33:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/39xwo21u32kk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3idr5td_y0l2x.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/30ejopwuj9-ez.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0viymfxbftnxg.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3lz9pr5v38m4h.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1_p5v4n7583_r.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3fht_ul1qhe08.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/04pw9vpn2wezi.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/37oe4_azebkh6.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0r7hf3r-7wi-w.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2tom8_rk-gmeh.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3x_-spr91qs0c.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2ywjv53bqy6tq.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/37eine4sgbepr.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0z_oky3704907.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1_mai2ew48jvc.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2leuonyicz6gk.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1hnuhh5t7cfaj.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2u1q43gtwo_9f.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776"],"Gingerbread"] 35:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/39xwo21u32kk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3idr5td_y0l2x.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/30ejopwuj9-ez.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0viymfxbftnxg.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3lz9pr5v38m4h.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1_p5v4n7583_r.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3fht_ul1qhe08.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/04pw9vpn2wezi.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/37oe4_azebkh6.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0r7hf3r-7wi-w.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2tom8_rk-gmeh.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3x_-spr91qs0c.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2ywjv53bqy6tq.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/37eine4sgbepr.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0z_oky3704907.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1_mai2ew48jvc.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2leuonyicz6gk.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1hnuhh5t7cfaj.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2u1q43gtwo_9f.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776"],"RecordResourceResume"] 36:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/39xwo21u32kk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3idr5td_y0l2x.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/30ejopwuj9-ez.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0viymfxbftnxg.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3lz9pr5v38m4h.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1_p5v4n7583_r.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3fht_ul1qhe08.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/04pw9vpn2wezi.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/37oe4_azebkh6.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0r7hf3r-7wi-w.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2tom8_rk-gmeh.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3x_-spr91qs0c.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2ywjv53bqy6tq.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/37eine4sgbepr.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0z_oky3704907.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1_mai2ew48jvc.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2leuonyicz6gk.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1hnuhh5t7cfaj.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2u1q43gtwo_9f.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 37:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/39xwo21u32kk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3idr5td_y0l2x.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ao1re0xmmur_.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/30ejopwuj9-ez.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0viymfxbftnxg.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3lz9pr5v38m4h.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1_p5v4n7583_r.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3fht_ul1qhe08.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/04pw9vpn2wezi.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/37oe4_azebkh6.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0r7hf3r-7wi-w.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2tom8_rk-gmeh.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3x_-spr91qs0c.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2ywjv53bqy6tq.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/37eine4sgbepr.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0z_oky3704907.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1_mai2ew48jvc.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2leuonyicz6gk.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/1hnuhh5t7cfaj.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776","/_next/static/chunks/2u1q43gtwo_9f.js?dpl=nogit-1790936776"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/gcse/geography/ocr/a/global-ecosystem-distributions/flashcards","label":"Global ecosystem distributions","subjectCode":"gcse_geography__ocr_a","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"36c45dbb-673a-4ff0-8f3d-e514d481df17","title":"Global ecosystem distributions Flashcards","topicId":"42fbee00-a182-5ab4-bc5e-e244789f7d7a","topicSlug":"global-ecosystem-distributions","cards":[{"id":"196aa73e-da63-4e8f-b712-bd637619acde","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the biggest control on major ecosystem distributions?","back":"Climate.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Climate.","correct":true,"explanation":"Climate determines long-term temperature and precipitation patterns, which control the vegetation and animals that can survive in each of the world’s major ecosystems."},{"text":"Latitude.","correct":false,"explanation":"Latitude influences ecosystems indirectly by affecting temperature and sunlight, but climate is the biggest direct control because it combines temperature and precipitation patterns."},{"text":"Soil type.","correct":false,"explanation":"Soil affects vegetation at a local scale, but climate is the main control on major global ecosystem distributions because it determines overall temperature and water availability."},{"text":"Human activity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Human activity can alter or destroy ecosystems, but their natural global distribution is controlled primarily by climate, especially long-term temperature and precipitation."}]},{"id":"51c231a2-fe77-41a3-9c3f-68a65605ccc5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Places near the Equator receive [ ], so they are [ ].","back":"Places near the Equator receive more direct sunlight, so they are warmer all year.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Places near the Equator receive more direct sunlight, so they are warmer all year.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Sun’s rays strike near the Equator at a high angle throughout the year, concentrating solar energy over a smaller area and maintaining consistently warm temperatures."},{"text":"Places near the Equator receive less direct sunlight, so they are colder all year.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the global pattern: places near the Equator receive more direct sunlight, concentrating solar energy and making them warmer throughout the year."},{"text":"Places near the Equator receive more indirect sunlight, so they are cooler all year.","correct":false,"explanation":"Indirect sunlight is characteristic of higher latitudes, where energy is spread over a larger area. Equatorial sunlight is more direct, so temperatures remain warmer all year."},{"text":"Places near the Equator receive the same sunlight, so they are colder in winter.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks the high angle of the Sun near the Equator. Equatorial places receive more direct sunlight and remain warmer all year, with little seasonal temperature variation."}]},{"id":"ded0452e-66d7-4768-a783-babf9a4995ac","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are places near the poles much colder?","back":"They receive less direct sunlight.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They receive less direct sunlight.","correct":true,"explanation":"At high latitudes, the Sun’s rays arrive at a low angle and spread their energy over a larger surface area, producing much lower temperatures."},{"text":"They receive less annual rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low rainfall does not directly explain the poles’ low temperatures. They are much colder because they receive less direct sunlight, so less solar energy reaches each area."},{"text":"They receive more direct sunlight.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the actual pattern. Polar regions receive less direct sunlight because the Sun’s rays strike at a low angle and spread energy over a wider area."},{"text":"They are farther from the Sun.","correct":false,"explanation":"The small difference in distance across Earth does not cause polar temperatures. The poles are colder because they receive less direct sunlight due to Earth’s curvature."}]},{"id":"51b99c4a-6fde-4c5a-8ea3-3db98858e5e0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which ecosystem clusters around the Equator, including the Amazon and Congo Basins?","back":"Tropical rainforest.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Tropical rainforest.","correct":true,"explanation":"Tropical rainforests cluster around the Equator, where consistently high temperatures and heavy rainfall support dense, evergreen vegetation in regions such as the Amazon and Congo Basins."},{"text":"Tropical grassland.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tropical grasslands are generally found farther from the Equator and have distinct wet and dry seasons. The Amazon and Congo Basins are dominated by tropical rainforest."},{"text":"Temperate forest.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperate forests occur mainly in mid-latitude regions with seasonal temperatures. The hot, wet Amazon and Congo Basins around the Equator contain tropical rainforest."},{"text":"Polar tundra.","correct":false,"explanation":"Polar tundra occurs at high latitudes where temperatures are very low and tree growth is limited. The equatorial Amazon and Congo Basins contain tropical rainforest."}]},{"id":"c602dd08-e7af-488e-b879-bca951fb0463","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which ecosystem is often found around 15° to 30° north and south?","back":"Hot desert.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hot desert.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hot deserts commonly occur around 15° to 30° north and south, where descending air creates high pressure, clear skies and very dry conditions."},{"text":"Tropical rainforest.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tropical rainforests are concentrated nearer the Equator, where rising air produces frequent rainfall. Around 15° to 30°, sinking dry air favours hot deserts."},{"text":"Polar tundra.","correct":false,"explanation":"Polar tundra is found at very high latitudes near the Arctic and Antarctica. Hot deserts are typical around 15° to 30° north and south."},{"text":"Temperate forest.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperate forests mainly occupy wetter mid-latitude regions with seasonal climates. The dry subtropical belts around 15° to 30° are associated with hot deserts."}]},{"id":"e69f9f03-5692-4559-99e0-9ada5f8bd76a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Around [ ], sinking air creates [ ].","back":"Around 30° north and south, sinking air creates dry conditions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Around 30° north and south, sinking air creates dry conditions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Air descending near 30° north and south warms and becomes less likely to condense, producing high pressure, limited cloud formation and dry desert conditions."},{"text":"Around 0° north and south, sinking air creates dry conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"At the Equator, strongly heated air rises rather than sinks, producing clouds and heavy rainfall. Sinking air creates dry conditions around 30° north and south."},{"text":"Around 30° north and south, sinking air creates wet conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses sinking air with rising air. Descending air suppresses condensation and cloud formation, so around 30° north and south it creates dry conditions."},{"text":"Around 60° north and south, sinking air creates wet conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Around 60°, air generally rises where atmospheric cells meet, encouraging precipitation. Sinking air and dry conditions are characteristic of approximately 30° north and south."}]},{"id":"62799921-63a2-4ac1-8766-592f32733c38","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where are polar regions found globally?","back":"Around the Arctic and Antarctica.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Around the Arctic and Antarctica.","correct":true,"explanation":"Polar regions occupy the highest northern and southern latitudes, surrounding the Arctic in the north and covering Antarctica in the south."},{"text":"Around the Equator and tropics.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Equator and tropics receive strong, direct sunlight and contain warm ecosystems. Polar regions are found at high latitudes around the Arctic and Antarctica."},{"text":"Around the Sahara and Arabia.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Sahara and Arabian Peninsula are subtropical hot-desert regions, not polar environments. Polar regions occur at high latitudes around the Arctic and Antarctica."},{"text":"Around the Mediterranean and California.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Mediterranean and California have warm temperate climates at mid-latitudes. Polar regions are located much farther north and south, around the Arctic and Antarctica."}]},{"id":"f2de5703-43d8-4507-93d3-b45cfcd5393b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which ecosystem includes savanna, prairies, pampas and steppe?","back":"Grasslands.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Grasslands.","correct":true,"explanation":"Savanna, prairies, pampas and steppe are all forms of grassland found in different climate zones, ranging from tropical savanna to temperate grasslands."},{"text":"Rainforests.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rainforests are dominated by dense tree cover and high rainfall. Savanna, prairies, pampas and steppe are all grasslands, although their climates differ."},{"text":"Hot deserts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hot deserts have extremely limited vegetation because rainfall is scarce. Savanna, prairies, pampas and steppe have extensive grass cover and are classified as grasslands."},{"text":"Polar regions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Polar regions are extremely cold environments dominated by ice or tundra. Savanna, prairies, pampas and steppe are different regional types of grassland."}]},{"id":"e80bb503-67f7-4d3e-9df0-c9da22a5d17f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Temperate forests are found in [ ], with [ ].","back":"Temperate forests are found in mid-latitudes, with rainfall spread through the year.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Temperate forests are found in mid-latitudes, with rainfall spread through the year.","correct":true,"explanation":"Temperate forests occur in the mid-latitudes, where rainfall is generally distributed throughout the year rather than concentrated in one short season."},{"text":"Temperate forests are found in low latitudes, with rainfall concentrated in one season.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tropical rainforests are associated with low latitudes and consistently high rainfall, not the seasonal conditions described for temperate forests."},{"text":"Temperate forests are found in high latitudes, with rainfall low throughout the year.","correct":false,"explanation":"Polar environments occur at high latitudes and receive very little precipitation, so these characteristics do not describe temperate forests."},{"text":"Temperate forests are found in mid-latitudes, with rainfall concentrated in winter.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mediterranean climates have hot, dry summers and wetter winters, unlike the more evenly distributed rainfall typical of temperate forests."}]},{"id":"f26e84fd-e785-4665-b91c-150a6e09c859","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where are coral reefs usually found by latitude?","back":"Between about 30°N and 30°S.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Between about 30°N and 30°S.","correct":true,"explanation":"Coral reefs are usually located between about 30°N and 30°S, where warm tropical seawater supports coral growth."},{"text":"Between about 60°N and 90°N.","correct":false,"explanation":"The polar regions have water that is too cold for most reef-building corals, so this latitude range is far too distant from the tropics."},{"text":"Between about 45°N and 45°S.","correct":false,"explanation":"This range lies mainly in temperate and polar waters, where temperatures are generally unsuitable for the growth of extensive coral reefs."},{"text":"Between about 60°S and 90°S.","correct":false,"explanation":"Coral reefs need warm tropical water, so the high-latitude range near the poles is not a usual location for them."}]},{"id":"542cb854-9461-48ce-aa14-6ede04b677c3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Corals are tiny [ ] that build hard [ ].","back":"Corals are tiny animals that build hard limestone skeletons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Corals are tiny animals that build hard limestone skeletons.","correct":true,"explanation":"Corals are animals, and they secrete hard limestone skeletons that remain after growth and form the structure of a reef."},{"text":"Corals are tiny plants that build hard limestone skeletons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Corals are not plants; they are animals that build limestone skeletons. Confusing them with seaweed leads to the wrong biological classification."},{"text":"Corals are tiny animals that build hard wooden skeletons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Corals do not construct skeletons from wood. They are animals whose hard structures are made from calcium carbonate, forming limestone."},{"text":"Corals are tiny fungi that build hard organic networks.","correct":false,"explanation":"Corals are animals rather than fungi, and their reef structures are limestone, not soft organic networks such as fungal mycelium."}]},{"id":"17c8e2b8-20dc-4759-bc1f-d6c09305af5c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do coral reefs need shallow, clear water?","back":"Sunlight reaches algae that make food.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sunlight reaches algae that make food.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sunlight passes through shallow, clear water and reaches algae living within coral tissues; the algae use it for photosynthesis and provide food."},{"text":"Moonlight reaches algae that make food.","correct":false,"explanation":"Moonlight is far too weak to drive the photosynthesis that supplies corals with food. Sunlight is required, which is why clear, shallow water matters."},{"text":"Darkness reaches algae that make food.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deep water reduces the light available for photosynthesis, so darkness would prevent the algae from making enough food for the corals."},{"text":"Sediment reaches algae that make food.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clear water allows sunlight to reach the algae; sediment blocking the light would reduce photosynthesis and harm the reef ecosystem."}]},{"id":"82a4e5df-13a8-4933-9078-7ff8c0777226","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What limits plant growth in polar regions?","back":"Permafrost.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Permafrost.","correct":true,"explanation":"Permafrost is permanently frozen ground that restricts root growth and drainage, limiting the plants able to survive in polar regions."},{"text":"High temperatures.","correct":false,"explanation":"High temperatures are not the main limitation in polar regions. Very low temperatures and frozen ground restrict plant growth instead."},{"text":"Dense tropical soils.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dense tropical soils are not characteristic of polar environments; the key obstacle is permanently frozen ground beneath the surface."},{"text":"Long growing seasons.","correct":false,"explanation":"A long growing season would encourage plant growth, but polar regions have short growing seasons because temperatures remain low."}]},{"id":"698ff527-cdbe-40ea-90b2-f71b61100eab","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Polar regions can be described as [ ] because precipitation is [ ].","back":"Polar regions can be described as cold deserts because precipitation is low.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Polar regions can be described as cold deserts because precipitation is low.","correct":true,"explanation":"Polar regions are cold deserts because their temperatures are very low and they receive little precipitation, despite often being covered by ice or snow."},{"text":"Polar regions can be described as hot deserts because precipitation is low.","correct":false,"explanation":"Polar regions are not hot deserts: their defining temperature condition is extreme cold, even though precipitation is also limited."},{"text":"Polar regions can be described as cold deserts because precipitation is high.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although polar regions are cold, they do not receive high precipitation. Their desert classification reflects the scarcity of precipitation."},{"text":"Polar regions can be described as wet tundra because precipitation is high.","correct":false,"explanation":"A wet climate would not meet the definition of a desert. Polar regions have low precipitation, alongside very cold temperatures."}]},{"id":"7893b77b-d3e2-4421-8611-6d25c00c6c65","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What adaptation insulates many polar animals?","back":"Thick fat or fur.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Thick fat or fur.","correct":true,"explanation":"A thick layer of fat or dense fur reduces heat loss, helping polar animals maintain body temperature in very cold conditions."},{"text":"Thin fat or fur.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thin fur provides little insulation and would allow heat to escape quickly, making it unsuitable as the main adaptation to polar cold."},{"text":"Large exposed ears.","correct":false,"explanation":"Large exposed ears increase the surface area through which heat can be lost, so they are not an insulating adaptation for polar animals."},{"text":"Sparse scales.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sparse scales do not form an effective insulating layer in the way that fat or dense fur can reduce heat loss."}]},{"id":"a198b070-830d-42e8-bee2-aa7f758cf018","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are grasslands dominated by grasses rather than dense forest?","back":"Rainfall is enough for grasses, but not dense forest.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Rainfall is enough for grasses, but not dense forest.","correct":true,"explanation":"Grasslands receive enough rainfall to support grasses, but usually not enough for dense forest, allowing grasses to dominate the vegetation."},{"text":"Rainfall is too low for grasses, but enough for dense forest.","correct":false,"explanation":"Grasslands generally receive sufficient rainfall for grasses to grow. The limiting factor is that rainfall is not enough to support dense forest."},{"text":"Rainfall is enough for dense forest, but not grasses.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rainfall that supports dense forest would usually allow trees to dominate, so this reverses the relationship between precipitation and vegetation."},{"text":"Rainfall is enough for dense forest, but not shrubs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Grasses do not require rainfall levels high enough for dense forest. This would describe wetter conditions than those typical of many grasslands."}]},{"id":"bf077236-420b-4f83-acb7-77e176fc82a0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Tropical grasslands have a [ ] and a [ ].","back":"Tropical grasslands have a wet season and a dry season.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Tropical grasslands have a wet season and a dry season.","correct":true,"explanation":"Seasonal shifts in tropical rainfall produce one period with frequent rain and another with very little rain, creating distinct wet and dry seasons."},{"text":"Tropical grasslands have a spring season and a summer season.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spring and summer describe temperature-based seasons common in temperate regions. Tropical grasslands are defined by rainfall, so they have a wet season and a dry season."},{"text":"Tropical grasslands have a hot season and a cold season.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperatures remain relatively high throughout the year, so hot and cold seasons are not the main contrast. Tropical grasslands have wet and dry seasons."},{"text":"Tropical grasslands have a wet season and a snowy season.","correct":false,"explanation":"A snowy season is unlikely in the warm tropical climate. Changing rainfall patterns instead create a wet season followed by a dry season."}]},{"id":"d32fa638-2164-4875-8594-3aee32d0b5b6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which adaptation helps grassland grasses survive drought?","back":"Deep roots.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Deep roots.","correct":true,"explanation":"Deep roots reach water stored well below the soil surface, allowing grasses to survive when the upper soil layers dry out during drought."},{"text":"Shallow roots.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shallow roots mainly access surface water, which disappears quickly during drought. Deep roots allow grasses to reach moisture stored farther underground."},{"text":"Broad leaves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Broad leaves increase the surface area for water loss through transpiration. Deep roots help drought survival by reaching water below the dry surface soil."},{"text":"Thin bark.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thin bark does not improve access to water and offers little drought protection. Deep roots enable grasses to obtain moisture from deeper soil layers."}]},{"id":"fd2def8c-ce59-4649-bdb3-af0dd6448962","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Many temperate forest trees are [ ], meaning they lose leaves in [ ].","back":"Many temperate forest trees are deciduous, meaning they lose leaves in autumn or winter.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Many temperate forest trees are deciduous, meaning they lose leaves in autumn or winter.","correct":true,"explanation":"Deciduous trees shed their leaves during autumn or winter, reducing water loss and avoiding damage during the colder, darker part of the year."},{"text":"Many temperate forest trees are evergreen, meaning they lose leaves in autumn or winter.","correct":false,"explanation":"Evergreen trees retain foliage throughout the year rather than shedding it all seasonally. Trees that lose leaves in autumn or winter are described as deciduous."},{"text":"Many temperate forest trees are deciduous, meaning they lose leaves in spring or summer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spring and summer provide warmer conditions and more sunlight for photosynthesis, so leaves are generally retained. Deciduous trees usually shed them in autumn or winter."},{"text":"Many temperate forest trees are coniferous, meaning they lose leaves in spring or summer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Coniferous trees usually retain needle-like leaves throughout the year, and spring or summer is the main growing period. Deciduous trees lose leaves in autumn or winter."}]},{"id":"e0eff650-671a-47a6-8b4f-54d62b590e69","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do tropical rainforests have very high biodiversity?","back":"The warm, wet climate supports life all year.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The warm, wet climate supports life all year.","correct":true,"explanation":"Constant warmth, abundant rainfall and year-round sunlight allow continuous plant growth, providing many habitats and food sources that support exceptionally high biodiversity."},{"text":"The warm, dry climate supports life all year.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dry conditions restrict plant growth and water availability rather than encouraging high biodiversity. Tropical rainforests are highly diverse because their climate is warm and wet year-round."},{"text":"The cool, wet climate supports life all year.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rainforests receive abundant rainfall, but their tropical location also provides consistently high temperatures. The combination of warmth and moisture supports year-round growth and biodiversity."},{"text":"The cold, dry climate supports life all year.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cold, dry conditions limit photosynthesis, water availability and the length of the growing season. Tropical rainforest biodiversity depends on a warm, wet climate throughout the year."}]},{"id":"42943d92-a7d9-4689-a2e8-79d1a7eaf51a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which rainforest adaptation supports tall trees in shallow soils?","back":"Buttress roots.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Buttress roots.","correct":true,"explanation":"Buttress roots spread widely from the trunk, providing extra stability for very tall rainforest trees growing in shallow, nutrient-poor soils."},{"text":"Tap roots.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tap roots grow deeply, but rainforest soils are often too shallow for this strategy. Buttress roots spread near the surface to stabilise tall trees."},{"text":"Drip tips.","correct":false,"explanation":"Drip tips remove water from leaf surfaces and do not support tree trunks. Buttress roots provide stability in the rainforest’s shallow soils."},{"text":"Waxy leaves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Waxy leaves affect water loss and leaf-surface moisture rather than structural support. Buttress roots anchor and stabilise tall trees in shallow soils."}]},{"id":"b30ffb56-89ce-48b6-93e1-bee83a18d67e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which rainforest adaptation helps rainwater run off leaves?","back":"Drip tips.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Drip tips.","correct":true,"explanation":"Drip tips form pointed leaf ends that channel rainwater away quickly, reducing water accumulation and limiting the growth of fungi and algae."},{"text":"Buttress roots.","correct":false,"explanation":"Buttress roots stabilise tall trees in shallow rainforest soils and have no role in draining leaves. Drip tips channel rainwater off leaf surfaces."},{"text":"Sunken stomata.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sunken stomata reduce water loss in dry environments rather than removing heavy rainfall. Rainforest leaves use drip tips to shed water efficiently."},{"text":"Leaf spines.","correct":false,"explanation":"Leaf spines reduce surface area and deter herbivores, especially in dry environments. Drip tips are the rainforest adaptation that directs rainwater off leaves."}]},{"id":"3f5f95d6-01fb-4a46-95b1-8c6f249ed5c1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What annual rainfall is typical of hot deserts?","back":"Less than 250 mm per year.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Less than 250 mm per year.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hot deserts are defined by extremely low precipitation, typically receiving less than 250 mm annually, with rainfall often irregular and unpredictable."},{"text":"About 500 mm per year.","correct":false,"explanation":"This amount is more typical of semi-arid grassland and results from overestimating desert precipitation. Hot deserts generally receive less than 250 mm per year."},{"text":"About 1,000 mm per year.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses desert rainfall with that of much wetter ecosystems such as some grasslands or forests. Hot deserts receive less than 250 mm per year."},{"text":"More than 2,000 mm per year.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is typical of very wet tropical environments, not deserts, and reverses the expected precipitation extreme. Hot deserts receive less than 250 mm per year."}]},{"id":"61eb4413-a332-47ba-a3e5-ae56da3ceea9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can hot desert nights be much cooler than days?","back":"There is little cloud cover to trap heat.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"There is little cloud cover to trap heat.","correct":true,"explanation":"Clear skies allow heat absorbed by the ground during the day to escape rapidly into the atmosphere at night, producing a large daily temperature range."},{"text":"There is thick cloud cover to trap heat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thick clouds would absorb and reradiate heat towards the surface, keeping nights warmer. Desert nights cool rapidly because there is little cloud cover."},{"text":"There is dense vegetation cover to trap heat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hot deserts have sparse rather than dense vegetation, and vegetation is not the main control on night-time cooling. Little cloud cover allows heat to escape."},{"text":"There is high humidity to retain heat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Desert air generally has low humidity, so little water vapour is available to retain outgoing heat. Little cloud cover also allows rapid night-time cooling."}]},{"id":"49201c86-22ae-49db-b5d5-e4e1ca855199","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which hot desert plant adaptation stores water in fleshy stems or leaves?","back":"Succulence.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Succulence.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fleshy stems or leaves contain specialised tissues that store water, allowing the plant to survive long periods when little or no rain falls."},{"text":"Deep root systems.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deep roots help plants reach underground water but do not store it in fleshy tissues. The adaptation involving water storage in swollen stems or leaves is succulence."},{"text":"Reduced leaf area.","correct":false,"explanation":"Smaller leaves reduce water loss through transpiration rather than storing water. Succulence is the adaptation that retains water inside thick, fleshy stems or leaves."},{"text":"A waxy cuticle.","correct":false,"explanation":"A waxy cuticle limits evaporation from a plant’s surface but is not a water-storage tissue. Succulence stores water within thickened stems or leaves."}]},{"id":"4027d767-60ed-4014-a497-0b473b67ab9f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which behaviour helps desert animals avoid the hottest part of the day?","back":"Nocturnal behaviour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Nocturnal behaviour.","correct":true,"explanation":"Being active at night allows desert animals to feed and move when temperatures are lower, reducing overheating and limiting water loss during the hottest hours."},{"text":"Diurnal behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diurnal animals are active during daylight, exposing them to peak desert temperatures. Nocturnal behaviour avoids this heat by shifting activity to the cooler night."},{"text":"Basking behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Basking increases exposure to solar radiation and is generally used to raise body temperature. Nocturnal behaviour helps desert animals avoid daytime heat by becoming active at night."},{"text":"Territorial behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Territorial behaviour concerns defending space or resources and does not determine when activity occurs. Nocturnal behaviour avoids the hottest period by restricting activity mainly to night-time."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Global ecosystem distributions","title":"Global ecosystem distributions Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/geography/ocr/a/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"42fbee00-a182-5ab4-bc5e-e244789f7d7a","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]