanation":"Flamborough Head is not primarily sandstone. Its greater resistance comes from chalk, which is harder and more resistant to erosion than Holderness’s soft till."},{"text":"It is made of soft till, unlike resistant chalk.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the geology of the two locations. Flamborough Head is made of resistant chalk, while much of Holderness is made of soft glacial till."}]},{"id":"84879f35-dc83-43aa-8845-e6a19fe98558","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do north-easterly storms over a long fetch affect Holderness?","back":"They build high-energy destructive waves.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They build high-energy destructive waves.","correct":true,"explanation":"North-easterly winds travel across a long fetch of the North Sea, transferring substantial energy to the waves. These high-energy destructive waves erode Holderness strongly."},{"text":"They build low-energy constructive waves.","correct":false,"explanation":"A long fetch and strong storms increase wave energy rather than producing gentle waves. Holderness is affected by high-energy destructive waves, which remove beach material."},{"text":"They build high-energy constructive waves.","correct":false,"explanation":"High energy is correct, but destructive waves are associated with erosion and a strong backwash. The storms therefore produce high-energy destructive waves, not constructive ones."},{"text":"They build low-energy destructive waves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Destructive waves are the correct type, but storms travelling over a long fetch make them high energy. The low-energy description underestimates their erosive power."}]},{"id":"81e24ba9-ebd5-4f70-bed7-c367bff09548","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does heavy rain make boulder clay cliffs more likely to slump?","back":"It saturates boulder clay, making it heavier and unstable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It saturates boulder clay, making it heavier and unstable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rain adds water to the porous material, increasing its mass and reducing stability. The saturated boulder clay is then more likely to move downslope as a slump."},{"text":"It dries boulder clay, making it lighter and unstable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heavy rain adds water rather than removing it. Saturation makes boulder clay heavier and less stable, increasing the likelihood of rotational slumping."},{"text":"It freezes boulder clay, making it harder and unstable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freezing is not the direct effect of heavy rain. Rain saturates the boulder clay, adding weight and reducing stability so that slumping becomes more likely."},{"text":"It saturates boulder clay, making it lighter and stable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Saturation increases the material’s weight and usually reduces its stability. Heavy rain therefore makes boulder clay heavier and unstable, encouraging slumping."}]},{"id":"eb7d2ac4-10eb-443c-a974-39ec4c991a6d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In longshore drift, angled waves move sediment up-beach in the [ ], then gravity pulls it down-beach in the [ ].","back":"In longshore drift, angled waves move sediment up-beach in the swash, then gravity pulls it down-beach in the backwash.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In longshore drift, angled waves move sediment up-beach in the swash, then gravity pulls it down-beach in the backwash.","correct":true,"explanation":"The swash carries sediment up the beach at the angle of the incoming wave, while gravity pulls the water and sediment straight back down as backwash."},{"text":"In longshore drift, angled waves move sediment up-beach in the backwash, then gravity pulls it down-beach in the swash.","correct":false,"explanation":"The processes have been reversed: backwash moves water and sediment down the beach under gravity, whereas swash carries material up the beach after the wave breaks."},{"text":"In longshore drift, angled waves move sediment up-beach in the breaking wave, then gravity pulls it down-beach in the backwash.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first movement is specifically caused by swash, not the breaking wave itself. The backwash part is correct because gravity draws water and sediment down the beach."},{"text":"In longshore drift, angled waves move sediment up-beach in the swash, then gravity pulls it down-beach in the breaking wave.","correct":false,"explanation":"The second movement is caused by backwash, as gravity pulls water and sediment down the beach. A breaking wave does not describe this returning flow."}]},{"id":"f23a1234-c759-47e5-98fa-e78afd7ec4fe","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which process forms Spurn Head?","back":"Deposition of sediment transported south by longshore drift.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Deposition of sediment transported south by longshore drift.","correct":true,"explanation":"Spurn Head formed where sediment carried southwards by longshore drift was deposited at the mouth of the Humber Estuary, building a narrow spit."},{"text":"Erosion of sediment transported south by longshore drift.","correct":false,"explanation":"Erosion removes material rather than building a spit. Spurn Head formed through deposition of sediment transported southwards by longshore drift."},{"text":"Deposition of sediment transported north by longshore drift.","correct":false,"explanation":"The process is deposition, but the sediment is transported southwards along the Holderness coastline. Deposition at the estuary built Spurn Head."},{"text":"Transportation of sediment deposited south by longshore drift.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transportation moves sediment but does not create the spit by itself. Spurn Head formed when sediment transported south by longshore drift was deposited."}]},{"id":"f6052384-bc55-407b-bb6c-e05d3b6ba806","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do Mappleton groynes reduce erosion locally?","back":"

Groynes trap south-moving sediment.
A wider beach absorbs wave energy.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Groynes trap south-moving sediment.
A wider beach absorbs wave energy.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Groynes interrupt longshore drift and trap sediment moving south. This builds a wider beach, which absorbs more wave energy before waves reach the cliffs."},{"text":"

Groynes speed up south-moving sediment.
A narrower beach absorbs wave energy.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Groynes slow and trap sediment rather than speeding it up, while a wider beach provides greater protection. Together, trapping and beach build-up reduce local erosion."},{"text":"

Groynes trap north-moving sediment.
A wider beach reflects wave energy.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Longshore drift at Holderness moves sediment south, and beaches mainly absorb wave energy rather than simply reflecting it. These defences trap south-moving sediment to widen the beach."},{"text":"

Groynes remove south-moving sediment.
A narrower beach absorbs wave energy.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Groynes retain sediment and help create a wider beach. Removing sediment and narrowing the beach would reduce protection and allow waves to attack the cliffs more strongly."}]},{"id":"f52d9734-43ff-4f9e-8188-5677b0fe57b6","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Why can Mappleton's defences increase erosion farther south?","back":"

Groynes trap sediment at Mappleton.
Down-drift beaches receive less sediment and narrow.
Waves attack cliffs more directly.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Groynes trap sediment at Mappleton.
Down-drift beaches receive less sediment and narrow.
Waves attack cliffs more directly.

","correct":true,"explanation":"By trapping sediment, the groynes protect Mappleton but interrupt the southward sediment supply. Beaches farther south become narrower, so waves reach and erode the cliffs more directly."},{"text":"

Groynes trap sediment at Mappleton.
Down-drift beaches receive more sediment and widen.
Waves attack cliffs less directly.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The sediment is trapped at Mappleton, so less reaches beaches farther south. Those beaches narrow and provide less protection, allowing waves to attack the cliffs more directly."},{"text":"

Groynes release sediment at Mappleton.
Down-drift beaches receive less sediment and narrow.
Waves attack cliffs more directly.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Groynes retain sediment rather than release it. This interruption of southward movement reduces sediment reaching down-drift beaches, causing narrowing and more direct wave attack."},{"text":"

Groynes trap sediment at Mappleton.
Down-drift beaches receive less sediment and narrow.
Waves attack beaches more directly.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The increased erosion affects the cliffs because the narrowed beaches provide less protection. Waves attack the cliffs more directly, not merely the beaches."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"UK landscape case studies","title":"UK landscape case studies Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/geography/ocr/a/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"762f0ecb-87a4-5771-87a9-5bcb5abaf751","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]