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streams meet, not the boundary of a drainage basin. The correct term for that boundary is the watershed."},{"text":"The tributary.","correct":false,"explanation":"A tributary is a smaller river that flows into a larger river, rather than the basin’s outer edge. That edge is called the watershed."},{"text":"The floodplain.","correct":false,"explanation":"A floodplain is flat land beside a river that may flood, usually in the lower course. The edge of a river basin is the watershed."}]},{"id":"bb7a37e2-9a41-4509-be90-82cbdcc485b9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A river begins at its [ ] and ends at its [ ].","back":"A river begins at its source and ends at its mouth.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A river begins at its source and ends at its mouth.","correct":true,"explanation":"The source is where a river starts, often in upland areas, while the mouth is where it enters the sea, a lake or another river."},{"text":"A river begins at its mouth and ends at its source.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the river’s direction: the source is the starting point and the mouth is the ending point. Rivers flow from source to mouth."},{"text":"A river begins at its tributary and ends at its confluence.","correct":false,"explanation":"A tributary joins a larger river and a confluence is where rivers meet, so neither defines the river’s full beginning and end. The correct terms are source and mouth."},{"text":"A river begins at its confluence and ends at its watershed.","correct":false,"explanation":"A confluence is a meeting point and a watershed is a drainage-basin boundary. A river instead starts at its source and finishes at its mouth."}]},{"id":"ee90dded-b2a2-4ecc-a733-64cbcb6ca827","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How does a river’s long profile usually change downstream?","back":"It becomes gentler towards the mouth.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It becomes gentler towards the mouth.","correct":true,"explanation":"A river’s long profile generally becomes gentler downstream as the steep upper course changes into a flatter middle and lower course towards the mouth."},{"text":"It becomes steeper towards the mouth.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the usual downstream pattern. Rivers generally have steep gradients near their sources and gentler gradients towards the mouth."},{"text":"It becomes narrower towards the mouth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Channel width usually increases downstream as tributaries add water and the river carries more discharge. The long profile itself becomes gentler towards the mouth."},{"text":"It becomes higher towards the mouth.","correct":false,"explanation":"A river normally loses height downstream rather than gaining it. Its gradient decreases, so the long profile becomes gentler towards the mouth."}]},{"id":"5933202d-b49f-439c-a3c9-23f50f0c329e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A river’s energy is strongly linked to [ ] and [ ].","back":"A river’s energy is strongly linked to gradient and discharge.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A river’s energy is strongly linked to gradient and discharge.","correct":true,"explanation":"A steeper gradient increases the river’s potential energy and a greater discharge provides more moving water, so both strongly influence the river’s energy."},{"text":"A river’s energy is strongly linked to gradient and temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperature is not a main control of a river’s energy in this context. River energy is strongly linked to gradient and discharge, which affect movement and erosive power."},{"text":"A river’s energy is strongly linked to altitude and discharge.","correct":false,"explanation":"Altitude can influence a river’s starting height, but the key course characteristic is gradient, the steepness of the channel. The correct pair is gradient and discharge."},{"text":"A river’s energy is strongly linked to gradient and vegetation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vegetation can affect runoff and bank stability but is not one of the two main direct links to river energy. The correct factors are gradient and discharge."}]},{"id":"db9faec9-125c-4240-a1d7-323aa8a55ec9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which erosion process forces air into cracks in river beds and banks?","back":"Hydraulic action.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hydraulic action.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hydraulic action occurs when the force of moving water compresses air in cracks in the bed and banks, widening the cracks and breaking material away."},{"text":"Abrasion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Abrasion is the scraping and grinding of the bed and banks by sediment carried in the flow. Forcing air into cracks is hydraulic action."},{"text":"Attrition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Attrition happens when sediment collides with itself, becoming smaller, smoother and rounder. Air forced into cracks by water is hydraulic action."},{"text":"Solution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solution is the chemical dissolving of soluble rocks by river water. The process that forces compressed air into cracks is hydraulic action."}]},{"id":"e0d3ac3f-fbc6-4b37-bf10-8ad995d9d4c2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which erosion process scrapes and grinds the bed and banks with carried stones?","back":"Abrasion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Abrasion.","correct":true,"explanation":"Abrasion is erosion caused by sediment carried by the river scraping, rubbing and grinding against the bed and banks."},{"text":"Hydraulic action.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydraulic action uses the force and pressure of water, especially compressed air in cracks, rather than stones scraping the channel. The correct process is abrasion."},{"text":"Attrition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Attrition makes transported sediment smaller and rounder through collisions with other particles. Scraping and grinding of the bed and banks is abrasion."},{"text":"Solution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solution dissolves soluble rock chemically, so it does not describe stones scraping and grinding the channel. That mechanical erosion process is abrasion."}]},{"id":"711b9508-90a2-4ccf-b901-4020e5de7a93","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which erosion process makes sediment smaller, smoother and rounder?","back":"Attrition.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Attrition.","correct":true,"explanation":"Attrition occurs when sediment particles collide during transport, breaking pieces off and making the sediment progressively smaller, smoother and rounder."},{"text":"Abrasion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Abrasion is when carried sediment scrapes and grinds the river bed and banks. Sediment becoming smaller, smoother and rounder through collisions is attrition."},{"text":"Hydraulic action.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydraulic action is the force of water exploiting cracks, often by compressing air. It does not describe sediment particles wearing each other down; that is attrition."},{"text":"Solution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solution is chemical erosion in which soluble material dissolves into the water. Sediment becoming smaller, smoother and rounder through collisions is attrition."}]},{"id":"ad253f3c-1c1b-47f8-a3cc-4916d2ea8c26","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Sediment carried by a river is its [ ]; fine sediment deposited on land is [ ].","back":"Sediment carried by a river is its load; fine sediment deposited on land is alluvium.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sediment carried by a river is its load; fine sediment deposited on land is alluvium.","correct":true,"explanation":"A river’s load is the material it transports, while alluvium is fine sediment deposited by flowing water on land, especially across floodplains."},{"text":"Sediment carried by a river is its bedload; fine sediment deposited on land is alluvium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bedload is only the portion moving along the river bed, not all transported sediment. The broader term is load, while fine deposited sediment is alluvium."},{"text":"Sediment carried by a river is its load; fine sediment deposited on land is traction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Traction is a transport process where large particles roll along the bed, not deposited sediment. The deposited fine material is called alluvium."},{"text":"Sediment carried by a river is its traction; fine sediment deposited on land is silt.","correct":false,"explanation":"Traction describes how large particles move, rather than the transported material itself, and silt is a particle size rather than the named deposit. The correct terms are load and alluvium."}]},{"id":"4f9e77a8-ac03-4225-8a82-9e5d15ecec40","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are V-shaped valleys common in the upper course?","back":"A steep gradient causes vertical erosion, deepening the channel.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A steep gradient causes vertical erosion, deepening the channel.","correct":true,"explanation":"The upper course has a steep gradient, giving the river enough energy for vertical erosion that cuts down into the channel and creates a V-shaped valley."},{"text":"A gentle gradient causes lateral erosion, widening the channel.","correct":false,"explanation":"A gentle gradient and lateral erosion are more typical of the lower course. In the upper course, a steep gradient promotes vertical erosion and deepens the valley."},{"text":"A steep gradient causes deposition, raising the channel bed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deposition builds up the channel bed rather than cutting it down. The correct explanation is that a steep gradient gives the river energy for vertical erosion."},{"text":"A gentle gradient causes vertical erosion, deepening the channel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vertical erosion is linked to the steep gradient of the upper course, not a gentle one. A gentle gradient reduces the river’s erosive energy."}]},{"id":"c1fa415b-b09f-42ed-ba5d-f05dafc0e968","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do weathering and mass movement help keep V-shaped valley sides steep?","back":"

Weathering loosens material on valley sides.
Mass movement moves it into the river.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Weathering loosens material on valley sides.
Mass movement moves it into the river.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Weathering weakens and loosens rock on the valley sides, while mass movement transfers this material downslope into the channel, helping maintain steep slopes."},{"text":"

Weathering deposits material on valley sides.
Mass movement carries it away from the river.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Weathering breaks material down rather than depositing it, and mass movement usually moves loosened material towards the river, not away from it."},{"text":"

Weathering widens the river channel.
Mass movement carries water into the valley.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Weathering affects the valley sides, while mass movement transfers rock and soil downslope. Neither process primarily widens the channel or carries water."},{"text":"

Weathering strengthens material on valley sides.
Mass movement removes it from the valley.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Weathering weakens rock rather than strengthening it, and mass movement moves material down the valley sides towards the river channel."}]},{"id":"24120e08-fa06-409c-ae77-ab5d2c86bb7d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Upper-course rivers may wind around harder rock ridges, creating [ ].","back":"Upper-course rivers may wind around harder rock ridges, creating interlocking spurs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"interlocking spurs","correct":true,"explanation":"Harder rock ridges force the river to wind around them in the upper course, producing alternating ridges that appear to interlock across the valley."},{"text":"meanders","correct":false,"explanation":"Meanders are large river bends usually associated with gentler gradients and wider valleys. The harder ridges in the upper course create interlocking spurs."},{"text":"ox-bow lakes","correct":false,"explanation":"Ox-bow lakes form when a meander loop is cut off, generally in the lower course. Ridges of harder rock produce interlocking spurs instead."},{"text":"levees","correct":false,"explanation":"Levees are raised banks formed by deposition during floods, usually on floodplains. Harder rock ridges in the upper course create interlocking spurs."}]},{"id":"627034d6-1397-4c1b-834e-c1f5f61115f2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What rock arrangement often causes a waterfall to form?","back":"Resistant rock lies above softer rock.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Resistant rock lies above softer rock.","correct":true,"explanation":"A waterfall commonly develops where a hard, resistant rock layer overlies softer rock, because the softer layer is eroded more quickly and becomes undercut."},{"text":"Softer rock lies above resistant rock.","correct":false,"explanation":"This arrangement would not normally produce the classic undercut waterfall structure. Resistant rock must overlie softer rock so the lower layer is worn away faster."},{"text":"Permeable rock lies above impermeable rock.","correct":false,"explanation":"Permeability can influence groundwater and springs, but it is not the key arrangement for a waterfall. The important contrast is resistant rock above softer rock."},{"text":"Unconsolidated material lies above resistant rock.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unconsolidated material is not the standard geological arrangement responsible for a waterfall. Waterfalls commonly form where resistant rock overlies softer rock."}]},{"id":"71587737-4973-4bbf-9e84-489a03b04314","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What forms when softer rock is undercut beneath resistant rock at a waterfall?","back":"An unsupported overhang.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An unsupported overhang.","correct":true,"explanation":"As softer rock is eroded beneath the resistant layer, the rock above loses support and projects outwards as an overhang until it collapses."},{"text":"A widened floodplain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Floodplains form beside rivers through repeated flooding and deposition, usually in flatter areas. Undercutting beneath a waterfall creates an overhang instead."},{"text":"A raised levee.","correct":false,"explanation":"Levees are depositional banks built beside channels during floods. Undercutting removes support from the rock above, producing an overhang."},{"text":"A deposited alluvial fan.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alluvial fans form where a stream loses energy at the foot of a slope and deposits sediment. Waterfall undercutting creates an overhang."}]},{"id":"49506f25-f952-47fb-8f2f-6eb5d86cf8d0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does a plunge pool deepen at a waterfall base?","back":"Falling water and swirling sediment increase erosion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Falling water and swirling sediment increase erosion.","correct":true,"explanation":"Water plunging into the base and sediment swirling in the pool have considerable erosive power, so they scour and deepen the plunge pool."},{"text":"Falling water and swirling sediment increase deposition.","correct":false,"explanation":"The turbulence at the waterfall base keeps sediment moving and increases abrasion rather than deposition. This erosion is what deepens the plunge pool."},{"text":"Falling water and swirling sediment reduce erosion.","correct":false,"explanation":"The force of falling water and the abrasive action of swirling sediment intensify erosion. Reducing erosion would not explain the pool’s increasing depth."},{"text":"Falling water and swirling sediment increase infiltration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Infiltration is water soaking into the ground and is not the main process shaping a plunge pool. Hydraulic action and abrasion increase erosion there."}]},{"id":"c1a745a5-b14b-4e32-bdcf-12b2e549b768","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What landform is left as a waterfall retreats upstream?","back":"A narrow, steep-sided gorge.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A narrow, steep-sided gorge.","correct":true,"explanation":"Repeated undercutting and collapse make the waterfall retreat upstream, leaving behind a narrow, steep-sided valley known as a gorge."},{"text":"A wide, flat floodplain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Floodplains develop through deposition on flat land, typically in the middle or lower course. Waterfall retreat cuts a narrow, steep-sided gorge."},{"text":"A winding meander.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meanders are bends formed mainly by lateral erosion and deposition on gentler gradients. Retreating waterfalls leave a gorge through vertical erosion and collapse."},{"text":"A raised levee.","correct":false,"explanation":"Levees are deposited banks formed during floods, not erosional valleys formed by waterfall retreat. The retreating waterfall leaves a narrow, steep-sided gorge."}]},{"id":"be895f49-3c27-44b7-a13f-6b057109ad4e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which located example in the notes shows a waterfall and gorge on the River Tees?","back":"High Force.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"High Force.","correct":true,"explanation":"High Force is a named waterfall on the River Tees, and the retreat of the waterfall has helped form the associated gorge in the surrounding landscape."},{"text":"Aysgarth Falls.","correct":false,"explanation":"Aysgarth Falls is a well-known waterfall on the River Ure in Yorkshire, not the located River Tees example identified in the notes. The correct example is High Force."},{"text":"Niagara Falls.","correct":false,"explanation":"Niagara Falls is on the border between Canada and the United States, not on the River Tees. The relevant UK example in the notes is High Force."},{"text":"Victoria Falls.","correct":false,"explanation":"Victoria Falls lies on the Zambezi River between Zambia and Zimbabwe, so it is not the River Tees example. The named example is High Force."}]},{"id":"abe86411-5126-4940-9163-e1281ac608cb","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"On a meander, faster flow on the [ ] causes erosion; slower flow on the [ ] causes deposition.","back":"On a meander, faster flow on the outside bend causes erosion; slower flow on the inside bend causes deposition.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"On a meander, faster flow on the outside bend causes erosion; slower flow on the inside bend causes deposition.","correct":true,"explanation":"The fastest flow is directed towards the outside bend, where it erodes the bank. Slower flow on the inside bend loses energy and deposits sediment."},{"text":"On a meander, faster flow on the inside bend causes erosion; slower flow on the outside bend causes deposition.","correct":false,"explanation":"The bends have been reversed. Faster flow occurs on the outside bend and causes erosion, while slower flow on the inside bend causes deposition."},{"text":"On a meander, faster flow on the outside bend causes deposition; slower flow on the inside bend causes erosion.","correct":false,"explanation":"The processes have been reversed. Faster flow on the outside bend has enough energy to erode, whereas slower flow on the inside bend deposits material."},{"text":"On a meander, faster flow on the inside bend causes deposition; slower flow on the outside bend causes erosion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both the locations and processes are mismatched. Erosion occurs on the outside bend because flow is faster, while deposition occurs on the inside bend."}]},{"id":"290a4e34-f2e6-406a-9d48-6ea301732493","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What feature forms by erosion on the outside bend of a meander?","back":"A steep river cliff.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A steep river cliff.","correct":true,"explanation":"A river cliff forms on the outside bend because faster, more energetic flow erodes the bank laterally, leaving a steep-sided river cliff."},{"text":"A gently sloping slip-off slope.","correct":false,"explanation":"A slip-off slope forms by deposition on the inside bend. Erosion on the outside bend instead creates a steep river cliff."},{"text":"A wide floodplain.","correct":false,"explanation":"A floodplain develops across the valley floor through lateral erosion and flood deposition. The erosional feature specifically formed on the outside bend is a river cliff."},{"text":"A raised levee.","correct":false,"explanation":"Levees are raised banks formed by repeated flood deposition beside the channel. Outside-bend erosion produces a steep river cliff, not a levee."}]},{"id":"aca45012-6420-4b7b-af92-71b1191bb044","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What feature forms by deposition on the inside bend of a meander?","back":"A gently sloping slip-off slope.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A gently sloping slip-off slope.","correct":true,"explanation":"A slip-off slope forms on the inside bend, where slower water loses energy and deposits sediment, creating a gently sloping bank."},{"text":"A steep river cliff.","correct":false,"explanation":"A river cliff is caused by erosion on the outside bend. Deposition on the inside bend produces the gently sloping slip-off slope."},{"text":"A raised levee.","correct":false,"explanation":"A levee forms beside a channel when floods deposit sediment, especially coarser material near the banks. Inside-bend deposition creates a slip-off slope."},{"text":"A narrow meander neck.","correct":false,"explanation":"A meander neck is the narrow section between two parts of a looping bend, which may later be cut through. Inside-bend deposition forms a slip-off slope."}]},{"id":"6742f101-2bb8-446e-9f2e-bb2ffbd3b147","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can high discharge cut off a meander neck?","back":"The river cuts through the narrow neck and takes a shorter route.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The river cuts through the narrow neck and takes a shorter route.","correct":true,"explanation":"During high discharge, increased velocity and energy can erode through the narrow meander neck. The river then follows the shorter, straighter route."},{"text":"The river deposits across the wide bend and takes a shorter route.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deposition does not usually cut through the neck. High discharge allows erosion through the narrow neck, enabling the river to take a shorter route."},{"text":"The river cuts around the inside bend and takes a longer route.","correct":false,"explanation":"Erosion cuts through the narrow neck rather than around the inside bend, and the result is a shorter route, not a longer one."},{"text":"The river floods across the valley floor and takes a wider route.","correct":false,"explanation":"Flooding may spread water across the valley floor, but meander cut-off occurs when erosion breaches the narrow neck and creates a shorter channel route."}]},{"id":"10483822-7203-4a9e-8b05-8d5bcd5851b4","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How do lateral erosion and flooding form a floodplain?","back":"

Lateral erosion widens the valley floor.
Flood deposition lays alluvium, making it flat.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Lateral erosion widens the valley floor.
Flood deposition lays alluvium, making it flat.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Lateral erosion widens the valley floor as the channel migrates from side to side. During floods, deposited alluvium spreads across it and creates a flat surface."},{"text":"

Lateral erosion narrows the valley floor.
Flood deposition removes alluvium, making it uneven.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Lateral erosion widens rather than narrows the valley floor, and floods deposit rather than remove alluvium. These processes make the floodplain wide and flat."},{"text":"

Vertical erosion widens the valley floor.
Flood deposition lays alluvium, making it flat.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Flood deposition helps create a flat surface, but vertical erosion deepens the channel rather than widening the valley floor. Lateral erosion provides the widening process."},{"text":"

Lateral erosion widens the valley floor.
Flood erosion removes alluvium, making it flat.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Lateral erosion does widen the valley floor, but floods form the flat surface by depositing alluvium, not by eroding or removing it."}]},{"id":"01973fc1-5346-4555-ba75-482ca024a271","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Repeated floods build raised natural banks called [ ]; [ ] sediment is dropped closest to the channel.","back":"Repeated floods build raised natural banks called levees; coarser sediment is dropped closest to the channel.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Repeated floods build raised natural banks called levees; coarser sediment is dropped closest to the channel.","correct":true,"explanation":"Floodwater loses velocity as it leaves the channel, so the heaviest, coarser sediment is deposited first beside the channel, gradually building raised natural levees."},{"text":"Repeated floods build raised natural banks called oxbow lakes; coarser sediment is dropped closest to the channel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxbow lakes form when meanders are cut off, not from raised flood banks. Repeated flood deposition builds levees, with coarser sediment deposited nearest the channel."},{"text":"Repeated floods build raised natural banks called levees; finer sediment is dropped closest to the channel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Levees are the correct landform, but the sediment order is reversed. Coarser material settles first near the channel, while finer sediment is carried farther across the floodplain."},{"text":"Repeated floods build raised natural banks called floodplains; finer sediment is dropped closest to the channel.","correct":false,"explanation":"A floodplain is the wider flat valley floor, not the raised bank beside the channel. Levees form there from coarser sediment deposited closest to the channel."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"River landforms","title":"River landforms Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/geography/ocr/a/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"9980136a-f918-5158-92ba-7ad0503ec039","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]