In the 21st century, the population of the UK has experienced continuous change driven by both natural change (births minus deaths) and net migration. Which of the following statements accurately describes a key feature of UK population change during this period?
Net migration has consistently contributed less to UK population growth than natural change since 2001.
The UK's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has risen and remained well above the replacement level of 2.12.12.1 due to the higher fertility of migrant populations.
Net migration contributes to population growth directly through net arrivals, and indirectly because incoming migrants are disproportionately of childbearing age, boosting births.
Natural change has become negative because overall life expectancy at birth in the UK has consistently declined since 2000.