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The key or legend provides those explanations."},{"text":"The title or heading.","correct":false,"explanation":"A title identifies the map’s subject or location but does not explain its visual symbols. That information is supplied by the key or legend."},{"text":"The north arrow or compass.","correct":false,"explanation":"A north arrow shows orientation rather than the meaning of colours and symbols. Their meanings are explained by the map’s key or legend."}]},{"id":"e20ea0a5-d6ab-4641-873c-6bf98f42254d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which map element lets you convert map distance to real distance?","back":"The scale.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The scale.","correct":true,"explanation":"The scale states the relationship between a measurement on the map and the corresponding distance in the real world, allowing distances to be converted."},{"text":"The key.","correct":false,"explanation":"The key explains symbols and colours but provides no conversion between mapped and actual distance. The scale supplies the required distance relationship."},{"text":"The title.","correct":false,"explanation":"The title identifies what or where the map represents, not how map distance relates to reality. That conversion is made using the scale."},{"text":"The compass.","correct":false,"explanation":"The compass indicates direction, which is often confused with measuring movement across a map. Real-world distance is calculated from map distance using the scale."}]},{"id":"1df3b2ca-2737-4e73-ba51-e2723f447941","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which map type is best for broad global, continental or national patterns?","back":"An atlas map.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An atlas map.","correct":true,"explanation":"Atlas maps usually cover large areas at relatively small scales, making them suitable for displaying broad spatial patterns across countries, continents or the world."},{"text":"A street map.","correct":false,"explanation":"A street map shows detailed routes and features within a small local area. Broad national or global patterns are more appropriately displayed on an atlas map."},{"text":"An OS map.","correct":false,"explanation":"An OS map provides detailed topographic information for a limited area, rather than a broad overview. An atlas map is better suited to continental or global patterns."},{"text":"A sketch map.","correct":false,"explanation":"A sketch map simplifies the features of a particular place and may not use a precise scale. An atlas map is used for broad large-area patterns."}]},{"id":"dc107b71-e94b-463c-8f8d-51ca98dfa1d5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which map type uses shaded areas to show how a value varies?","back":"A choropleth map.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A choropleth map.","correct":true,"explanation":"A choropleth map divides an area into spatial units and shades each unit according to its value or class, allowing geographical variations to be compared."},{"text":"A proportional symbol map.","correct":false,"explanation":"A proportional symbol map changes symbol size to represent values rather than shading whole areas. Shaded geographical units are the defining feature of a choropleth map."},{"text":"A dot distribution map.","correct":false,"explanation":"A dot distribution map uses dots to represent quantities or occurrences, rather than shading complete areas. A choropleth map displays values through area shading."},{"text":"An isoline map.","correct":false,"explanation":"An isoline map joins locations sharing equal values and usually represents continuous data. A choropleth map instead shades defined areas according to their values."}]},{"id":"6e1bcf5f-910b-4c34-ac8f-138329facb26","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can raw totals mislead on a choropleth map?","back":"Large areas may have big totals just because they are large.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Large areas may have big totals just because they are large.","correct":true,"explanation":"Larger geographical units can accumulate greater totals simply because they cover more space, so using rates, densities or standardised values often permits a fairer comparison."},{"text":"Large areas may have small totals just because they are large.","correct":false,"explanation":"Area size alone does not force a large area to have a small total; the relationship has been reversed. Large areas can produce misleadingly big totals simply through their size."},{"text":"Small areas may have big totals just because they are small.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being small does not itself produce a large total; this reverses the usual size effect. Large areas may accumulate big totals merely because they cover more space."},{"text":"All areas may have equal totals just because they are mapped.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mapping areas does not make their totals equal, because totals depend on the measured phenomenon. The problem is that large areas may show big totals simply due to size."}]},{"id":"e8ec71fa-7e19-4c1d-b8f7-ff6957620378","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which map type is best for average rainfall varying gradually across the UK?","back":"An isoline map.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An isoline map.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rainfall is continuous and normally changes gradually across space. Isolines can join places receiving equal average rainfall and reveal the overall spatial pattern clearly."},{"text":"A choropleth map.","correct":false,"explanation":"A choropleth map assigns one shade to each defined area, creating abrupt boundaries. Gradually varying rainfall is better represented by isolines joining equal values."},{"text":"A dot distribution map.","correct":false,"explanation":"A dot distribution map represents counts or locations using separate dots, not a continuously changing measurement. Average rainfall across the UK is best shown with isolines."},{"text":"A proportional symbol map.","correct":false,"explanation":"A proportional symbol map compares values at selected locations using differently sized symbols. Isolines better display rainfall changing continuously between locations across the UK."}]},{"id":"8e5cc375-5c7c-467d-8c32-7c2acffb154a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An isoline map uses lines joining points with the [ ].","back":"An isoline map uses lines joining points with the same value.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"same value","correct":true,"explanation":"Every point along an isoline represents the same measured value, such as equal rainfall or elevation. Several isolines together show how that value changes across space."},{"text":"average value","correct":false,"explanation":"An average combines several observations rather than defining each point on a line. An isoline specifically connects points that share the same measured value."},{"text":"highest value","correct":false,"explanation":"Only a particular isoline might represent the maximum level; maximum points do not generally form every line. Each isoline joins points with the same value."},{"text":"changing value","correct":false,"explanation":"Values change between different isolines, not along one isoline. All points on an individual line represent the same value of the mapped variable."}]},{"id":"5184102c-3625-472c-8299-46c01c2a7f2c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"On an OS grid reference, which is read first?","back":"The easting.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The easting.","correct":true,"explanation":"Eastings are read before northings in an OS grid reference, following the rule “along the corridor, then up the stairs” from the bottom-left corner."},{"text":"The northing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Northings are read second, after moving right to identify the easting. The standard sequence is eastings first and then northings."},{"text":"The latitude.","correct":false,"explanation":"Latitude belongs to the global coordinate system rather than the numbered OS National Grid. An OS grid reference begins with the easting."},{"text":"The longitude.","correct":false,"explanation":"Longitude is used with latitude for global coordinates, not as the first numerical part of an OS grid reference. The easting is read first."}]},{"id":"63d61429-2a6b-43f0-a8bb-ec573524b606","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Grid references are read [ ], then [ ].","back":"Grid references are read along the corridor, then up the stairs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Grid references are read along the corridor, then up the stairs.","correct":true,"explanation":"This mnemonic gives the correct order: read the easting first by moving horizontally along the corridor, then read the northing by moving vertically up the stairs."},{"text":"Grid references are read up the stairs, then along the corridor.","correct":false,"explanation":"The order is reversed here. Read the easting first by moving along the corridor, then read the northing by moving up the stairs."},{"text":"Grid references are read along the corridor, then across the square.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first step is correct, but the second direction is not the grid-reference rule. After reading along the corridor, move up the stairs to find the northing."},{"text":"Grid references are read across the square, then up the stairs.","correct":false,"explanation":"The second direction is correct, but the first movement is not the standard method. Grid references begin with the easting, read along the corridor."}]},{"id":"40882fdc-5425-4e73-8706-4b69cd8666ab","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a four-figure grid reference locate?","back":"A whole grid square.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A whole grid square.","correct":true,"explanation":"A four-figure grid reference uses two easting digits and two northing digits to identify one complete grid square on the map."},{"text":"A single point.","correct":false,"explanation":"A four-figure reference is not precise enough to identify one point. It identifies the entire grid square; a six-figure reference locates a point within that square."},{"text":"A complete route.","correct":false,"explanation":"Grid references locate areas or points rather than describing routes. Four figures identify a whole grid square, while six figures identify a more precise point."},{"text":"A whole map sheet.","correct":false,"explanation":"A map sheet covers many grid references, so four figures cannot identify the entire sheet. They identify one grid square within it."}]},{"id":"3ea74571-446a-4a6a-a614-697c04cc1dca","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How is a six-figure grid reference more precise than a four-figure one?","back":"It locates a point by splitting the square into tenths.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It locates a point by splitting the square into tenths.","correct":true,"explanation":"A six-figure reference adds one digit to both the easting and northing, dividing the square into tenths and locating a point more precisely."},{"text":"It locates a grid square by splitting the square into tenths.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes the area located by a four-figure reference. A six-figure reference uses tenths to identify a precise point within the grid square."},{"text":"It locates a point by splitting the square into hundredths.","correct":false,"explanation":"The extra precision comes from dividing each side into tenths, not hundredths. Six figures therefore locate a point to the nearest tenth across and up."},{"text":"It locates a line by splitting the square into tenths.","correct":false,"explanation":"A six-figure reference identifies a point, not a line. The square is divided into tenths horizontally and vertically to improve the point's location."}]},{"id":"3dcb768b-ae85-4c00-89cd-e8229ca81d59","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"On a 1:25 000 OS map, what does 1 cm represent?","back":"250 m in real life.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"250 m in real life.","correct":true,"explanation":"At 1:25,000, one centimetre represents 25,000 centimetres in reality. Converting centimetres to metres gives 250 metres."},{"text":"25 m in real life.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats the scale denominator as 2,500 rather than 25,000. One centimetre on a 1:25,000 map represents 25,000 centimetres, or 250 metres."},{"text":"2.5 km in real life.","correct":false,"explanation":"The conversion is ten times too large. 25,000 centimetres equals 250 metres, or 0.25 kilometres, not 2.5 kilometres."},{"text":"2500 m in real life.","correct":false,"explanation":"An extra zero has been included in the conversion from centimetres to metres. Dividing 25,000 centimetres by 100 gives 250 metres."}]},{"id":"95c2d858-145f-481b-90fb-70fbf25392cc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"On a 1:50 000 OS map, what does 1 cm represent?","back":"500 m in real life.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"500 m in real life.","correct":true,"explanation":"At 1:50,000, one centimetre represents 50,000 centimetres on the ground. Dividing by 100 converts this to 500 metres."},{"text":"50 m in real life.","correct":false,"explanation":"This misses one zero in the scale denominator. One centimetre represents 50,000 centimetres, which converts to 500 metres."},{"text":"5 km in real life.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is ten times too large. The correct conversion is 50,000 centimetres divided by 100, giving 500 metres, or 0.5 kilometres."},{"text":"5000 m in real life.","correct":false,"explanation":"An extra zero has been added during the centimetre-to-metre conversion. 50,000 centimetres equals 500 metres, not 5,000 metres."}]},{"id":"b49cba7c-a0c3-4563-ad33-a53a9e9b3cac","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which is the larger-scale map: 1:25 000 or 1:50 000?","back":"1:25 000.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"1:25 000.","correct":true,"explanation":"The 1:25,000 map is larger scale because its denominator is smaller. It shows more detail and a smaller area for the same map size."},{"text":"1:50 000.","correct":false,"explanation":"A smaller denominator means a larger scale because each map unit represents less real distance. Therefore 1:25,000 is larger scale than 1:50,000."},{"text":"Both are the same scale.","correct":false,"explanation":"The denominators are different, so the maps cannot have the same scale. The smaller denominator, 25,000, indicates the larger scale."},{"text":"Neither map has a scale.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both ratios are representative fractions and therefore give the maps' scales. Comparing their denominators shows that 1:25,000 is the larger scale."}]},{"id":"35ae2dee-52c7-4563-aae2-cb4de07e9932","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Real distance = [ ] × [ ].","back":"Real distance = map distance × scale denominator.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Real distance = map distance × scale denominator.","correct":true,"explanation":"A representative scale states how many real units correspond to one map unit. Multiplying the measured map distance by the denominator gives the real distance."},{"text":"Real distance = scale denominator × map distance.","correct":false,"explanation":"The factors have been reversed from the usual formula, although multiplication gives the same numerical result. The standard expression is map distance multiplied by the scale denominator."},{"text":"Real distance = map distance × map scale.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using the full map scale rather than its denominator gives the wrong calculation. Multiply the measured map distance by the scale denominator to find real distance."},{"text":"Real distance = real distance × scale denominator.","correct":false,"explanation":"Real distance cannot be calculated by multiplying itself by the denominator. The known map distance must be multiplied by the scale denominator."}]},{"id":"7cdbfdc9-7746-44c4-add1-0fd86cf4a32e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is route distance usually longer than straight-line distance?","back":"It follows the actual path, not a direct line.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It follows the actual path, not a direct line.","correct":true,"explanation":"Roads, rivers and footpaths usually bend around obstacles, so measuring along the actual route gives a longer distance than measuring straight between the endpoints."},{"text":"It follows a direct line, not the actual path.","correct":false,"explanation":"A direct line is the shortest distance between two points and ignores bends in the route. Route distance follows the actual path, so it is usually longer."},{"text":"It follows the map scale, not a direct line.","correct":false,"explanation":"Map scale converts distances but does not determine the route's shape. Route distance is longer because it follows the actual path rather than a straight line."},{"text":"It follows the grid lines, not a direct line.","correct":false,"explanation":"Routes do not necessarily follow grid lines, and grid lines are reference aids rather than paths. The measured route follows the actual bends and turns."}]},{"id":"d1a59055-00e3-428d-ab32-785fad6d35c6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] show a steep slope; [ ] show a gentle slope.","back":"Close contours show a steep slope; wide contours show a gentle slope.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Close contours show a steep slope; wide contours show a gentle slope.","correct":true,"explanation":"Contour spacing indicates gradient: lines packed closely together represent a rapid change in height over a short distance, while widely spaced lines represent a gentler slope."},{"text":"Wide contours show a steep slope; close contours show a gentle slope.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship between contour spacing and gradient. Close contours show steep slopes because height changes quickly; wide contours show gentle slopes because height changes gradually."},{"text":"Close contours show a gentle slope; wide contours show a steep slope.","correct":false,"explanation":"The slope descriptions have been swapped. Closely spaced contours indicate a steep gradient, whereas widely spaced contours indicate a gentle gradient."},{"text":"Equal contours show a steep slope; unequal contours show a gentle slope.","correct":false,"explanation":"Contour spacing, not whether contours are equal or unequal, shows steepness. Close lines indicate a steep slope and wide lines indicate a gentle slope."}]},{"id":"29424637-c34c-4af9-805b-de5ecb17ddab","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What do concentric closed contours usually show?","back":"A hill or summit.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A hill or summit.","correct":true,"explanation":"Concentric closed contours usually represent rising land enclosed by successively higher contour lines, showing a hill or summit."},{"text":"A valley or depression.","correct":false,"explanation":"Valleys are identified by contour lines forming V-shapes pointing upstream, while depressions often have inward hachures. Concentric closed contours without these features usually show a hill or summit."},{"text":"A ridge or spur.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ridges and spurs are elongated features, commonly shown by U- or V-shaped contour patterns. Concentric closed contours usually indicate a hill or summit instead."},{"text":"A plateau or plain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plateaux and plains generally have broad, relatively level areas rather than small concentric rings. Concentric closed contours usually show a hill or summit."}]},{"id":"49c69414-a788-40bc-8467-b7bcdeb926cf","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a valley, which direction do V-shaped contours point?","back":"Upstream.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Upstream.","correct":true,"explanation":"In a valley, contour lines form V-shapes that point towards higher land and the source of the river, which is upstream."},{"text":"Downstream.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the contour rule. The V points towards higher ground and the river source, so it indicates upstream rather than downstream."},{"text":"Across the valley.","correct":false,"explanation":"Contour V-shapes do not point across the valley. Their tips point along the valley towards higher land and the river’s source, indicating upstream."},{"text":"Towards the sea.","correct":false,"explanation":"A river may flow towards the sea downstream, but the V-shaped contour tips point towards the source and higher land, which is upstream."}]},{"id":"90bbd7f2-0f64-4274-9157-a70313d38a26","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which map feature gives the exact height at a summit or trig point?","back":"A spot height.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A spot height.","correct":true,"explanation":"A spot height gives the precise elevation of a particular point, such as a summit or trig point, rather than only showing a height range."},{"text":"A contour line.","correct":false,"explanation":"A contour line joins points of equal height and therefore gives an approximate level across an area. A spot height gives the exact elevation at one point."},{"text":"A benchmark.","correct":false,"explanation":"A benchmark is a surveyed reference point showing a known elevation, but the map feature normally used for an exact summit or trig-point elevation is a spot height."},{"text":"A gradient arrow.","correct":false,"explanation":"A gradient arrow shows the direction of slope, not the exact elevation of a summit or trig point. That precise value is given by a spot height."}]},{"id":"f8ea1888-2eaf-4ba8-ab77-5e7119f5ee3e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Gradient = [ ] ÷ [ ].","back":"Gradient = vertical interval ÷ horizontal distance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Gradient = vertical interval ÷ horizontal distance.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gradient compares the change in height with the horizontal distance travelled. Dividing the vertical interval by the horizontal distance gives the slope gradient."},{"text":"Gradient = horizontal distance ÷ vertical interval.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two measurements have been inverted. Gradient is the vertical change divided by the horizontal distance; reversing them produces the reciprocal rather than the required gradient."},{"text":"Gradient = vertical interval × horizontal distance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gradient uses a ratio, so the vertical interval must be divided by the horizontal distance. Multiplying the measurements does not describe steepness correctly."},{"text":"Gradient = vertical interval + horizontal distance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding the measurements combines different quantities instead of forming a slope ratio. Gradient is calculated by dividing vertical interval by horizontal distance."}]},{"id":"296d8685-0eac-4850-b32f-eb0659410ba8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A path rises from 50 m to 250 m over 1 km. What is the gradient as a percentage?","back":"20%.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"20%.","correct":true,"explanation":"The vertical rise is 250 - 50 = 200 m. Converting 1 km to 1,000 m, gradient as a percentage is 200 ÷ 1,000 × 100 = 20%."},{"text":"2%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This usually comes from treating 1 km as 10,000 m or mishandling the percentage conversion. The correct calculation is 200 ÷ 1,000 × 100 = 20%."},{"text":"25%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses the final height of 250 m instead of the rise of 200 m. Gradient must use the vertical interval: 200 ÷ 1,000 × 100 = 20%."},{"text":"200%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats the 200 m rise as a percentage without converting the 1 km horizontal distance and multiplying by 100. The correct gradient is 20%."}]},{"id":"39009f5c-e203-4a44-b39c-171601bac7df","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a cross-section show?","back":"Height changes along a line, viewed side-on.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Height changes along a line, viewed side-on.","correct":true,"explanation":"A cross-section converts map height information along a selected line into a side-on profile, making changes in elevation and slope easier to see."},{"text":"Distance changes along a line, viewed side-on.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cross-section focuses on changes in elevation, not simply distance. It displays the height changes along a line as a side-on profile."},{"text":"Land-use changes across an area, viewed from above.","correct":false,"explanation":"A land-use map viewed from above shows how activities vary across an area. A cross-section instead shows height changes along a line from the side."},{"text":"Compass directions along a route, viewed side-on.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compass directions are represented using bearings or compass points. A cross-section is a side-on diagram showing how height changes along a line."}]},{"id":"a6e87c8e-46b2-4cc0-94e1-f13ae5494f8d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a transect used for in fieldwork?","back":"Collecting or interpreting data along a line.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Collecting or interpreting data along a line.","correct":true,"explanation":"A transect is a line across a study area along which data is collected or interpreted, allowing geographical patterns and changes to be recorded systematically."},{"text":"Collecting or interpreting data at one point.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sampling at one location is a point study, not a transect. A transect follows a line so that data can be compared along it."},{"text":"Collecting or interpreting data around a circle.","correct":false,"explanation":"A circular survey route is not the defining feature of a transect. A transect involves collecting or interpreting data along a line."},{"text":"Collecting or interpreting data without locations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transect data must be linked to positions along a line so that spatial changes can be identified. Data without locations cannot show that pattern."}]},{"id":"64478805-b5aa-4aac-aa70-e6ee79f30624","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"GIS is a digital system for storing, displaying and analysing [ ] in [ ].","back":"GIS is a digital system for storing, displaying and analysing geo-spatial data in layers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"GIS is a digital system for storing, displaying and analysing geo-spatial data in layers.","correct":true,"explanation":"GIS organises geographically referenced information into layers, allowing different spatial datasets, such as roads, rivers and population, to be displayed and analysed together."},{"text":"GIS is a digital system for storing, displaying and analysing written descriptions in paragraphs.","correct":false,"explanation":"GIS is not primarily designed to organise written descriptions into paragraphs. It stores and analyses geo-spatial data in layers so that information linked to locations can be compared."},{"text":"GIS is a digital system for storing, displaying and analysing numerical calculations in formulas.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses GIS with spreadsheet or mathematical software. GIS stores and analyses geo-spatial data in layers, enabling users to examine relationships between features at different locations."},{"text":"GIS is a digital system for storing, displaying and analysing paper records in folders.","correct":false,"explanation":"Folders may hold ordinary records, but they do not describe GIS organisation. GIS handles geo-spatial data in layers, which can be displayed separately or combined for analysis."}]},{"id":"73141bf6-1f20-4c03-8f4a-f4b6b329abc1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can GIS reveal patterns better than a single map layer?","back":"Different layers can be overlaid and compared.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Different layers can be overlaid and compared.","correct":true,"explanation":"Overlaying layers allows relationships between separate datasets to become visible, such as links between flood risk, elevation, rivers and settlement patterns."},{"text":"Different layers can be separated and ignored.","correct":false,"explanation":"Displaying each layer separately prevents direct comparison and can hide relationships between datasets. GIS reveals patterns by overlaying and comparing different layers."},{"text":"Different symbols can be enlarged and recoloured.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing symbol size may improve visibility but does not reveal relationships between datasets. GIS is more powerful because different layers can be overlaid and compared."},{"text":"Different features can be deleted and simplified.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing detail can simplify a map, but it may conceal useful spatial patterns. GIS reveals patterns by overlaying and comparing information held in different layers."}]},{"id":"c75d0f5a-0f9b-4082-8b24-79d6b782bc73","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In GIS flood-risk analysis, which physical areas are most likely to flood?","back":"Low-lying land close to the river.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Low-lying land close to the river.","correct":true,"explanation":"Low-lying land beside a river is most exposed because floodwater can spread onto it when the river overtops its banks."},{"text":"High, steep land close to the river.","correct":false,"explanation":"High land is generally above the level reached by river floodwater. Low-lying land close to the river is most likely to be inundated."},{"text":"Low-lying land far from the river.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although low elevation increases susceptibility, distance from the river usually reduces direct river-flood risk. Low-lying land close to the river is most vulnerable."},{"text":"High, flat land far from the river.","correct":false,"explanation":"Flat land may drain slowly, but high ground far from the channel is unlikely to experience river flooding. The greatest risk is on low-lying land near the river."}]},{"id":"e9fb1b60-70e9-4be6-bf1c-5b374cda3db6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What data problems can weaken GIS conclusions?","back":"Old, incomplete or low-resolution data.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Old, incomplete or low-resolution data.","correct":true,"explanation":"Outdated data may no longer represent present conditions, while missing detail or low resolution can hide important local variations and produce unreliable GIS conclusions."},{"text":"Recent, complete or high-resolution data.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recent, complete and high-resolution data generally strengthen rather than weaken analysis. GIS conclusions are weakened by old, incomplete or low-resolution data."},{"text":"Current, complete or multi-layered data.","correct":false,"explanation":"Current, complete data improve reliability, even if several layers are used. GIS conclusions are weakened when the source data are old, incomplete or low-resolution."},{"text":"Accurate, detailed or high-resolution data.","correct":false,"explanation":"Accurate, detailed data support sound GIS analysis rather than undermining it. Old, incomplete or low-resolution data weaken conclusions because they misrepresent or omit spatial information."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Cartographic skills","title":"Cartographic skills Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/geography/ocr/a/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"eb37b244-05e0-59d7-a515-f79184f55066","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]