33:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/4045p2u_zkgds.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0zcakt1-boe_f.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/37uj5h-7u5f4p.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2gjyu-jrwu-fu.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2wqr_qa524410.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0viymfxbftnxg.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1ybv0l8235pz1.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/26m8evoiza4ec.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1_p5v4n7583_r.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2dze6jb3q7yf8.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0j4kq9hrkavgl.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/00xr4qz1yhdw2.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2leuonyicz6gk.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0z_oky3704907.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2f01q9p340tic.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3x_-spr91qs0c.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2ywjv53bqy6tq.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1hnuhh5t7cfaj.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1_mai2ew48jvc.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/37eine4sgbepr.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2u1q43gtwo_9f.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965"],"Gingerbread"] 35:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/4045p2u_zkgds.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0zcakt1-boe_f.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/37uj5h-7u5f4p.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2gjyu-jrwu-fu.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2wqr_qa524410.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0viymfxbftnxg.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1ybv0l8235pz1.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/26m8evoiza4ec.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1_p5v4n7583_r.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2dze6jb3q7yf8.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0j4kq9hrkavgl.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/00xr4qz1yhdw2.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2leuonyicz6gk.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0z_oky3704907.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2f01q9p340tic.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3x_-spr91qs0c.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2ywjv53bqy6tq.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1hnuhh5t7cfaj.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1_mai2ew48jvc.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/37eine4sgbepr.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2u1q43gtwo_9f.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965"],"RecordResourceResume"] 36:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/4045p2u_zkgds.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0zcakt1-boe_f.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/37uj5h-7u5f4p.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2gjyu-jrwu-fu.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2wqr_qa524410.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0viymfxbftnxg.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1ybv0l8235pz1.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/26m8evoiza4ec.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1_p5v4n7583_r.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2dze6jb3q7yf8.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0j4kq9hrkavgl.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/00xr4qz1yhdw2.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2leuonyicz6gk.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0z_oky3704907.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2f01q9p340tic.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3x_-spr91qs0c.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2ywjv53bqy6tq.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1hnuhh5t7cfaj.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1_mai2ew48jvc.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/37eine4sgbepr.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2u1q43gtwo_9f.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 37:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/4045p2u_zkgds.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0zcakt1-boe_f.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/37uj5h-7u5f4p.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/13_9hjun60hj-.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2bxmml65nu49g.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1v3yeqs4syiu6.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2gjyu-jrwu-fu.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/19ijf68pshdcn.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2wqr_qa524410.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0viymfxbftnxg.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1ybv0l8235pz1.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/26m8evoiza4ec.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1_p5v4n7583_r.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2dze6jb3q7yf8.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3hy4f5dlm3hqf.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0j4kq9hrkavgl.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/00xr4qz1yhdw2.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1s6j_7_p0ugo9.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0k3581c5est85.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2leuonyicz6gk.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/03ff00u5689yw.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3jia3kgen87vp.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0z_oky3704907.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2f01q9p340tic.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3x_-spr91qs0c.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1u4k5v04xsltr.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2uzea6b173htc.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2ywjv53bqy6tq.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1hnuhh5t7cfaj.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1_mai2ew48jvc.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/37eine4sgbepr.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/0_e0vb210svk3.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/2u1q43gtwo_9f.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965","/_next/static/chunks/1d7tjnrc0fv5y.js?dpl=nogit-1791001965"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/gcse/geography/ocr/a/economic-development-case-study-lidc-edc/flashcards","label":"Economic development case study (LIDC/EDC)","subjectCode":"gcse_geography__ocr_a","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"a33fa188-1d61-42d3-8267-ef89b6f6df68","title":"Economic development case study (LIDC/EDC) Flashcards","topicId":"030684b2-3e00-5bdf-a4ee-6e27ffa1ca67","topicSlug":"economic-development-case-study-lidc-edc","cards":[{"id":"7ee69e0b-cd12-4205-b1fe-b8cfa55227c0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is economic development broader than economic growth?","back":"It includes quality of life, not only income/output.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It includes quality of life, not only income/output.","correct":true,"explanation":"Economic growth measures increasing income or output, whereas economic development also considers wider quality-of-life factors such as health, education, living standards and access to services."},{"text":"It measures population size, not only income/output.","correct":false,"explanation":"Population size describes how many people live in a country, but it does not measure development. The correct distinction is that development includes quality of life as well as income or output."},{"text":"It focuses on exports, not only income/output.","correct":false,"explanation":"Exports are one part of economic activity, not a complete measure of development. Economic development is broader because it includes quality of life, rather than only income or output."},{"text":"It compares climate, not only income/output.","correct":false,"explanation":"Climate can influence development but is not what defines it. The key difference is that economic development includes quality of life alongside income or output."}]},{"id":"04844492-e2ba-478f-9045-20c6375e93fb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can rising GNI per capita fail to prove everyone is better off?","back":"Income may be unevenly shared.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Income may be unevenly shared.","correct":true,"explanation":"Average GNI per capita can rise while most gains go to a small proportion of the population, leaving many people with little or no improvement in living standards."},{"text":"Income may be equally shared.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal sharing would make an average income more representative of typical living standards. The concern is that income may be unevenly shared, hiding inequality behind a rising average."},{"text":"The population may be falling rapidly.","correct":false,"explanation":"A falling population is not the main reason an average can disguise living standards. Income may be unevenly shared, so a high average does not prove everyone benefits."},{"text":"The country may have no exports.","correct":false,"explanation":"Export levels do not determine whether rising average income benefits everyone. The key issue is unequal distribution, because income may be unevenly shared among the population."}]},{"id":"fd530906-a52d-4f53-9a0b-60d941e78f87","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the percentage increase from US$470 to US$1,020?","back":"About 117%.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"About 117%.","correct":true,"explanation":"The increase is US$550, found by subtracting 470 from 1,020. Dividing 550 by 470 and multiplying by 100 gives approximately 117%."},{"text":"About 46%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This comes from comparing the increase with the final value rather than the original value. Percentage increase uses 550 divided by 470, giving about 117%."},{"text":"About 54%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is close to the numerical increase expressed against the new value, but percentage change must use the original US$470 as the denominator, producing about 117%."},{"text":"About 217%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats the final value as more than twice the original and mistakes the total value for the percentage increase. The increase itself is about 117% of US$470."}]},{"id":"b09c89f7-611a-4f6f-bf0a-86ab19e89d41","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An [ ] has low average income and lower industrialisation; an [ ] has growing industry/services but uneven development.","back":"An LIDC has low average income and lower industrialisation; an EDC has growing industry/services but uneven development.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An LIDC has low average income and lower industrialisation; an EDC has growing industry/services but uneven development.","correct":true,"explanation":"An LIDC is characterised by low average income and lower industrialisation, while an EDC is experiencing industrial and service-sector growth alongside uneven development."},{"text":"An EDC has low average income and lower industrialisation; an HIC has growing industry/services but uneven development.","correct":false,"explanation":"The descriptions have been shifted to the wrong categories. Low income and lower industrialisation describe an LIDC, while growing industry and services with uneven development describe an EDC."},{"text":"An LIC has low average income and lower industrialisation; an EDC has growing industry/services but uneven development.","correct":false,"explanation":"LIC is a broader income classification and is not the term used by this definition. The correct pair is LIDC for the first description and EDC for the second."},{"text":"An LIDC has low average income and lower industrialisation; an HIC has growing industry/services but uneven development.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first classification is correct, but HIC describes a high-income country rather than an emerging economy. The second description should be matched with EDC."}]},{"id":"5915a167-3d40-47e5-a9de-f80450be2959","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Ethiopia is an LIDC in the [ ], with a population of [ ].","back":"Ethiopia is an LIDC in the Horn of Africa, with a population of over 120 million.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ethiopia is an LIDC in the Horn of Africa, with a population of over 120 million.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and has a population exceeding 120 million, making it one of Africa’s most populous countries."},{"text":"Ethiopia is an LIDC in the Central Africa, with a population of over 120 million.","correct":false,"explanation":"The population figure is correct, but Ethiopia is not in Central Africa. It is in the Horn of Africa, the eastern African region that includes countries around the Red Sea."},{"text":"Ethiopia is an LIDC in the Horn of Africa, with a population of around 80 million.","correct":false,"explanation":"The location is correct, but the population is substantially underestimated. Ethiopia’s population is over 120 million, not around 80 million."},{"text":"Ethiopia is an LIDC in the Southern Africa, with a population of around 60 million.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both details are incorrect: Ethiopia is in the Horn of Africa and has a population over 120 million. The figures given confuse it with a different African location and estimate."}]},{"id":"ba719ca3-2354-47fb-8d20-67af693ade9e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Since Eritrea became independent in [ ], Ethiopia has been [ ].","back":"Since Eritrea became independent in 1993, Ethiopia has been landlocked.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Since Eritrea became independent in 1993, Ethiopia has been landlocked.","correct":true,"explanation":"Eritrea gained independence from Ethiopia in 1993, removing Ethiopia’s coastline. Ethiopia has therefore been landlocked since then and must use neighbouring countries’ ports."},{"text":"Since Eritrea became independent in 1991, Ethiopia has been landlocked.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eritrea formally became independent in 1993, not 1991. Its independence left Ethiopia without a coastline, so the correct completed sentence uses 1993 and landlocked."},{"text":"Since Eritrea became independent in 1993, Ethiopia has been coastal.","correct":false,"explanation":"The date is correct, but independence removed Ethiopia’s access to the sea rather than creating it. Ethiopia has been landlocked since Eritrea became independent."},{"text":"Since Eritrea became independent in 2000, Ethiopia has been landlocked.","correct":false,"explanation":"The geographical consequence is correct, but the date is wrong. Eritrea became independent in 1993, after which Ethiopia lost its coastline and became landlocked."}]},{"id":"969356c0-8042-4415-a5d9-14eafe09f0ec","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does being landlocked affect Ethiopia’s trade?","back":"It relies on Djibouti, raising transport costs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It relies on Djibouti, raising transport costs.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ethiopia has no coastline, so much of its international trade passes through Djibouti’s port. This adds overland distance and handling, increasing transport costs."},{"text":"It relies on Somalia, raising transport costs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Somalia has a coastline, but Djibouti is Ethiopia’s main trade route and port gateway. Its landlocked position means reliance on Djibouti raises transport costs."},{"text":"It has direct access to Djibouti, lowering transport costs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethiopia does not have direct sea access because it is landlocked. It relies on Djibouti for port access, and the additional transport distance raises rather than lowers costs."},{"text":"It relies on Sudan, reducing transport costs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sudan is not the main port route for Ethiopia, and using another country’s infrastructure does not reduce the costs caused by being landlocked. Ethiopia mainly relies on Djibouti, raising costs."}]},{"id":"a54787ee-21b2-438f-9762-a4854b821907","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are Ethiopia’s lowlands more exposed to food insecurity?","back":"They are hotter and drier, with greater drought risk.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are hotter and drier, with greater drought risk.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ethiopia’s lowlands have higher temperatures and less rainfall than the highlands. These conditions increase the likelihood of drought, crop failure and food insecurity."},{"text":"They are cooler and wetter, with greater drought risk.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cooler and wetter conditions generally reduce drought risk rather than increase it. The lowlands are more food insecure because they are hotter and drier."},{"text":"They are hotter and wetter, with greater drought risk.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater rainfall would usually reduce drought risk, so this combines a correct temperature trend with an incorrect rainfall trend. The lowlands are hotter and drier."},{"text":"They are cooler and drier, with greater drought risk.","correct":false,"explanation":"The lowlands are not cooler than the highlands. Their higher temperatures, together with drier conditions and greater drought risk, make food insecurity more likely."}]},{"id":"0c5c7b79-4b96-457d-843f-59de8e72e0f6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Rift Valley offers [ ]; the Blue Nile / Abay offers [ ].","back":"The Rift Valley offers geothermal potential; the Blue Nile / Abay offers hydropower potential.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Rift Valley offers geothermal potential; the Blue Nile / Abay offers hydropower potential.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Rift Valley’s volcanic activity provides geothermal potential, while the Blue Nile’s steep terrain and powerful flow provide hydropower potential for electricity generation."},{"text":"The Rift Valley offers tourism potential; the Blue Nile / Abay offers hydropower potential.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Rift Valley is not mainly identified here for tourism potential. Its volcanic heat provides geothermal potential, while the Blue Nile / Abay offers hydropower potential."},{"text":"The Rift Valley offers geothermal potential; the Blue Nile / Abay offers irrigation potential.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Blue Nile’s main relevant opportunity is generating electricity from flowing water, not irrigation potential. The Rift Valley provides geothermal potential because of its volcanic activity."},{"text":"The Rift Valley offers mineral potential; the Blue Nile / Abay offers hydropower potential.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mineral potential is not the key energy opportunity associated with the Rift Valley in this case study. Its volcanic heat is geothermal potential, alongside the Blue Nile’s hydropower potential."}]},{"id":"4b2ed421-3cc6-4055-9bd9-a6bf62774910","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can political stability support development?","back":"Investment, services and infrastructure can operate more safely.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Investment, services and infrastructure can operate more safely.","correct":true,"explanation":"Political stability reduces the risk of disruption, allowing investors, public services and construction projects to function more safely and reliably."},{"text":"Investment, services and infrastructure can operate less safely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Political stability should make investment, services and infrastructure safer, not less safe. This reverses the effect of stability and describes conditions associated with instability."},{"text":"Investment, services and infrastructure can be delayed by instability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Instability can delay projects, but stability supports development by allowing investment, services and infrastructure to operate more safely and consistently."},{"text":"Investment, services and infrastructure can be reduced by stability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Political stability encourages investment and reliable services rather than reducing them. The development benefit is that investment, services and infrastructure can operate more safely."}]},{"id":"db2a16e3-2fff-4d32-9f89-b563b2d6e706","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can Ethiopia’s trade pattern limit development?","back":"It exports lower-value raw materials but imports costly manufactured goods.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It exports lower-value raw materials but imports costly manufactured goods.","correct":true,"explanation":"Exporting low-value raw materials earns less income, while importing expensive manufactured goods costs more, worsening the trade balance and limiting money available for development."},{"text":"It exports higher-value manufactured goods but imports cheap raw materials.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Ethiopia’s trade pattern. The development problem is exporting lower-value raw materials while paying for costly manufactured goods from abroad."},{"text":"It exports lower-value raw materials but imports affordable manufactured goods.","correct":false,"explanation":"Manufactured goods are not the main low-value exports in this pattern, and describing imports as affordable removes the cost disadvantage. Ethiopia exports raw materials but imports costly manufactured goods."},{"text":"It exports costly manufactured goods but imports lower-value raw materials.","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps both sides of the trade pattern. Ethiopia’s limitation comes from exporting lower-value raw materials and importing costly manufactured goods."}]},{"id":"c2fe60a5-7d1e-4efe-951d-005aecf6fb5a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What development barrier did the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway reduce?","back":"Poor access to the coast.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Poor access to the coast.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ethiopia is landlocked, so the railway improved access to Djibouti’s port and reduced the difficulty and cost of reaching the coast for trade."},{"text":"Unreliable electricity supply.","correct":false,"explanation":"The railway primarily addressed Ethiopia’s landlocked position and poor access to the coast. It was not mainly built to solve electricity reliability."},{"text":"A shortage of skilled workers.","correct":false,"explanation":"The railway improved transport links to a port rather than directly increasing the number of skilled workers. The barrier reduced was poor access to the coast."},{"text":"Limited fertile farmland.","correct":false,"explanation":"The railway did not create farmland or directly overcome limits on agricultural land. Its key development effect was reducing poor access to the coast."}]},{"id":"0ef12107-78b7-49ac-b0ea-15b8ac589c02","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Foreign investment can be risky because loans must be [ ] and profits may [ ].","back":"Foreign investment can be risky because loans must be repaid and profits may leave the country.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Foreign investment can be risky because loans must be repaid and profits may leave the country.","correct":true,"explanation":"Borrowed money has to be repaid, creating a financial obligation, while profits made by foreign companies may be transferred to owners outside Ethiopia."},{"text":"Foreign investment can be risky because loans must be invested and profits may leave the country.","correct":false,"explanation":"Loans create obligations because they must be repaid, not invested. Foreign profits may also leave the country, reducing the benefits retained by Ethiopia."},{"text":"Foreign investment can be risky because loans must be repaid and profits may be repaid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Loans must be repaid, whereas profits may leave the country. Treating profits as money that must be repaid confuses borrowing with the movement of company earnings."},{"text":"Foreign investment can be risky because loans must be cancelled and profits may leave the country.","correct":false,"explanation":"Loans must be repaid rather than cancelled, and foreign investors may transfer profits out of Ethiopia. Cancelling loans would remove, not create, this financial risk."}]},{"id":"78f77e90-dbaa-4f57-8d02-9d8801b92d45","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Why can Ethiopia’s large youthful population be both an opportunity and a challenge?","back":"

Opportunity: big workforce and growing market.
Challenge: more schools, jobs, housing, healthcare and food needed.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Opportunity: big workforce and growing market.
Challenge: more schools, jobs, housing, healthcare and food needed.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A youthful population can supply a large future workforce and create demand as a growing market, but it also requires major investment in education, employment, housing, healthcare and food."},{"text":"

Opportunity: big workforce and shrinking market.
Challenge: more schools, jobs, housing, healthcare and food needed.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A youthful population can provide a big workforce, but it creates a growing rather than shrinking market. Its challenge is the need for more schools, jobs, housing, healthcare and food."},{"text":"

Opportunity: fewer workers and growing market.
Challenge: more schools, jobs, housing, healthcare and food needed.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The large workforce and growing market are opportunities, not challenges. The challenge is meeting increased demand for schools, jobs, housing, healthcare and food."},{"text":"

Opportunity: big workforce and growing market.
Challenge: fewer schools, jobs, housing, healthcare and food needed.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A youthful population increases, rather than reduces, pressure on services and resources. Its opportunity is a big workforce and growing market, alongside the need for more provision."}]},{"id":"2d4d49ca-3718-4236-aa36-d96ff077e576","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A shift from primary work into manufacturing and services is [ ], usually linked to [ ].","back":"A shift from primary work into manufacturing and services is structural change, usually linked to rising incomes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A shift from primary work into manufacturing and services is structural change, usually linked to rising incomes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Structural change means employment moves from primary activities such as farming into manufacturing and services. This usually occurs as rising incomes increase demand for varied goods and services."},{"text":"A shift from primary work into manufacturing and services is industrialisation, usually linked to falling incomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Industrialisation mainly describes growth in manufacturing, but the wider shift into both manufacturing and services is structural change. It is usually associated with rising incomes, not falling incomes."},{"text":"A shift from primary work into manufacturing and services is population growth, usually linked to rising incomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Population growth can affect the workforce, but it is not the name for changing employment between economic sectors. The process is structural change, usually linked to rising incomes."},{"text":"A shift from primary work into manufacturing and services is economic decline, usually linked to falling incomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"The movement away from primary work is not economic decline. It is structural change, and it is generally linked to rising incomes as economies diversify into manufacturing and services."}]},{"id":"04948469-3a40-4c55-b8b3-9a0a051c8a82","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does education support development in Ethiopia?","back":"A skilled workforce can use technology and get better jobs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A skilled workforce can use technology and get better jobs.","correct":true,"explanation":"Education develops skills and knowledge, creating a workforce that can use technology, improve productivity and access better-paid employment."},{"text":"An unskilled workforce can use technology and get better jobs.","correct":false,"explanation":"An unskilled workforce is less able to use advanced technology and access better-paid jobs. Education supports development by creating a skilled workforce."},{"text":"A skilled workforce can avoid technology and get lower-paid jobs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Education aims to improve employment opportunities rather than leave workers in low-paid jobs. A skilled workforce can use technology and obtain better jobs."},{"text":"A skilled workforce can use less technology and get better jobs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Education does not reduce the ability to use technology. Its development benefit is a skilled workforce that can use technology and gain better employment."}]},{"id":"f5f07964-fac9-40db-a1d1-e3f22c35e0ab","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which Ethiopian programme expanded community healthcare?","back":"The Health Extension Programme.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Health Extension Programme.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Health Extension Programme trained and deployed community health workers, improving access to basic healthcare, disease prevention and health education, particularly in rural Ethiopia."},{"text":"The Productive Safety Net Programme.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Productive Safety Net Programme tackles food insecurity through food or cash support, often linked to public works. Community healthcare was expanded by the Health Extension Programme."},{"text":"The Agricultural Transformation Programme.","correct":false,"explanation":"Agricultural transformation initiatives aim to improve farming productivity and markets, not community healthcare. Ethiopia expanded local healthcare through the Health Extension Programme."},{"text":"The Growth and Transformation Programme.","correct":false,"explanation":"Growth and transformation plans cover broad economic and infrastructure goals rather than specifically expanding community healthcare. The relevant initiative was the Health Extension Programme."}]},{"id":"9459a7f8-f949-454f-a597-80a9d03cc4ac","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How can mobile phones support Ethiopian farmers?","back":"Farmers can check market prices.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Farmers can check market prices.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mobile phones let farmers compare current market prices before selling produce, helping them choose where to trade and avoid accepting unfairly low offers."},{"text":"Farmers can avoid seasonal droughts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phones may provide weather information, but they cannot prevent droughts. Their direct economic benefit is allowing farmers to check market prices before selling produce."},{"text":"Farmers can replace irrigation systems.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mobile technology cannot supply water or replace physical irrigation infrastructure. It supports farmers by providing information, including current market prices for their produce."},{"text":"Farmers can remove transport costs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using phones may help farmers plan sales, but it does not eliminate the cost of transporting goods. Farmers can use phones to check market prices."}]},{"id":"7e99a438-a665-4e02-af37-08bb4911dc82","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How is Ethiopia’s PSNP different from emergency food aid?","back":"It gives food or cash, often for public works.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It gives food or cash, often for public works.","correct":true,"explanation":"The PSNP provides predictable food or cash support, commonly in return for work on community projects, rather than only delivering short-term relief after an emergency."},{"text":"It gives seeds or tools, often for commercial farms.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the PSNP with agricultural investment support. The programme provides food or cash, often in return for work on useful public projects."},{"text":"It gives loans or credit, often for private businesses.","correct":false,"explanation":"This mistakes the PSNP for a microfinance scheme. Its support takes the form of food or cash, often linked to participation in public works."},{"text":"It gives medicine or vaccines, often for rural clinics.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses food-security support with healthcare provision. Ethiopia’s PSNP distributes food or cash, often in exchange for work on community infrastructure."}]},{"id":"b36dbfff-6718-4ba4-b77c-32d73a0b7ca4","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How can lowland drought damage education and health outcomes in Ethiopia?","back":"

Lower farm output reduces household income.
Families struggle to afford healthcare and school materials.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Lower farm output reduces household income.
Families struggle to afford healthcare and school materials.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Drought lowers agricultural production and household earnings in lowland areas. With less income, families may be unable to pay for healthcare, school equipment and other educational costs."},{"text":"

Higher farm output reduces household income.
Families struggle to afford healthcare and school materials.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The first link is reversed: drought normally lowers, rather than raises, farm output. Reduced production cuts income, making healthcare and school materials less affordable."},{"text":"

Lower farm output increases household income.
Families struggle to afford healthcare and school materials.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship between production and earnings. Lower farm output generally reduces household income, leaving families less able to afford healthcare and school materials."},{"text":"

Lower farm output reduces household income.
Families find it easier to afford healthcare and school materials.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduced income does not make essential services more affordable. Drought lowers farm output and earnings, so families struggle to pay for healthcare and school materials."}]},{"id":"5f9869d6-72c5-42d0-b749-6952710a6619","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is Ethiopia best placed on Rostow’s model?","back":"Between preconditions for take-off and take-off.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Between preconditions for take-off and take-off.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ethiopia has developed infrastructure and industry associated with preconditions and take-off, but continuing reliance on agriculture and vulnerability to shocks mean take-off is incomplete."},{"text":"Between traditional society and preconditions for take-off.","correct":false,"explanation":"This placement understates Ethiopia’s industrial and infrastructure development. It is better placed between preconditions for take-off and take-off, although progress remains uneven."},{"text":"Between take-off and drive to maturity.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes Ethiopia has already achieved sustained, self-supporting industrial growth. Its agricultural dependence and vulnerability to conflict, debt and drought place it at an earlier transition."},{"text":"Between drive to maturity and high mass consumption.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are advanced stages characterised by a diverse mature economy and widespread high consumption. Ethiopia is better placed between preconditions for take-off and take-off."}]},{"id":"1cf20568-8f77-4dd8-a941-c4fbab262996","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Why is Ethiopia not judged to have fully taken off?","back":"

Agriculture still dominates employment.
Conflict, debt and drought can interrupt growth.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Agriculture still dominates employment.
Conflict, debt and drought can interrupt growth.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A full take-off requires sustained, resilient economic growth and structural change. Ethiopia still relies heavily on agricultural employment, while conflict, debt and drought can disrupt progress."},{"text":"

Manufacturing still dominates employment.
Conflict, debt and drought can interrupt growth.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Manufacturing does not dominate Ethiopian employment; agriculture remains the largest employer. Combined with disruptions from conflict, debt and drought, this shows that take-off is incomplete."},{"text":"

Agriculture still dominates employment.
Trade, tourism and investment can interrupt growth.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Trade, tourism and investment usually support development rather than being the main shocks preventing take-off. Ethiopia’s growth is particularly vulnerable to conflict, debt and drought."},{"text":"

Services still dominate employment.
Urbanisation, exports and industry can interrupt growth.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This substitutes signs of development for the actual constraints. Agriculture still dominates employment, while conflict, debt and drought can interrupt Ethiopia’s economic growth."}]},{"id":"00ed9f4b-eeba-4f4d-b52a-69e64452384d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Rostow’s model is a [ ], so it [ ].","back":"Rostow’s model is a model, so it simplifies reality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Rostow’s model is a model, so it simplifies reality.","correct":true,"explanation":"As a model, Rostow’s framework deliberately simplifies complex development processes into stages. Real countries may follow different pathways or experience uneven and interrupted progress."},{"text":"Rostow’s model is a law, so it predicts reality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rostow’s framework is not a universal law and cannot precisely predict every country’s development. It is a model, so it simplifies a more complex reality."},{"text":"Rostow’s model is a model, so it explains all development.","correct":false,"explanation":"Models cannot account for every political, historical and environmental influence on development. Rostow’s model simplifies reality rather than explaining every country’s experience completely."},{"text":"Rostow’s model is a fact, so it represents reality exactly.","correct":false,"explanation":"This mistakes a theoretical framework for an exact factual description. Rostow’s model simplifies reality, and countries do not necessarily pass neatly through its stages."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Economic development case study (LIDC/EDC)","title":"Economic development case study (LIDC/EDC) Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/geography/ocr/a/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"030684b2-3e00-5bdf-a4ee-6e27ffa1ca67","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]