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feature.","correct":false,"explanation":"A geomorphic feature is a resulting landform, not the action changing it. The natural action responsible for altering the land is a geomorphic process."},{"text":"A geological structure.","correct":false,"explanation":"A geological structure is an arrangement of rocks, such as a fold or fault. An action that changes the land’s shape is a geomorphic process."},{"text":"A tectonic hazard.","correct":false,"explanation":"A tectonic hazard is a potentially damaging event associated with plate movement. The broader term for a natural action shaping land is a geomorphic process."}]},{"id":"d78235a0-943c-44b8-91e9-2e5b9e4f08bb","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the basic process sequence, [ ] breaks material up, then [ ] moves it downslope.","back":"In the basic process sequence, weathering breaks material up, then mass movement moves it downslope.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the basic process sequence, weathering breaks material up, then mass movement moves it downslope.","correct":true,"explanation":"Weathering breaks rock down where it is, producing loose material. Mass movement then transfers that material downslope under the direct influence of gravity."},{"text":"In the basic process sequence, erosion breaks material up, then mass movement moves it downslope.","correct":false,"explanation":"Erosion removes and transports material rather than simply breaking it up in place. Weathering causes the initial breakdown, followed by mass movement downslope."},{"text":"In the basic process sequence, weathering breaks material up, then deposition moves it downslope.","correct":false,"explanation":"Weathering correctly describes the initial breakdown, but deposition is the laying down of material rather than its downslope movement. Mass movement is the second process."},{"text":"In the basic process sequence, deposition breaks material up, then transportation moves it downslope.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deposition lays material down rather than breaking it up, while transportation usually describes movement by an agent. The sequence is weathering followed by mass movement."}]},{"id":"88012bd9-6578-4ce6-ab45-f99b06fc1305","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Rock is broken down but not carried away. Which process is happening?","back":"Weathering.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Weathering.","correct":true,"explanation":"Weathering is the breakdown of rock in its original location. Because the material has not been carried away, the process described is weathering."},{"text":"Erosion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Erosion includes the removal of weathered material by a moving agent. Because the rock is broken down but remains in place, the process is weathering."},{"text":"Transportation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transportation is the movement of already eroded material. No carrying away occurs here, so the breakdown of rock in place is weathering."},{"text":"Mass movement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass movement transfers rock or soil downslope under gravity. Since the material is broken down without being moved, the process occurring is weathering."}]},{"id":"955d3e75-3622-4cef-8d52-b8c4930a1d6d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Rock or sediment is worn away and removed by moving water, waves, wind or ice. Which process is this?","back":"Erosion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Erosion.","correct":true,"explanation":"Erosion occurs when moving water, waves, wind or ice wears material away and removes it from its original location."},{"text":"Weathering.","correct":false,"explanation":"Weathering breaks rock down in its original place and does not involve removal. Wearing away and removal by moving natural agents is erosion."},{"text":"Deposition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deposition occurs when transported sediment is dropped because an agent loses energy. Wearing away and removing material is instead the process of erosion."},{"text":"Mass movement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass movement carries material downslope primarily because of gravity, not through wearing by water, waves, wind or ice. The process described is erosion."}]},{"id":"c6c87c6e-ad59-4249-bd87-1a3360cea134","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What key idea separates weathering from erosion?","back":"Weathering happens in place; erosion removes material.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Weathering happens in place; erosion removes material.","correct":true,"explanation":"Weathering breaks rock down without transporting it, whereas erosion involves wearing away and removing material through moving agents such as water, wind or ice."},{"text":"Weathering removes material; erosion happens in place.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two definitions. Weathering breaks rock down in its original location, while erosion wears away and removes the resulting material."},{"text":"Weathering moves material downslope; erosion deposits it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Downslope movement under gravity is mass movement, while laying material down is deposition. Weathering happens in place, whereas erosion removes material."},{"text":"Weathering and erosion both happen only in place.","correct":false,"explanation":"Only weathering is defined as occurring without removal. Erosion necessarily removes material from its original position using a moving agent."}]},{"id":"d755b440-c255-4122-9295-714cc29157dd","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Weathering is the breakdown of rock [ ], meaning in its [ ].","back":"Weathering is the breakdown of rock in situ, meaning in its original place.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Weathering is the breakdown of rock in situ, meaning in its original place.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Latin term in situ means in the original place. Weathering therefore breaks rock down without first transporting it elsewhere."},{"text":"Weathering is the breakdown of rock ex situ, meaning in its original place.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ex situ means away from the original place, so it cannot mean original place. Weathering occurs in situ, before material is removed."},{"text":"Weathering is the breakdown of rock in situ, meaning in its transported place.","correct":false,"explanation":"In situ means in the original location, not in a transported location. Weathering is defined as rock breakdown in its original place."},{"text":"Weathering is the breakdown of rock during transport, meaning in its new place.","correct":false,"explanation":"Breakdown during transport is associated with processes such as attrition, not weathering in place. Weathering occurs in situ, meaning in the rock’s original place."}]},{"id":"1246bbe6-917f-461d-b920-d71a8301fbab","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which type of weathering physically breaks rock without chemical change?","back":"Mechanical weathering.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mechanical weathering.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mechanical weathering physically breaks rock into smaller pieces while leaving its chemical composition unchanged, as occurs during freeze-thaw weathering."},{"text":"Chemical weathering.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical weathering changes the minerals or chemical composition of rock through reactions. Physical breakup without chemical alteration is mechanical weathering."},{"text":"Solution weathering.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solution weathering dissolves soluble minerals and therefore changes the rock chemically. Mechanical weathering breaks rock physically without changing its composition."},{"text":"Oxidation weathering.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxidation is a chemical reaction between minerals and oxygen, often producing rust-like compounds. Physical breakup without chemical change is mechanical weathering."}]},{"id":"c4547771-a207-4082-b72f-653403f0d16f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In freeze-thaw weathering, what happens when water freezes in cracks?","back":"It expands, putting pressure on the rock.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It expands, putting pressure on the rock.","correct":true,"explanation":"Water expands by about 9% when it freezes. Repeated expansion in cracks exerts pressure, eventually weakening and breaking pieces from the rock."},{"text":"It contracts, reducing pressure on the rock.","correct":false,"explanation":"The common misconception is that water behaves like most substances and contracts when it freezes. It actually expands, exerting pressure on the crack’s sides."},{"text":"It melts, washing fragments out of the rock.","correct":false,"explanation":"Melting happens when ice warms, not when water freezes. During freezing, water expands and presses against the sides of the rock crack."},{"text":"It becomes acidic, dissolving the rock around it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freezing does not make water acidic; that confuses freeze-thaw with chemical weathering. Frozen water expands and places mechanical pressure on the rock."}]},{"id":"eaf410cb-2e1d-4ec6-b4d3-a5951ed9c223","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which type of weathering changes rock minerals through chemical reactions?","back":"Chemical weathering.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Chemical weathering.","correct":true,"explanation":"Chemical weathering alters the minerals within rock through reactions such as oxidation, carbonation and hydrolysis, producing new substances or dissolving existing minerals."},{"text":"Mechanical weathering.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mechanical weathering breaks rock into smaller pieces without changing its mineral composition. The process involving reactions that alter minerals is chemical weathering."},{"text":"Biological weathering.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biological weathering is caused by living organisms, such as growing roots or burrowing animals. Reactions that change rock minerals are classified as chemical weathering."},{"text":"Erosion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Erosion removes and transports weathered material rather than changing its minerals in place. Chemical weathering is the process that alters minerals through chemical reactions."}]},{"id":"743ace7d-6dd7-46e4-8335-1eff16c2ca4e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In limestone areas, what does weak carbonic acid do to limestone?","back":"It dissolves the limestone.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It dissolves the limestone.","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbonic acid reacts with calcium carbonate in limestone, forming soluble compounds that can be carried away in water. The limestone is therefore gradually dissolved."},{"text":"It oxidises the limestone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxidation mainly affects iron-bearing minerals when they react with oxygen. Carbonic acid instead reacts with calcium carbonate and dissolves the limestone."},{"text":"It freezes the limestone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freezing occurs when water changes state in cold conditions and is associated with freeze-thaw weathering. Carbonic acid chemically dissolves limestone instead."},{"text":"It fractures the limestone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fracturing suggests physical breakage caused by pressure or stress. Weak carbonic acid acts chemically on calcium carbonate, so it dissolves the limestone."}]},{"id":"92f19cd8-65bf-4c09-a3a1-bd7a8db0a5c9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Plant roots grow into cracks and force them wider. Which weathering type is this?","back":"Biological weathering.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Biological weathering.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plant roots are part of a living organism, and their growth physically widens cracks in rock. This makes the process biological weathering."},{"text":"Chemical weathering.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical weathering changes rock minerals through chemical reactions. Roots widening cracks are produced by living organisms, so this is biological weathering."},{"text":"Freeze-thaw weathering.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freeze-thaw weathering occurs when water repeatedly freezes and expands inside cracks. Here, growing plant roots apply the pressure, making it biological weathering."},{"text":"Salt weathering.","correct":false,"explanation":"Salt weathering results from salt crystals growing within pores and cracks. When plant roots widen the cracks, the process is biological weathering."}]},{"id":"b49ca242-b655-4479-ba1c-3c4fe47868f4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What force causes mass movement?","back":"Gravity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Gravity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gravity pulls weathered rock and soil downslope. When this force overcomes the material’s resistance and the slope’s support, mass movement occurs."},{"text":"Water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water can saturate a slope and make failure more likely, but it is gravity that directly pulls the material downslope and causes mass movement."},{"text":"Wind.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wind transports loose material through processes such as deflation, but it does not drive mass movement. Gravity pulls slope material downhill."},{"text":"Friction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Friction usually resists movement by helping material remain on a slope. Mass movement begins when the downslope force of gravity overcomes that resistance."}]},{"id":"109c1ec6-41e5-48b2-9298-8447367fcdb5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can heavy rainfall make slopes more likely to fail?","back":"Saturation makes material heavier and less stable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Saturation makes material heavier and less stable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rainwater increases the mass and therefore the downslope gravitational force of slope material. Saturation can also reduce friction and cohesion, making the slope less stable."},{"text":"Saturation makes material lighter and more stable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Saturation adds water and therefore increases, rather than decreases, the material’s weight. It also reduces stability, so saturated slope material becomes heavier and less stable."},{"text":"Saturation makes material heavier and more stable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding water does make slope material heavier, but it commonly reduces friction and cohesion rather than improving stability. Saturated material is heavier and less stable."},{"text":"Saturation makes material lighter and less stable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rainwater does not make slope material lighter; it adds mass. Although saturation reduces stability, the complete relationship is that material becomes heavier and less stable."}]},{"id":"025cd121-959b-4d1f-9279-dd632b0f8797","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Sliding moves material downslope along a relatively [ ] slip plane; slumping moves it along a [ ] slip surface.","back":"Sliding moves material downslope along a relatively straight slip plane; slumping moves it along a curved slip surface.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sliding moves material downslope along a relatively straight slip plane; slumping moves it along a curved slip surface.","correct":true,"explanation":"A slide travels along a relatively straight slip plane, with limited rotation of the material. A slump follows a curved surface, causing blocks to rotate backwards."},{"text":"Sliding moves material downslope along a relatively curved slip plane; slumping moves it along a straight slip surface.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the characteristic surfaces of the two movements. Sliding uses a relatively straight slip plane, whereas rotational slumping follows a curved slip surface."},{"text":"Sliding moves material downslope along a relatively straight slip plane; slumping moves it along a flat slip surface.","correct":false,"explanation":"A flat surface might be confused with the relatively straight plane of a slide. Slumping is rotational movement and therefore occurs along a curved slip surface."},{"text":"Sliding moves material downslope along a relatively irregular slip plane; slumping moves it along a curved slip surface.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calling the slide’s plane irregular misses the key contrast between the movements. Sliding follows a relatively straight plane, while slumping follows a curved surface."}]},{"id":"4e4e60e1-75d5-433c-86ca-85a8f21d2aa3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which mass movement often leaves rotated blocks and a stepped slope?","back":"Slumping.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Slumping.","correct":true,"explanation":"Slumping is rotational movement along a curved slip surface. This rotation tilts blocks backwards and commonly creates a terraced or stepped appearance on the slope."},{"text":"Rockfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rockfall involves fragments falling or bouncing from a steep face and usually leaves a scree deposit. Rotated blocks and steps are characteristic of slumping."},{"text":"Landsliding.","correct":false,"explanation":"A landslide generally moves material along a relatively straight slip plane without substantial rotation. Slumping follows a curved surface, producing rotated blocks and steps."},{"text":"Soil creep.","correct":false,"explanation":"Soil creep is an extremely slow, gradual movement that may tilt fences or trees. Distinct rotated blocks and a stepped slope indicate slumping."}]},{"id":"3b8b0d55-b28e-4a46-8565-db94bcc81118","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which erosion process scrapes rock surfaces using carried sediment?","back":"Abrasion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Abrasion.","correct":true,"explanation":"Abrasion occurs when sediment carried by water, wind or ice is dragged or thrown against rock, scraping and wearing away its surface."},{"text":"Attrition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Attrition occurs when transported sediment particles collide with one another, becoming smaller and rounder. Scraping of a rock surface by sediment is abrasion."},{"text":"Hydraulic action.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydraulic action erodes rock through the force and pressure of moving water or compressed air. Scraping by carried sediment is specifically abrasion."},{"text":"Solution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solution is chemical erosion in which soluble minerals dissolve in water. Physical scraping by sediment carried across a rock surface is abrasion."}]},{"id":"09722999-712f-4aad-8473-9f40ce6fce84","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which erosion process uses water pressure and compressed air in cracks?","back":"Hydraulic action.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hydraulic action.","correct":true,"explanation":"Water forces air into cracks, increasing pressure until the rock breaks apart. This process is hydraulic action, a form of erosion caused by the force of moving water."},{"text":"Attrition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Attrition happens when transported rocks collide and become smaller and rounder. The process involving water pressure and compressed air forcing cracks apart is hydraulic action."},{"text":"Solution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solution is the dissolving of soluble minerals by water. Water pressure and compressed air acting inside cracks describe hydraulic action instead."},{"text":" abrasion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Abrasion occurs when sediment carried by water scrapes against a channel or cliff. Pressure from water and compressed air in cracks causes hydraulic action."}]},{"id":"8393ce12-7e91-4425-ba9e-be70cef3cb54","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Pebbles collide during transport and become smaller, smoother and rounder. Which process?","back":"Attrition.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Attrition.","correct":true,"explanation":"Attrition occurs when transported pebbles collide with one another, gradually breaking into smaller, smoother and rounder pieces."},{"text":"Hydraulic action.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydraulic action is the force of water and compressed air in cracks. Collisions between pebbles that make them smaller, smoother and rounder are attrition."},{"text":"Solution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solution dissolves soluble minerals in water, rather than wearing pebbles down through collisions. Repeated impacts during transport cause attrition."},{"text":"Traction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Traction is the rolling of large rocks along a river bed. Pebbles becoming smaller, smoother and rounder through collisions describes attrition."}]},{"id":"f9cdd4d6-437a-47c5-bbd9-f991eb2e649b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"As an erosion process, [ ] means soluble minerals are dissolved and removed in water.","back":"As an erosion process, solution means soluble minerals are dissolved and removed in water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"solution","correct":true,"explanation":"Solution is erosion caused when soluble minerals, such as limestone, dissolve in water and are carried away."},{"text":"abrasion","correct":false,"explanation":"Abrasion is the scraping and rubbing caused by sediment moving against a bed or bank. Dissolving soluble minerals in water is called solution."},{"text":"attrition","correct":false,"explanation":"Attrition happens when transported rocks collide and become smaller and rounder. The removal of dissolved minerals is solution."},{"text":"hydraulic action","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydraulic action uses the force of water and compressed air in cracks to break rock apart. Dissolved minerals being removed in water indicates solution."}]},{"id":"2483bc32-8cdb-44dd-8c41-9caaa16fca3a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Large rocks are rolled along a river bed. Which transport process is this?","back":"Traction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Traction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Traction is the transport of large, heavy rocks by rolling or sliding them along the river bed when the flow has enough energy."},{"text":"Saltation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Saltation involves small stones bouncing along the river bed. Large rocks being rolled along the bed are transported by traction."},{"text":"Suspension.","correct":false,"explanation":"Suspension carries fine sediment within the water, rather than rolling large rocks along the bed. Rolling large rocks is traction."},{"text":"Solution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solution transports dissolved minerals within the water. Large rocks that roll along the river bed are moved by traction."}]},{"id":"e8186e6f-5896-467c-a048-992cf30fabc1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Small stones bounce along a river bed. Which transport process is this?","back":"Saltation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Saltation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Saltation is the bouncing movement of small stones along a river bed, as the flow lifts and drops them repeatedly."},{"text":"Traction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Traction involves large rocks rolling or sliding along the river bed. Smaller stones that bounce along the bed are transported by saltation."},{"text":"Suspension.","correct":false,"explanation":"Suspension carries very fine sediment within the water. Stones that move by repeated bouncing along the bed are undergoing saltation."},{"text":"Solution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solution carries minerals dissolved in the water and does not describe bouncing stones. Small stones moving in leaps along the bed show saltation."}]},{"id":"30fdd9e8-2e30-46dd-aeba-e010e6fa6c69","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Fine silt is carried within the water, making it look brown. Which transport process?","back":"Suspension.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Suspension.","correct":true,"explanation":"Suspension carries fine particles such as silt within the river water. Large amounts of suspended silt can make the water appear brown."},{"text":"Saltation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Saltation is the bouncing of small stones along the river bed. Fine silt carried within the water is transported by suspension."},{"text":"Traction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Traction rolls or slides large rocks along the bed. Fine silt remaining within the water column is carried by suspension."},{"text":"Solution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solution involves minerals dissolving into the water, so they are not visible as silt. Fine visible particles carried within the water indicate suspension."}]},{"id":"44510835-8e25-430e-82cd-ef6e7ca202c0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Larger sediment needs [ ] to move, so high-energy flows can use [ ].","back":"Larger sediment needs more energy to move, so high-energy flows can use traction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Larger sediment needs more energy to move, so high-energy flows can use traction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Large sediment has greater mass and requires more energy to move. In high-energy flows, this energy can roll large rocks along the bed by traction."},{"text":"Larger sediment needs less energy to move, so high-energy flows can use traction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Larger particles are harder to move because they require more energy, not less. High-energy flows can transport them by traction."},{"text":"Larger sediment needs more energy to move, so high-energy flows can use suspension.","correct":false,"explanation":"Suspension carries fine sediment within the water. High-energy flows can use traction to roll larger sediment along the river bed."},{"text":"Larger sediment needs less energy to move, so high-energy flows can use saltation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Large sediment requires more energy and is generally rolled along the bed by traction. Saltation describes smaller stones bouncing, not the movement of the largest sediment."}]},{"id":"4298471b-2e2f-4dbd-add9-0786a74d2e8e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to transported sediment when the transporting force loses energy?","back":"Deposition occurs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Deposition occurs.","correct":true,"explanation":"When a river or other transporting force loses energy, it can no longer carry as much sediment. The sediment is then dropped through deposition."},{"text":"Erosion occurs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Erosion is the wearing away and removal of material. When transporting energy falls, sediment is dropped, which is deposition."},{"text":"Transportation occurs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transportation is the movement of sediment by a river, wind, ice or waves. Losing energy causes the sediment to be deposited instead."},{"text":"Weathering occurs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Weathering breaks down rock in place, without transporting it. Sediment being dropped because the transporting force loses energy is deposition."}]},{"id":"a318a105-d9ac-46f3-8f63-1d46badebcb5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"When a river slows, it has [ ], so it can no longer carry the same sediment load and [ ] material.","back":"When a river slows, it has less energy, so it can no longer carry the same sediment load and deposits material.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When a river slows, it has less energy, so it can no longer carry the same sediment load and deposits material.","correct":true,"explanation":"A slower river has less kinetic energy, reducing its capacity to transport sediment. The excess load is deposited, especially where the channel becomes wider, shallower or less steep."},{"text":"When a river slows, it has more energy, so it can no longer carry the same sediment load and deposits material.","correct":false,"explanation":"Slowing reduces, rather than increases, the river’s energy. Reduced energy means the river loses competence and capacity, so it deposits sediment that it can no longer transport."},{"text":"When a river slows, it has less energy, so it can no longer carry the same sediment load and erodes material.","correct":false,"explanation":"Erosion usually occurs when faster-flowing water has enough energy to remove material. When energy falls, the river is more likely to deposit its sediment load, making “deposits” the correct term."},{"text":"When a river slows, it has less energy, so it can no longer carry the same sediment load and transports material.","correct":false,"explanation":"A reduction in energy lowers the river’s ability to transport sediment, so material is deposited instead. Confusing continued transport with deposition reverses the effect of slowing water."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Geomorphic processes","title":"Geomorphic processes Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/geography/ocr/a/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"0065d9da-b5d1-5f6b-b91e-9179b4f9f380","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]