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between locations and times of year."},{"text":"The previous year’s total for that place and season.","correct":false,"explanation":"Comparing only with the previous year ignores the longer-term climate pattern. The correct comparison is the normal for that place and season, which provides a reliable baseline."},{"text":"The maximum for that place and season.","correct":false,"explanation":"The wettest recorded conditions are not the usual baseline used to identify drought. The correct comparison is the normal for that place and season."},{"text":"The regional average for that place and season.","correct":false,"explanation":"A regional average may hide important local differences in climate and water supply. The correct comparison is the normal for that place and season."}]},{"id":"07c95c73-35dc-4eec-b187-d1502686e3ea","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A drought is a [ ], so damage builds gradually over weeks, months or years.","back":"A drought is a slow-onset hazard, so damage builds gradually over weeks, months or years.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"slow-onset hazard","correct":true,"explanation":"A slow-onset hazard develops gradually rather than arriving suddenly, so its impacts can accumulate over weeks, months or years before becoming severe."},{"text":"rapid-onset hazard","correct":false,"explanation":"A rapid-onset hazard develops suddenly, unlike drought, whose effects normally accumulate gradually. The correct term is slow-onset hazard."},{"text":"seasonal hazard","correct":false,"explanation":"A seasonal hazard occurs at a predictable time of year, but this does not describe the gradual development of drought damage. The correct term is slow-onset hazard."},{"text":"sudden-onset hazard","correct":false,"explanation":"A sudden-onset hazard is associated with events such as earthquakes or flash floods. Drought develops progressively, so the correct term is slow-onset hazard."}]},{"id":"7162fe5e-98b0-4ed5-bd26-6a87a3108027","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] happens when rainfall is well below the long-term average.","back":"A meteorological drought happens when rainfall is well below the long-term average.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"meteorological drought","correct":true,"explanation":"Meteorological drought is defined by rainfall being substantially below the long-term average, indicating an atmospheric shortage of precipitation."},{"text":"agricultural drought","correct":false,"explanation":"Agricultural drought refers to insufficient soil moisture for crops or pasture, not simply low rainfall. Rainfall well below average defines meteorological drought."},{"text":"hydrological drought","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrological drought occurs when water stores such as rivers, reservoirs and groundwater fall below normal. The rainfall definition here is meteorological drought."},{"text":"socio-economic drought","correct":false,"explanation":"Socio-economic drought describes water shortages affecting people, jobs, prices or services. Rainfall well below the long-term average is meteorological drought."}]},{"id":"f66b1da1-4e6e-4ca4-8e7b-6c29264a3ce4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An [ ] happens when soil moisture is too low for crops or pasture.","back":"An agricultural drought happens when soil moisture is too low for crops or pasture.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"agricultural drought","correct":true,"explanation":"Agricultural drought occurs when soil moisture becomes too low to support crops or pasture, directly reducing plant growth and farming productivity."},{"text":"meteorological drought","correct":false,"explanation":"Meteorological drought concerns rainfall being well below its long-term average. Low soil moisture affecting crops or pasture is agricultural drought."},{"text":"hydrological drought","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrological drought concerns unusually low levels in rivers, reservoirs, lakes or groundwater. Soil moisture insufficient for farming is agricultural drought."},{"text":"socio-economic drought","correct":false,"explanation":"Socio-economic drought is defined by impacts on people, employment, food prices or services. The farming and soil-moisture definition is agricultural drought."}]},{"id":"d6589b79-90e4-4be4-8e62-d13635968db6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If rivers, reservoirs, lakes or groundwater stores fall below normal, what type of drought is it?","back":"Hydrological drought.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hydrological drought.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hydrological drought is identified when water stored in rivers, reservoirs, lakes or groundwater falls below normal levels."},{"text":"Meteorological drought.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meteorological drought is based on rainfall being below the long-term average, not on depleted water stores. The correct type here is hydrological drought."},{"text":"Agricultural drought.","correct":false,"explanation":"Agricultural drought means soil moisture is too low for crops or pasture. Low levels in rivers, lakes, reservoirs or groundwater indicate hydrological drought."},{"text":"Socio-economic drought.","correct":false,"explanation":"Socio-economic drought concerns the effects of water shortage on people, jobs, prices or services. Low natural and stored water levels indicate hydrological drought."}]},{"id":"0f87c38f-273e-41ef-9d52-8abcc03dbac7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When is water shortage classed as socio-economic drought?","back":"When it affects lives, jobs, food prices or services.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When it affects lives, jobs, food prices or services.","correct":true,"explanation":"Water shortage becomes socio-economic drought when it has consequences for people and the economy, such as affecting lives, jobs, food prices or services."},{"text":"When it affects rivers, reservoirs, lakes or groundwater.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low rainfall describes meteorological drought, but socio-economic drought is defined by the consequences for people and the economy: lives, jobs, food prices or services."},{"text":"When it affects crops, pasture or soil moisture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Damage to crops or pasture describes agricultural drought. Socio-economic drought is classed by effects on lives, jobs, food prices or services."},{"text":"When it affects rainfall totals or cloud cover.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rainfall below average is the basis of meteorological drought, not socio-economic drought. The correct definition involves impacts on lives, jobs, food prices or services."}]},{"id":"723ba880-c206-4618-805e-d3e63642ec08","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Drought becomes a disaster when a physical hazard combines with [ ] and [ ].","back":"Drought becomes a disaster when a physical hazard combines with exposure and vulnerability.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Drought becomes a disaster when a physical hazard combines with exposure and vulnerability.","correct":true,"explanation":"A physical drought hazard becomes a disaster when people or assets are exposed to it and are vulnerable to suffering harm from its effects."},{"text":"Drought becomes a disaster when a physical hazard combines with risk and capacity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Risk is the potential for harm, but it is not one of the two specific factors completing this definition. The correct terms are exposure and vulnerability."},{"text":"Drought becomes a disaster when a physical hazard combines with adaptation and resilience.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adaptation can reduce impacts, while resilience describes the ability to recover. The disaster definition requires exposure and vulnerability alongside the hazard."},{"text":"Drought becomes a disaster when a physical hazard combines with frequency and magnitude.","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequency and magnitude describe characteristics of hazards, not the people and places affected by them. The correct factors are exposure and vulnerability."}]},{"id":"b126d096-98dc-4f29-a59a-660ec1ea72d0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"ENSO has a warm phase called [ ] and a cool phase called [ ].","back":"ENSO has a warm phase called El Niño and a cool phase called La Niña.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ENSO has a warm phase called El Niño and a cool phase called La Niña.","correct":true,"explanation":"ENSO’s warm phase is El Niño, while its cool phase is La Niña. These alternating phases alter ocean temperatures and atmospheric circulation."},{"text":"ENSO has a warm phase called La Niña and a cool phase called El Niño.","correct":false,"explanation":"The phases have been reversed here. El Niño is the warm phase and La Niña is the cool phase of ENSO."},{"text":"ENSO has a warm phase called El Niño and a cool phase called El Niño.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are not the names of ENSO’s two phases. The correct pairing is El Niño for the warm phase and La Niña for the cool phase."},{"text":"ENSO has a warm phase called La Niña and a cool phase called La Niña.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither term correctly identifies the ENSO phases. The accepted names are El Niño for warming and La Niña for cooling."}]},{"id":"5d6fa9bc-a757-4a13-8b3c-eb02fbe2b7b9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Under normal Pacific conditions, what do trade winds do to warm surface water?","back":"They push it west towards Australia and Indonesia.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They push it west towards Australia and Indonesia.","correct":true,"explanation":"Normal easterly trade winds drive warm surface water across the equatorial Pacific towards Australia and Indonesia, concentrating warm water in the western Pacific."},{"text":"They push it east towards Peru and Ecuador.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pushing warm water east towards Peru is associated with weakened or reversed trade winds during El Niño. Under normal conditions, trade winds push it west towards Australia and Indonesia."},{"text":"They push it north towards Japan and Alaska.","correct":false,"explanation":"Trade winds mainly move equatorial surface water from east to west, rather than polewards. They push warm water west towards Australia and Indonesia."},{"text":"They push it south towards Antarctica and Chile.","correct":false,"explanation":"The normal movement is not southwards into the Southern Ocean. Pacific trade winds push warm surface water west towards Australia and Indonesia."}]},{"id":"e9c2f055-31aa-4845-b652-c7800a34d5a2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Near Peru, cold deep water rising to the surface is called [ ].","back":"Near Peru, cold deep water rising to the surface is called upwelling.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"upwelling","correct":true,"explanation":"Upwelling occurs when cold, nutrient-rich water rises from deeper layers to replace surface water that has been moved away from the Peruvian coast."},{"text":"downwelling","correct":false,"explanation":"Downwelling is the sinking of surface water, which is the opposite vertical movement. Cold deep water rising near Peru is called upwelling."},{"text":"convection","correct":false,"explanation":"Convection describes circulation caused by density differences and is not the specific coastal process named here. The rise of cold deep water is upwelling."},{"text":"advection","correct":false,"explanation":"Advection is the horizontal transfer of water or atmospheric properties, not the upward movement described. Cold deep water rising to the surface is upwelling."}]},{"id":"a4a76e0d-04d2-45db-ab38-cafce87ef599","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"During El Niño, what happens to Pacific trade winds?","back":"They weaken.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They weaken.","correct":true,"explanation":"During El Niño, the normal easterly Pacific trade winds weaken, allowing warm surface water and the associated rain belt to move eastwards."},{"text":"They strengthen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stronger trade winds are characteristic of La Niña, not El Niño. During El Niño, Pacific trade winds weaken and may occasionally reverse."},{"text":"They stop permanently.","correct":false,"explanation":"Trade winds do not become permanently stationary during El Niño. Their usual westward-driving force weakens, allowing warm water to shift eastwards."},{"text":"They turn northwards.","correct":false,"explanation":"A northward change is not the defining alteration during El Niño. The key change is that the Pacific trade winds weaken."}]},{"id":"76d7ec0a-af46-4bc5-bf3d-1648ae21176e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"During El Niño, how does the main Pacific rain belt shift?","back":"It shifts eastwards.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It shifts eastwards.","correct":true,"explanation":"As warm surface water moves towards the central and eastern Pacific during El Niño, rising air and heavy rainfall also shift eastwards."},{"text":"It shifts westwards.","correct":false,"explanation":"A stronger westward displacement is associated more closely with La Niña conditions. During El Niño, warm water and the main Pacific rain belt shift eastwards."},{"text":"It shifts northwards.","correct":false,"explanation":"The principal El Niño movement follows warm water along the equatorial Pacific, not towards higher northern latitudes. The rain belt shifts eastwards."},{"text":"It remains stationary.","correct":false,"explanation":"El Niño changes the position of the main Pacific rain belt rather than leaving it fixed. It shifts eastwards towards the central and eastern Pacific."}]},{"id":"88f5d611-44c5-4743-be2d-478158f6d537","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can El Niño reduce rainfall in some regions?","back":"

Rising air and heavy rain shift east.
Sinking air brings clearer skies and lower rainfall.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Rising air and heavy rain shift east.
Sinking air brings clearer skies and lower rainfall.

","correct":true,"explanation":"El Niño moves warm water, rising air and heavy rain eastwards. Regions left beneath sinking air experience fewer clouds, clearer skies and reduced rainfall."},{"text":"

Sinking air and heavy rain shift east.
Rising air brings clearer skies and lower rainfall.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Sinking air suppresses cloud formation rather than producing heavy rain, while rising air encourages condensation. Drought develops where sinking air brings clearer skies and reduced rainfall."},{"text":"

Rising air and heavy rain shift west.
Sinking air brings clearer skies and lower rainfall.

","correct":false,"explanation":"An eastward movement of the rain-producing rising air is central to El Niño. A westward shift would describe the strengthened normal pattern associated with La Niña."},{"text":"

Rising air and heavy rain shift east.
Sinking air brings thicker clouds and higher rainfall.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Sinking air reduces cloud formation, so it lowers rather than raises rainfall. El Niño causes drought where sinking air produces clearer skies and less precipitation."}]},{"id":"94fc7364-b9b7-460a-8424-c42f177d0edc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"During La Niña, trade winds are usually [ ], piling warm water up in the [ ].","back":"During La Niña, trade winds are usually stronger than normal, piling warm water up in the western Pacific.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"During La Niña, trade winds are usually stronger than normal, piling warm water up in the western Pacific.","correct":true,"explanation":"La Niña strengthens the normal Pacific circulation, so stronger trade winds drive additional warm surface water towards the western Pacific."},{"text":"During La Niña, trade winds are usually weaker than normal, piling warm water up in the eastern Pacific.","correct":false,"explanation":"Weaker trade winds and an eastward movement of warm water describe El Niño. During La Niña, stronger-than-normal winds pile warm water into the western Pacific."},{"text":"During La Niña, trade winds are usually stronger than normal, piling warm water up in the eastern Pacific.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although stronger trade winds correctly describe La Niña, they push equatorial surface water westwards, not eastwards. Warm water therefore accumulates in the western Pacific."},{"text":"During La Niña, trade winds are usually weaker than normal, piling warm water up in the western Pacific.","correct":false,"explanation":"The location is correct, but weaker winds would allow warm water to move away from the western Pacific during El Niño. La Niña trade winds are stronger than normal."}]},{"id":"28a21281-2e80-4dad-b10f-1958700d9783","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What named drought case study is used in the notes?","back":"The 2015-16 El Niño drought in Ethiopia.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The 2015-16 El Niño drought in Ethiopia.","correct":true,"explanation":"The named case study examines how the 2015-16 El Niño disrupted Ethiopia’s seasonal rainfall, causing severe drought and widespread food insecurity."},{"text":"The 2010-11 drought in the Horn of Africa.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 2010-11 drought affected the wider Horn of Africa, but it is not the named case study in these notes. The case study is Ethiopia’s 2015-16 El Niño drought."},{"text":"The 2001-09 Millennium Drought in Australia.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Millennium Drought was an Australian event spanning several years, not the Ethiopian case study. The named example is the 2015-16 El Niño drought in Ethiopia."},{"text":"The 2012-16 drought in California.","correct":false,"explanation":"California experienced serious drought, but that is not the named case study here. The notes use the 2015-16 El Niño drought in Ethiopia."}]},{"id":"f30dd098-772e-4ed6-90ec-6b8667aeb518","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why were many rural Ethiopians vulnerable to failed seasonal rains?","back":"They relied on rain-fed farming, not irrigation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They relied on rain-fed farming, not irrigation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rain-fed farming depends directly on seasonal precipitation. With little irrigation available, failed rains caused crop losses and threatened rural households’ food supplies and incomes."},{"text":"They relied on irrigated farming, not rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Irrigated farming would reduce immediate dependence on seasonal rainfall, so this reverses the source of vulnerability. Many rural Ethiopians relied on rain-fed farming rather than irrigation."},{"text":"They relied on imported food, not local crops.","correct":false,"explanation":"Imported food does not explain why failed seasonal rains directly harmed rural livelihoods. Vulnerability arose because many households depended on rain-fed farming without irrigation."},{"text":"They relied on industrial employment, not agriculture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Industrial employment is not directly dependent on seasonal rainfall in the same way as agriculture. Many rural Ethiopians were vulnerable because they relied on rain-fed farming."}]},{"id":"830df917-f2f2-4659-a49d-6502e5a48eaf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In Ethiopia, poor [ ] rains and reduced or unreliable [ ] rains helped cause the 2015-16 drought.","back":"In Ethiopia, poor belg rains and reduced or unreliable kiremt rains helped cause the 2015-16 drought.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In Ethiopia, poor belg rains and reduced or unreliable kiremt rains helped cause the 2015-16 drought.","correct":true,"explanation":"The belg rains are the shorter spring rains, while the kiremt rains are the main summer rains. Failure or unreliability in both seasons created severe water and food shortages."},{"text":"In Ethiopia, poor kiremt rains and reduced or unreliable belg rains helped cause the 2015-16 drought.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two rainy seasons. The poor belg rains came first, followed by reduced or unreliable kiremt rains, intensifying Ethiopia’s drought through 2015-16."},{"text":"In Ethiopia, poor bega rains and reduced or unreliable kiremt rains helped cause the 2015-16 drought.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bega is primarily Ethiopia’s dry season, so describing failed bega rains is the misconception. Poor belg rains and unreliable kiremt rains caused the drought."},{"text":"In Ethiopia, poor belg rains and reduced or unreliable meher rains helped cause the 2015-16 drought.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meher refers to the main harvest season rather than the name of the main summer rains. The affected rainy seasons were the belg and kiremt."}]},{"id":"2a58952e-725d-4916-a463-79ab33dc2a02","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did high temperatures worsen Ethiopia’s 2015-16 drought?","back":"They increased evapotranspiration, so soils dried faster.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They increased evapotranspiration, so soils dried faster.","correct":true,"explanation":"Higher temperatures accelerated evaporation from soil and transpiration from plants. This increased evapotranspiration, removing moisture more quickly and worsening the existing rainfall shortage."},{"text":"They reduced evapotranspiration, so soils retained moisture.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the effect of heat on water loss. High temperatures increased evapotranspiration, meaning that soils and vegetation lost moisture faster."},{"text":"They increased condensation, so rainfall became more intense.","correct":false,"explanation":"High temperatures did not worsen the drought by producing heavier rainfall. They increased evapotranspiration, which accelerated water loss from soils and plants."},{"text":"They increased infiltration, so groundwater levels recovered.","correct":false,"explanation":"Infiltration requires water reaching the ground and was not the main temperature effect. Heat increased evapotranspiration, causing soil moisture to disappear more quickly."}]},{"id":"cb239fa4-3e56-46e8-b422-ed91930e4180","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In early 2016, roughly how many Ethiopians needed emergency food assistance?","back":"Around 10 million people.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Around 10 million people.","correct":true,"explanation":"By early 2016, approximately 10 million Ethiopians required emergency food assistance because drought had reduced harvests, damaged livelihoods and increased food insecurity."},{"text":"Around 5 million people.","correct":false,"explanation":"This substantially underestimates the scale of the crisis, possibly by halving the remembered figure. Around 10 million Ethiopians needed emergency food assistance in early 2016."},{"text":"Around 15 million people.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overestimates the emergency food assistance figure by about five million. The commonly cited total for early 2016 is around 10 million people."},{"text":"Around 20 million people.","correct":false,"explanation":"This likely doubles the approximate figure and exaggerates the number requiring emergency food assistance. The correct estimate is around 10 million Ethiopians."}]},{"id":"f13d0791-6d58-4acb-bb45-b8f821551fb8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did many Ethiopian pastoralists lose livestock during the drought?","back":"Pasture and water points dried.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Pasture and water points dried.","correct":true,"explanation":"Drought dried grazing land and water sources, leaving livestock without sufficient food or drinking water. Many animals consequently became weak or died."},{"text":"Pasture and water points flooded.","correct":false,"explanation":"Flooding is the opposite of the drought conditions affecting pastoral areas. Livestock were lost because pasture and water points dried, creating shortages of fodder and water."},{"text":"Fodder and water became more abundant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater supplies would support livestock rather than cause widespread losses. The drought reduced both resources as pasture and water points dried."},{"text":"Livestock prices rose sharply.","correct":false,"explanation":"Price rises do not explain the animals’ physical deaths, and drought can force distress sales at low prices. Livestock were lost because pasture and water points dried."}]},{"id":"be19eb30-a082-4ce2-8dff-a082dd42f3b7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did vegetation decline increase environmental damage in Ethiopia?","back":"It exposed soil to wind erosion and later water erosion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It exposed soil to wind erosion and later water erosion.","correct":true,"explanation":"Vegetation normally anchors and shields soil. Once cover declined, wind removed dry exposed particles, while later rainfall could wash the unprotected soil away."},{"text":"It exposed soil to wind deposition and later water deposition.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses erosion with deposition, which occurs when transported material is laid down. Vegetation loss exposed soil to removal by wind erosion and later water erosion."},{"text":"It exposed soil to coastal erosion and later glacial erosion.","correct":false,"explanation":"These processes require coastlines or moving ice and do not explain drought-related soil damage. Exposed Ethiopian soils suffered wind erosion and later water erosion."},{"text":"It exposed soil to chemical weathering and later freeze-thaw weathering.","correct":false,"explanation":"Weathering breaks material down in place and is not the main consequence described. Reduced vegetation allowed wind and later flowing rainwater to remove exposed soil."}]},{"id":"d18d2fb9-26a2-4a09-b0e9-7a7bb0073806","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can animals concentrating around few water points cause land degradation?","back":"Overgrazing removes vegetation faster than it regrows.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Overgrazing removes vegetation faster than it regrows.","correct":true,"explanation":"When many animals gather near limited water, they repeatedly graze the surrounding plants. Vegetation is consumed faster than it can recover, leaving soil exposed."},{"text":"Undergrazing removes vegetation faster than it regrows.","correct":false,"explanation":"Undergrazing means too little grazing and therefore cannot explain rapid vegetation removal. Concentrated livestock cause overgrazing, consuming plants faster than they regrow."},{"text":"Overcultivation removes vegetation faster than it regrows.","correct":false,"explanation":"Overcultivation results from repeatedly cropping farmland, not from animals gathering around water. In this situation, concentrated livestock cause overgrazing and prevent vegetation recovery."},{"text":"Deforestation removes vegetation faster than it regrows.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deforestation specifically involves clearing forests and does not describe animals repeatedly eating pasture. The relevant process is overgrazing, which removes plants faster than they regrow."}]},{"id":"d8497e96-0572-4575-8212-e1a02b303a8a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What was the purpose of Ethiopia’s drought early warning systems?","back":"To identify drought risk earlier.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To identify drought risk earlier.","correct":true,"explanation":"Early warning systems monitor indicators such as rainfall, vegetation and food availability. Identifying increasing drought risk sooner allows governments and aid organisations to respond earlier."},{"text":"To identify flood risk earlier.","correct":false,"explanation":"Flood monitoring addresses excessive water rather than prolonged water shortage. Ethiopia’s drought early warning systems were intended to identify drought risk sooner and support timely action."},{"text":"To deliver emergency food automatically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Warning systems provide monitoring and alerts rather than directly distributing supplies. Their purpose was to identify drought risk earlier so appropriate assistance could be organised."},{"text":"To predict exact rainfall years ahead.","correct":false,"explanation":"Early warning systems estimate developing risk from current evidence; they cannot predict exact rainfall far into the future. Their purpose was to identify drought risk earlier."}]},{"id":"a63b82f8-f9dd-4606-935e-9b0a8cb1bb99","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which Ethiopian programme gave food or cash support to vulnerable rural households?","back":"The Productive Safety Net Programme.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Productive Safety Net Programme.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme provided predictable food or cash transfers to vulnerable rural households, helping them meet essential needs without selling productive assets."},{"text":"The Agricultural Growth Programme.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Agricultural Growth Programme focused on improving agricultural productivity and market access. Food or cash support for vulnerable rural households came through the Productive Safety Net Programme."},{"text":"The Sustainable Land Management Programme.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Sustainable Land Management Programme addressed soil, water and land degradation rather than serving as the main household safety net. The correct programme was the Productive Safety Net Programme."},{"text":"The Household Asset Building Programme.","correct":false,"explanation":"This complementary programme helped households develop livelihoods and assets rather than providing the principal regular food or cash transfers. Those came from the Productive Safety Net Programme."}]},{"id":"20bc66bf-9b7d-415d-bd5c-003ed43f39c6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do water harvesting, dams, ponds, boreholes and irrigation reduce drought vulnerability?","back":"They reduce dependence on seasonal rainfall.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They reduce dependence on seasonal rainfall.","correct":true,"explanation":"These methods store rainfall or provide alternative water sources, making water available during dry periods and reducing reliance on seasonal rainfall."},{"text":"They guarantee rainfall throughout the year.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water-management infrastructure cannot guarantee rainfall, because rainfall depends on atmospheric conditions. It instead reduces dependence on seasonal rainfall by storing or accessing water."},{"text":"They eliminate the need to conserve water.","correct":false,"explanation":"These methods do not remove the need for careful water use, especially during prolonged droughts. They reduce dependence on seasonal rainfall by increasing water storage and access."},{"text":"They increase dependence on seasonal rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship: stored water, groundwater and irrigation provide supplies when seasonal rain fails, so they reduce rather than increase dependence on rainfall."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Drought case study","title":"Drought case study Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/geography/ocr/a/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"34d3977f-a509-58c5-a29f-3808e1c10555","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]