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waves have sufficient energy to remove material. When waves lose energy, they instead deposit the sediment they are carrying."},{"text":"They transport sediment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transport requires enough energy to keep sediment moving. As wave energy decreases, carrying capacity falls and the sediment is deposited."},{"text":"They increase in height.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing wave height would generally indicate greater, not lower, wave energy. Waves that lose energy become less able to carry sediment and deposit it."}]},{"id":"aa625fec-88b6-4f40-86f1-1c6bc1ec0948","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Waves erode cliffs by [ ] forcing water and trapped air into cracks, and [ ] scraping rock with sediment.","back":"Waves erode cliffs by hydraulic action forcing water and trapped air into cracks, and abrasion scraping rock with sediment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Waves erode cliffs by hydraulic action forcing water and trapped air into cracks, and abrasion scraping rock with sediment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hydraulic action compresses water and trapped air inside cracks, while abrasion occurs when sediment carried by waves strikes and scrapes the cliff."},{"text":"Waves erode cliffs by abrasion forcing water and trapped air into cracks, and hydraulic action scraping rock with sediment.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two processes have been reversed. Hydraulic action forces water and trapped air into cracks, whereas abrasion uses carried sediment to scrape the rock."},{"text":"Waves erode cliffs by attrition forcing water and trapped air into cracks, and abrasion scraping rock with sediment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Attrition describes transported rocks colliding and becoming smaller and rounder. Forcing water and trapped air into cliff cracks is hydraulic action, while scraping is abrasion."},{"text":"Waves erode cliffs by hydraulic action forcing water and trapped air into cracks, and attrition scraping rock with sediment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Scraping a cliff with carried sediment is abrasion. Attrition instead occurs when pieces of sediment collide with one another and become smaller and smoother."}]},{"id":"5ad8f238-243b-4fc1-b313-c43b9e58df94","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If less-resistant rock erodes faster than resistant rock, what process is happening?","back":"Differential erosion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Differential erosion.","correct":true,"explanation":"Differential erosion occurs because rocks with different resistance erode at different rates, often producing bays in softer rock and headlands in harder rock."},{"text":"Hydraulic action.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydraulic action is erosion caused by water and compressed air entering cracks. Different erosion rates between resistant and less-resistant rocks are called differential erosion."},{"text":"Abrasion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Abrasion occurs when sediment carried by waves scrapes against the coastline. Faster erosion of less-resistant rock than resistant rock is differential erosion."},{"text":"Attrition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Attrition makes transported sediment smaller and rounder through collisions. The contrasting erosion rates of different rock types are described as differential erosion."}]},{"id":"96c52e66-e773-43e5-bed9-33f2271b04a3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If alternating resistant and less-resistant rock bands meet the sea at right angles, what coastline is present?","back":"A discordant coastline.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A discordant coastline.","correct":true,"explanation":"On a discordant coastline, alternating bands of resistant and less-resistant rock meet the sea at right angles, allowing headlands and bays to develop."},{"text":"A concordant coastline.","correct":false,"explanation":"A concordant coastline has rock bands running parallel to the shore. Bands meeting the sea at right angles form a discordant coastline."},{"text":"An emergent coastline.","correct":false,"explanation":"An emergent coastline results from land rising or sea level falling, not from rock-band alignment. Perpendicular alternating bands create a discordant coastline."},{"text":"A submergent coastline.","correct":false,"explanation":"A submergent coastline forms when sea level rises relative to the land. Alternating rock bands meeting the sea at right angles indicate a discordant coastline."}]},{"id":"515a8aa8-72d2-4528-bf89-2d073acfe58c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If less-resistant rock is eroded back, which coastal landform forms?","back":"A bay.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A bay.","correct":true,"explanation":"Less-resistant rock is eroded more rapidly than surrounding resistant rock, creating an inward-curving area of water called a bay."},{"text":"A headland.","correct":false,"explanation":"A headland forms where resistant rock erodes slowly and remains projecting seaward. Rapidly eroded less-resistant rock retreats to form a bay."},{"text":"A cliff.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cliff is a steep coastal rock face produced by erosion and collapse. Selective erosion of a less-resistant band creates a bay."},{"text":"A wave-cut platform.","correct":false,"explanation":"A wave-cut platform develops as a cliff retreats and leaves a rocky surface behind. Less-resistant rock eroded between resistant bands forms a bay."}]},{"id":"695217b0-a4a9-4945-8ee1-4ad32bd73fd5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where resistant rock remains projecting into the sea, which landform forms?","back":"A headland.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A headland.","correct":true,"explanation":"Resistant rock erodes slowly, so it remains extending out from the coastline as a projection called a headland."},{"text":"A bay.","correct":false,"explanation":"A bay forms where less-resistant rock is eroded back more rapidly. Resistant rock that remains projecting into the sea forms a headland."},{"text":"A cave.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cave forms when erosion enlarges a crack or weakness within a cliff or headland. The whole resistant projection is called a headland."},{"text":"A spit.","correct":false,"explanation":"A spit is a depositional feature made from sediment transported by longshore drift. A projection of resistant bedrock is a headland."}]},{"id":"a986702d-0608-4ba2-8fc6-c7958c5b53fd","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Waves bend in shallower water around headlands - this is [ ], which concentrates energy on [ ].","back":"Waves bend in shallower water around headlands - this is wave refraction, which concentrates energy on headlands.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Waves bend in shallower water around headlands - this is wave refraction, which concentrates energy on headlands.","correct":true,"explanation":"Wave refraction occurs as sections of a wave slow in shallow water and bend. Wave fronts converge at headlands, concentrating erosive energy there."},{"text":"Waves bend in shallower water around headlands - this is wave diffraction, which concentrates energy on headlands.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffraction describes waves spreading after passing an obstacle or gap. Depth-related bending around a headland is wave refraction, which concentrates energy on headlands."},{"text":"Waves bend in shallower water around headlands - this is wave refraction, which concentrates energy on bays.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wave refraction spreads wave fronts and reduces energy inside bays. The wave fronts converge instead on headlands, concentrating erosive energy there."},{"text":"Waves bend in shallower water around headlands - this is longshore drift, which concentrates energy on bays.","correct":false,"explanation":"Longshore drift transports sediment along a beach and does not describe wave bending. Wave refraction bends waves and concentrates their energy on headlands."}]},{"id":"5ba3cc04-b3d3-46a2-94db-ca97458eebf6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do beaches often build up inside bays?","back":"Sheltering gives lower wave energy, encouraging deposition.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sheltering gives lower wave energy, encouraging deposition.","correct":true,"explanation":"Headlands shelter bays and wave refraction disperses energy within them. Lower-energy waves have less carrying capacity, so they deposit sediment and build beaches."},{"text":"Exposure gives higher wave energy, encouraging deposition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Higher-energy waves are more likely to erode a beach and transport sediment away. Sheltering lowers wave energy inside bays, encouraging deposition."},{"text":"Sheltering gives higher wave energy, encouraging deposition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sheltering does not increase wave energy; it reduces exposure to powerful waves. This lower energy allows sediment to be deposited inside bays."},{"text":"Sheltering gives lower wave energy, encouraging erosion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lower wave energy reduces a wave's ability to erode and transport material. It therefore encourages deposition, which allows beaches to build inside bays."}]},{"id":"f143c6b8-2c74-4bab-9af9-877ce0ea6932","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A named UK bay where softer rocks were eroded between resistant headlands is [ ] in [ ].","back":"A named UK bay where softer rocks were eroded between resistant headlands is Swanage Bay in Dorset.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A named UK bay where softer rocks were eroded between resistant headlands is Swanage Bay in Dorset.","correct":true,"explanation":"Swanage Bay formed because softer rocks were eroded more quickly between resistant headlands, and it is located in Dorset on the south coast of England."},{"text":"A named UK bay where softer rocks were eroded between resistant headlands is Morecambe Bay in Dorset.","correct":false,"explanation":"This combines a different coastal location with the wrong county. The named example produced by differential erosion between resistant headlands is Swanage Bay in Dorset."},{"text":"A named UK bay where softer rocks were eroded between resistant headlands is Lyme Bay in Dorset.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lyme Bay is a real UK coastal feature, but it is not the named example required here. The correct case study is Swanage Bay in Dorset."},{"text":"A named UK bay where softer rocks were eroded between resistant headlands is Cardigan Bay in Wales.","correct":false,"explanation":"The location is incorrect: Cardigan Bay is in Wales rather than Dorset. The relevant example of softer rock eroding between resistant headlands is Swanage Bay in Dorset."}]},{"id":"8c6b0852-a76d-4cc8-a576-0b2c02a33267","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What weaknesses do waves usually attack first on a headland?","back":"Cracks and joints in the rock.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cracks and joints in the rock.","correct":true,"explanation":"Waves exploit existing cracks and joints because these weaknesses provide openings for hydraulic action and abrasion, allowing erosion to enlarge them into caves and other landforms."},{"text":"Faults and folds in the rock.","correct":false,"explanation":"Faults are larger geological fractures and may influence coastal erosion, but the usual first weaknesses targeted on a headland are cracks and joints in the rock."},{"text":"Layers and beds in the rock.","correct":false,"explanation":"Layers can affect erosion rates, but waves normally enter and enlarge pre-existing cracks and joints before removing substantial sections of the headland."},{"text":"Mineral grains in the rock.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mineral grains are part of the rock structure, not the main openings attacked first by waves. Erosion usually begins along cracks and joints in the rock."}]},{"id":"69b567cd-4250-41e4-9fa3-bb7623dbb2f1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When erosion breaks a cave through a headland, what forms?","back":"An arch.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An arch.","correct":true,"explanation":"Continued erosion enlarges a cave until it cuts completely through the headland, forming an arch with an opening through the rock."},{"text":"A stack.","correct":false,"explanation":"A stack forms only after the roof of an arch collapses, leaving an isolated pillar. When the cave first cuts through, the landform is an arch."},{"text":"A stump.","correct":false,"explanation":"A stump is the low remnant left after a stack is further eroded, so it occurs later in the sequence rather than immediately after a cave breaks through."},{"text":"A wave-cut platform.","correct":false,"explanation":"A wave-cut platform develops as a cliff retreats and leaves a gently sloping rocky surface, not when erosion first breaks a cave through a headland."}]},{"id":"1f6d4128-4b4c-4930-9da7-06bcb0555d5a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] weakens an arch roof, erosion undercuts the base, and [ ] causes collapse.","back":"Weathering weakens an arch roof, erosion undercuts the base, and gravity causes collapse.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Weathering weakens an arch roof, erosion undercuts the base, and gravity causes collapse.","correct":true,"explanation":"Weathering weakens the arch roof, erosion removes support at the base, and gravity pulls the weakened roof down, causing the arch to collapse."},{"text":"Erosion weakens an arch roof, erosion undercuts the base, and gravity causes collapse.","correct":false,"explanation":"Erosion can undercut the base, but it is weathering that weakens the arch roof and gravity that causes the unsupported structure to collapse."},{"text":"Weathering weakens an arch roof, erosion undercuts the base, and wind causes collapse.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wind may contribute to weathering, but it does not replace gravity as the force that pulls the weakened arch roof down after its base is undercut."},{"text":"Deposition weakens an arch roof, erosion undercuts the base, and gravity causes collapse.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deposition adds material rather than weakening the roof, so it cannot explain this sequence. Weathering weakens the roof, erosion undercuts the base, and gravity causes collapse."}]},{"id":"e6bf9160-5c59-40b0-a048-0b4b05570e04","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"After an arch roof collapses, what landform is left?","back":"A stack.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A stack.","correct":true,"explanation":"When the roof of an arch collapses, an isolated column of resistant rock remains offshore. This landform is called a stack."},{"text":"An arch.","correct":false,"explanation":"An arch exists before its roof collapses. Once the roof falls, the remaining isolated pillar is a stack, which may later erode into a stump."},{"text":"A stump.","correct":false,"explanation":"A stump is produced by further erosion lowering a stack, so it is a later stage in the sequence rather than the immediate remnant of a collapsed arch."},{"text":"A wave-cut notch.","correct":false,"explanation":"A wave-cut notch is an indentation at the base of a cliff formed by erosion, not the isolated pillar left after an arch roof collapses."}]},{"id":"77182459-26f8-46de-874b-f1117308b4eb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"After further erosion reduces a stack, what landform remains?","back":"A stump.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A stump.","correct":true,"explanation":"Further erosion lowers and wears away the stack until only a short, submerged or partly exposed rocky remnant remains. This remnant is called a stump."},{"text":"A stack.","correct":false,"explanation":"A stack is the taller isolated pillar present before further erosion reduces it. Continued erosion eventually leaves the shorter landform called a stump."},{"text":"A wave-cut platform.","correct":false,"explanation":"A wave-cut platform is a rocky surface left as a cliff retreats, not the small isolated remnant produced by reducing a stack."},{"text":"A cave.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cave is an opening eroded into a cliff or headland, whereas the remaining low pillar after a stack is worn down is a stump."}]},{"id":"ecc0fea5-566f-4953-a9ba-89190a00af41","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Durdle Door is a famous [ ]; Old Harry Rocks are chalk [ ] near Studland.","back":"Durdle Door is a famous arch; Old Harry Rocks are chalk stacks near Studland.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Durdle Door is a famous arch; Old Harry Rocks are chalk stacks near Studland.","correct":true,"explanation":"Durdle Door is a natural arch in the limestone coast, while Old Harry Rocks are chalk stacks near Studland in Dorset."},{"text":"Durdle Door is a famous arch; Old Harry Rocks are chalk stumps near Studland.","correct":false,"explanation":"Durdle Door is correctly identified as an arch, but Old Harry Rocks are stacks rather than stumps. Stumps are the later, lower remnants of eroded stacks."},{"text":"Durdle Door is a famous cave; Old Harry Rocks are chalk stacks near Studland.","correct":false,"explanation":"Old Harry Rocks are chalk stacks, but Durdle Door is not a cave. It is an arch formed when erosion cut through the headland."},{"text":"Durdle Door is a famous stack; Old Harry Rocks are chalk stumps near Studland.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither landform is correctly classified here. Durdle Door is an arch, and Old Harry Rocks are chalk stacks near Studland."}]},{"id":"4b0a5bd1-dc23-43b0-ad6a-3aa8f15a2e0b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do constructive waves build beaches?","back":"Strong swash pushes more sediment up than weak backwash removes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Strong swash pushes more sediment up than weak backwash removes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Constructive waves have a strong swash that carries sediment up the beach and a weaker backwash, so more material is deposited than removed and the beach builds."},{"text":"Strong backwash removes more sediment than weak swash pushes up.","correct":false,"explanation":"Destructive waves, not constructive waves, have stronger backwash and remove more sediment. Constructive waves build beaches through strong swash and weak backwash."},{"text":"Equal swash and backwash move the same amount of sediment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal swash and backwash would produce little net movement of sediment. Beach deposition occurs when constructive waves have stronger swash than backwash."},{"text":"Weak swash pushes more sediment up than strong backwash removes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Weak swash cannot carry as much sediment up the beach. Constructive waves build beaches because their strong swash exceeds the sediment-removing effect of backwash."}]},{"id":"0837322c-2ae1-426b-bcf1-f83d42edaaa4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can destructive waves make beaches narrower?","back":"Their backwash is stronger than swash, removing sediment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Their backwash is stronger than swash, removing sediment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Destructive waves have a powerful backwash that removes more sediment than the swash brings up the beach, causing the beach profile to become narrower."},{"text":"Their swash is stronger than backwash, removing sediment.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the wave characteristics: constructive waves have stronger swash, while destructive waves have stronger backwash. The correct answer is that backwash removes sediment from the beach."},{"text":"Their backwash is weaker than swash, adding sediment.","correct":false,"explanation":"A weaker backwash would leave more sediment on the beach, making it wider rather than narrower. Destructive waves narrow beaches because their backwash is stronger than their swash."},{"text":"Their swash is weaker than backwash, adding sediment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although destructive waves do have weaker swash than backwash, the backwash removes sediment rather than adding it. The complete explanation is that stronger backwash removes sediment."}]},{"id":"872dae59-2172-4fbc-a841-ad80116eaa5b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Longshore drift happens when the [ ] makes waves approach the beach at an [ ].","back":"Longshore drift happens when the prevailing wind makes waves approach the beach at an angle.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Longshore drift happens when the prevailing wind makes waves approach the beach at an angle.","correct":true,"explanation":"The prevailing wind controls the direction in which waves approach the coast. An angled approach makes swash move sediment up the beach diagonally, while backwash returns it down the slope."},{"text":"Longshore drift happens when the prevailing wind makes waves approach the beach parallel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Waves approaching parallel to the beach would not create the repeated sideways swash needed for longshore drift. The correct description is that they approach at an angle."},{"text":"Longshore drift happens when the prevailing tide makes waves approach the beach at an angle.","correct":false,"explanation":"The prevailing wind, rather than the tide, determines the direction from which waves usually approach the beach. The correct sentence links the prevailing wind with an angled approach."},{"text":"Longshore drift happens when the prevailing wind makes waves approach the beach vertically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Waves do not approach a beach vertically in the longshore-drift process; the key movement is an angled approach along the coastline. The correct term is angle."}]},{"id":"21339e0d-8b25-4723-9784-460e6682276c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do swash and backwash move sediment during longshore drift?","back":"

Swash: up the beach at an angle.
Backwash: straight down under gravity.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Swash: up the beach at an angle.
Backwash: straight down under gravity.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Swash carries sediment up the beach at the angle of wave approach. Gravity then pulls the backwash straight down the beach, producing a net movement along the coastline."},{"text":"

Swash: straight up under gravity.
Backwash: down the beach at an angle.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both movements: gravity pulls backwash straight down, while swash travels up at an angle because of the waves' approach. Those movements create longshore drift."},{"text":"

Swash: down the beach at an angle.
Backwash: straight up under gravity.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Swash always moves water and sediment up the beach, not down it, and gravity drives backwash downslope. The correct pattern is angled swash upwards and straight backwash downwards."},{"text":"

Swash: straight up under gravity.
Backwash: straight down under gravity.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Only backwash is driven straight down by gravity. Swash moves up the beach at an angle because waves approach the shoreline obliquely, creating the sideways sediment movement."}]},{"id":"239f9f7b-fc35-4f07-97da-a1b727410b55","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What overall sediment movement does repeated swash and backwash create?","back":"A zig-zag movement along the coast.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A zig-zag movement along the coast.","correct":true,"explanation":"Angled swash moves sediment up the beach in one direction, while gravity-driven backwash moves it straight down. Repeated waves therefore create a zig-zag movement along the coast."},{"text":"A straight-line movement directly inland.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sediment does not move directly inland because backwash returns it down the beach. The alternating angled swash and straight backwash produce a zig-zag movement along the coast."},{"text":"A circular movement around the beach.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sediment is not moved in a closed circular path. Each wave shifts it slightly along the shoreline, creating the correct overall pattern of zig-zag movement."},{"text":"A backward movement towards the sea.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although individual backwash carries sediment seawards, angled swash gives the sediment a net movement along the coast. The overall result is a zig-zag movement, not simply backwards."}]},{"id":"830cc62a-eeeb-4f92-8dd2-30024f7cccc2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why may a spit start forming where the coastline changes direction or at an estuary mouth?","back":"Wave energy drops, so sediment is deposited outward as a ridge.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Wave energy drops, so sediment is deposited outward as a ridge.","correct":true,"explanation":"When the coastline changes direction or an estuary is reached, wave energy decreases. The weaker waves can no longer carry as much sediment, so it is deposited outward to form a spit."},{"text":"Wave energy increases, so sediment is eroded outward as a ridge.","correct":false,"explanation":"Higher wave energy would encourage erosion and transport rather than deposition. Spits begin where wave energy drops, allowing sediment to accumulate outward as a ridge."},{"text":"Wave energy drops, so sediment is deposited inland as a ridge.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduced wave energy causes deposition, but longshore drift carries the sediment outward from the coastline. The correct answer is that it is deposited outward as a ridge."},{"text":"Wave energy stays constant, so sediment is transported outward as a ridge.","correct":false,"explanation":"A drop in wave energy is essential because it causes sediment to be deposited rather than continually transported. The deposited material builds outward into a ridge forming a spit."}]},{"id":"a0d7f7b2-6e4a-434d-a188-e204a2733fdc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What change can make the end of a spit bend back towards land?","back":"A change in wind or wave direction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A change in wind or wave direction.","correct":true,"explanation":"If wind or wave direction changes, the direction of longshore drift also changes. This can curve the spit’s tip back towards the land, creating a recurved end."},{"text":"A change in tide or current direction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tides and currents can influence coastal processes, but the key change causing a spit to bend back is a change in wind or wave direction, which alters longshore drift."},{"text":"A change in beach or cliff height.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changes in beach or cliff height do not directly reverse the direction of sediment transport at a spit’s end. A change in wind or wave direction causes the bend."},{"text":"A change in sediment or mud content.","correct":false,"explanation":"The type or amount of sediment may affect spit development, but it does not change the transport direction. A change in wind or wave direction makes the end recur towards land."}]},{"id":"d3b414ae-3f62-4ec4-a9f0-614fb39518a0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What forms behind a spit when sheltered water lets fine mud settle?","back":"Mudflats.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mudflats.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sheltered water behind a spit has low energy, so fine mud and silt settle there. Continued deposition creates flat areas known as mudflats."},{"text":"Sand dunes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sand dunes form when wind transports and deposits dry sand above the beach, not when fine mud settles in sheltered water. The correct landform is mudflats."},{"text":"Shingle beaches.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shingle beaches are made from coarse beach material such as pebbles, whereas sheltered water behind a spit allows fine mud to settle and form mudflats."},{"text":"Wave-cut platforms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wave-cut platforms are rocky erosion features formed at the base of retreating cliffs. Sheltered deposition of fine mud behind a spit produces mudflats instead."}]},{"id":"5374ca31-2351-40eb-97cc-623940b0873c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What can form when plants colonise mud behind a spit?","back":"A salt marsh.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A salt marsh.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plants can colonise the deposited mud behind a spit. Their roots stabilise the sediment and trap more material, gradually developing a salt marsh."},{"text":"A sand dune.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sand dunes develop when wind deposits dry sand, usually above the high-tide line. Plants colonising muddy sheltered ground behind a spit create a salt marsh."},{"text":"A wave-cut platform.","correct":false,"explanation":"A wave-cut platform is produced by marine erosion at the foot of a cliff, not by plants growing on sheltered mud. The correct feature is a salt marsh."},{"text":"A coral reef.","correct":false,"explanation":"Coral reefs are built by coral organisms in suitable warm, shallow marine environments. Vegetation colonising mud behind a spit forms a salt marsh instead."}]},{"id":"2bb7a95d-0e7b-4b5a-ae49-86a5a3eadabf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A spit is attached to land at [ ]; a bar joins [ ] across a bay or river mouth.","back":"A spit is attached to land at one end; a bar joins two areas of land across a bay or river mouth.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A spit is attached to land at one end; a bar joins two areas of land across a bay or river mouth.","correct":true,"explanation":"A spit is connected to the coastline at one end, while a bar forms when sediment builds across a bay or river mouth and connects two areas of land."},{"text":"A spit is attached to land at both ends; a bar joins one area of land across a bay or river mouth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both ends being attached describes a bar more closely, while a spit remains connected at one end. A bar joins two areas of land across a bay or river mouth."},{"text":"A spit is attached to land at one end; a bar joins two headlands across a bay or river mouth.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first part is correct, but a bar is not specifically defined as joining two headlands. It joins two areas of land when sediment stretches across a bay or river mouth."},{"text":"A spit is attached to land at two ends; a bar joins two areas of land across a bay or river mouth.","correct":false,"explanation":"The second part is correct, but a spit is not attached at both ends. Its defining feature is that it remains joined to the land at one end only."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Coastal landforms","title":"Coastal landforms Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/geography/ocr/a/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"a362076b-7768-5f61-9557-1ea1f44849ad","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]