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A tropical cyclone becomes hazardous when its effects could affect people or places."},{"text":"When it could affect only uninhabited areas.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cyclone can be hazardous even far from where it forms if its winds, rainfall or storm surges reach settlements. The correct criterion is whether it could affect people or places."},{"text":"When it could affect the atmosphere only.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cyclone is not a hazard merely because it changes atmospheric conditions; it must threaten people or locations. The correct answer is when it could affect people or places."},{"text":"When it could affect rainfall but never people.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tropical cyclones can cause hazards through wind, flooding and storm surges as well as rainfall. The correct answer is when the cyclone could affect people or places."}]},{"id":"12ade1d3-0c45-419b-88c8-6b06119bab82","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A storm is usually classed as a tropical cyclone once sustained winds reach at least [ ].","back":"A storm is usually classed as a tropical cyclone once sustained winds reach at least 119 km/h.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"119 km/h","correct":true,"explanation":"The standard threshold for classifying a storm as a tropical cyclone is sustained winds of at least 119 km/h. This distinguishes it from weaker tropical disturbances."},{"text":"96 km/h","correct":false,"explanation":"This lower threshold describes a strong tropical storm, but it does not reach the usual tropical cyclone classification. The required sustained wind speed is at least 119 km/h."},{"text":"64 km/h","correct":false,"explanation":"This value is below the accepted classification threshold, so it can identify a developing storm rather than a tropical cyclone. The correct threshold is 119 km/h."},{"text":"150 km/h","correct":false,"explanation":"This exceeds the threshold but is not the usual minimum classification value. The question asks for the minimum sustained speed, which is 119 km/h."}]},{"id":"1d9a4afc-dfad-4634-bb06-788afe3835cb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are tropical cyclones called in the northwest Pacific?","back":"Typhoons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Typhoons.","correct":true,"explanation":"In the northwest Pacific, tropical cyclones are known as typhoons. Different ocean basins use names such as hurricanes or cyclones for the same type of storm."},{"text":"Hurricanes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hurricanes is the term mainly used in the Atlantic and northeast Pacific. In the northwest Pacific, the correct name for these storms is Typhoons."},{"text":"Cyclones.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cyclones is a general term and is used regionally, especially in the Indian Ocean and southwest Pacific. The northwest Pacific name is Typhoons."},{"text":"Willy-willies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Willy-willies is an informal Australian expression, not the standard northwest Pacific term. These storms are correctly called Typhoons there."}]},{"id":"8a8eee14-64d0-4155-91e7-b16e514106a9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Tropical cyclones usually form between about [ ] north or south of the Equator.","back":"Tropical cyclones usually form between about 5° and 30° north or south of the Equator.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"5° and 30°","correct":true,"explanation":"Most tropical cyclones form between 5° and 30° north or south because warm ocean water provides energy and the Coriolis effect is strong enough away from the Equator."},{"text":"0° and 5°","correct":false,"explanation":"Storms rarely form exactly at the Equator because the Coriolis effect is too weak there. The usual formation range is 5° and 30° north or south."},{"text":"30° and 45°","correct":false,"explanation":"This range places many possible formation areas too far from the tropics, where ocean temperatures are often insufficient. The accepted range is 5° and 30° north or south."},{"text":"10° and 20°","correct":false,"explanation":"Although this lies within the tropics, it omits the common formation areas closer to 30°. Tropical cyclones usually form between 5° and 30° north or south."}]},{"id":"f5ed9ed0-f7b5-4f42-8a1f-dcbfe9770910","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do tropical cyclones not usually form exactly on the Equator?","back":"The Coriolis effect is too weak for strong rotation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Coriolis effect is too weak for strong rotation.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Coriolis effect is very weak at the Equator, so rising air cannot be deflected enough to develop the strong rotating circulation of a tropical cyclone."},{"text":"The greenhouse effect is too weak for strong rotation.","correct":false,"explanation":"The greenhouse effect warms the atmosphere but does not provide the rotational deflection needed to organise a cyclone. The correct explanation involves the Coriolis effect."},{"text":"The frictional force is too weak for strong rotation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Friction can slow winds near the surface, but it is not the reason cyclones fail to form at the Equator. The Coriolis effect is too weak for strong rotation."},{"text":"The pressure gradient is too weak for strong rotation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pressure gradients help drive cyclone winds, but the Equator lacks sufficient rotational deflection. The correct cause is that the Coriolis effect is too weak for strong rotation."}]},{"id":"39da7b4d-b08e-4085-83e4-0b8bb11a265a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Tropical cyclones usually need sea surface temperatures of about [ ].","back":"Tropical cyclones usually need sea surface temperatures of about 27°C or more.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"27°C or more","correct":true,"explanation":"Warm sea surfaces of 27°C or more provide enough heat and moisture through evaporation to fuel rising air and maintain the tropical cyclone’s circulation."},{"text":"25°C or more","correct":false,"explanation":"Although 25°C is warm, it is generally below the approximate threshold needed for sustained tropical cyclone development. The expected value is 27°C or more."},{"text":"30°C or more","correct":false,"explanation":"This temperature is warmer than necessary and is not the usual minimum value stated for formation. Tropical cyclones usually need sea temperatures of 27°C or more."},{"text":"27°C or less","correct":false,"explanation":"Cooling sea surfaces provide less evaporation and energy, so the storm is less likely to develop. The usual requirement is 27°C or more, not 27°C or less."}]},{"id":"c489e072-5a54-480b-8e6d-c645d8a80c1d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the main energy source for a tropical cyclone?","back":"Heat and moisture from warm ocean water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Heat and moisture from warm ocean water.","correct":true,"explanation":"Warm ocean water supplies heat for evaporation and moisture for condensation. The release of latent heat powers rising air and helps sustain the tropical cyclone."},{"text":"Heat and moisture from cold ocean water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cold ocean water generally provides insufficient evaporation and energy to sustain the storm. The correct energy source is heat and moisture from warm ocean water."},{"text":"Light and oxygen from warm ocean water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sunlight may warm the ocean, but oxygen is not the cyclone’s main energy source. The correct answer is heat and moisture from warm ocean water."},{"text":"Salt and currents from warm ocean water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ocean currents can influence sea temperatures, but they do not directly provide the main energy driving the cyclone. That energy is heat and moisture from warm ocean water."}]},{"id":"33f74b30-bcc4-4d4e-bffe-1f0be1169598","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does a tropical cyclone need deep warm water?","back":"It stops the storm being quickly starved of heat.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It stops the storm being quickly starved of heat.","correct":true,"explanation":"Deep warm water continues supplying heat and moisture as the storm mixes the ocean. Without this supply, the cyclone can rapidly lose energy and become starved of heat."},{"text":"It stops the storm being quickly starved of oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is not the main fuel for a tropical cyclone, and deep warm water does not prevent oxygen loss. It stops the storm being quickly starved of heat."},{"text":"It stops the storm being quickly starved of salt.","correct":false,"explanation":"Salt concentration does not provide the energy needed to maintain a cyclone. Deep warm water prevents the storm being quickly starved of heat."},{"text":"It stops the storm being quickly starved of sunlight.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sunlight is not the immediate energy supply that deep ocean water maintains. The key benefit is preventing the storm being quickly starved of heat."}]},{"id":"952083f3-d8e4-43ca-ac0c-8be143a51bfb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is low vertical wind shear favourable for cyclone formation?","back":"It helps the storm stay vertically organised.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It helps the storm stay vertically organised.","correct":true,"explanation":"Low vertical wind shear means wind speed and direction change little with height, allowing the cyclone’s circulation and thunderstorms to remain vertically aligned and strengthen."},{"text":"It causes the storm to become tilted and disorganised.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tilting and disruption are caused by strong vertical wind shear. Low wind shear instead keeps the storm vertically organised, allowing its circulation to develop efficiently."},{"text":"It pushes the storm towards cooler ocean water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rapid movement towards cooler water is not a direct effect of low vertical wind shear. Low shear is favourable because it keeps the storm vertically organised."},{"text":"It prevents warm air from rising and condensing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low vertical wind shear does not stop convection. It helps rising air and thunderstorms remain aligned, keeping the storm vertically organised as it develops."}]},{"id":"2b3effe7-55e2-40e8-a629-77c14e772561","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What small existing disturbance can help start a tropical cyclone?","back":"A cluster of thunderstorms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A cluster of thunderstorms.","correct":true,"explanation":"A cluster of thunderstorms provides existing rising air, condensation and low pressure that can become organised into the rotating circulation of a tropical cyclone."},{"text":"A small high-pressure system.","correct":false,"explanation":"A high-pressure system contains sinking air, which suppresses cloud formation. A cluster of thunderstorms provides the rising moist air needed to initiate cyclone development."},{"text":"A narrow cold ocean current.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cold ocean current reduces evaporation and the supply of heat energy. A cluster of thunderstorms is the existing atmospheric disturbance that can develop into a cyclone."},{"text":"A patch of clear skies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clear skies indicate limited convection rather than an organised disturbance. Tropical cyclones can begin when a cluster of thunderstorms develops over sufficiently warm ocean water."}]},{"id":"2439c476-7d50-4676-992b-a9f212a9f114","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does rising warm, moist air create at the ocean surface?","back":"Low pressure.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Low pressure.","correct":true,"explanation":"As warm, moist air rises, less air remains near the ocean surface. This reduces the weight of the overlying air and creates low pressure."},{"text":"High pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"High pressure is associated with sinking air, not sustained rising air. Rising warm, moist air removes air from the surface and therefore creates low pressure."},{"text":"A pressure ridge.","correct":false,"explanation":"A pressure ridge is an elongated area of relatively high pressure and usually sinking air. Rising warm, moist air instead produces low pressure at the surface."},{"text":"Constant pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rising air does not maintain unchanged surface pressure because it reduces the mass of air above the surface. The resulting decrease creates low pressure."}]},{"id":"7377af9a-2289-496d-97bc-78ccace83bdd","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Rising air cools and condenses into tall cumulonimbus clouds, releasing [ ].","back":"Rising air cools and condenses into tall cumulonimbus clouds, releasing latent heat.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"latent heat","correct":true,"explanation":"Condensation changes water vapour into liquid droplets, releasing stored latent heat. This warms the surrounding air and supplies energy that strengthens the cyclone."},{"text":"sensible heat","correct":false,"explanation":"Sensible heat is transferred through a temperature difference, rather than released by condensation. Condensing water vapour releases latent heat into the storm."},{"text":"kinetic energy","correct":false,"explanation":"Condensation does not directly release kinetic energy, which is energy of motion. The phase change releases latent heat, warming the surrounding atmosphere."},{"text":"solar radiation","correct":false,"explanation":"Solar radiation initially warms the ocean but is not released when vapour condenses. Condensation within cumulonimbus clouds releases latent heat stored during evaporation."}]},{"id":"6efcb035-cf47-4c74-8b7d-cbe416ea4575","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does latent heat intensify a tropical cyclone?","back":"It makes air rise faster and pressure fall further.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It makes air rise faster and pressure fall further.","correct":true,"explanation":"Released latent heat warms the air, increasing its buoyancy so it rises faster. This removes more air from the surface, causing pressure to fall further."},{"text":"It makes air rise slower and pressure fall further.","correct":false,"explanation":"Latent heat increases rather than reduces the buoyancy of rising air. The warmed air rises faster, removing air from the surface and making pressure fall further."},{"text":"It makes air rise faster and pressure rise further.","correct":false,"explanation":"Faster rising air removes more air from near the surface, so pressure falls rather than rises. Latent heat therefore makes air rise faster and pressure fall further."},{"text":"It makes air sink faster and pressure rise further.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both effects of latent heat. The released energy warms and lifts the air more rapidly, causing surface pressure to fall further rather than rise."}]},{"id":"3a479d11-310d-41ee-8a82-149e02f7b034","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Coriolis effect helps storms spin [ ] in the Northern Hemisphere and [ ] in the Southern Hemisphere.","back":"The Coriolis effect helps storms spin anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Coriolis effect helps storms spin anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Coriolis effect deflects moving air to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere, producing anticlockwise and clockwise cyclone rotation respectively."},{"text":"The Coriolis effect helps storms spin clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the hemispheric directions. Tropical cyclones rotate anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere because Coriolis deflection changes direction across the Equator."},{"text":"The Coriolis effect helps storms spin clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.","correct":false,"explanation":"Coriolis deflection acts in opposite directions in the two hemispheres, so cyclones cannot rotate clockwise in both. Northern storms spin anticlockwise, while Southern storms spin clockwise."},{"text":"The Coriolis effect helps storms spin anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cyclones do not rotate anticlockwise in both hemispheres because the Coriolis effect reverses across the Equator. Rotation is anticlockwise in the north and clockwise in the south."}]},{"id":"70dab988-a318-47ec-9a71-6b6d498e694a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The calm centre is the [ ], while the strongest winds and heaviest rain occur in the [ ].","back":"The calm centre is the eye, while the strongest winds and heaviest rain occur in the eyewall.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The calm centre is the eye, while the strongest winds and heaviest rain occur in the eyewall.","correct":true,"explanation":"The eye contains relatively calm, sinking air at the cyclone’s centre. The surrounding eyewall has the steepest pressure gradient, producing the strongest winds and most intense rainfall."},{"text":"The calm centre is the eyewall, while the strongest winds and heaviest rain occur in the eye.","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the two structures. The eye is the calm central area, whereas the ring of towering clouds around it is the eyewall, where conditions are most severe."},{"text":"The calm centre is the rainband, while the strongest winds and heaviest rain occur in the eyewall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rainbands spiral around the cyclone and can produce heavy showers, but they are not its calm centre. The calm centre is the eye, surrounded by the violent eyewall."},{"text":"The calm centre is the eye, while the strongest winds and heaviest rain occur in the eye.","correct":false,"explanation":"The eye is relatively calm and does not contain the strongest winds and rainfall. These occur in the eyewall, the ring of intense thunderstorms surrounding the eye."}]},{"id":"9469606b-2b48-4d6e-ac61-7676aaf7e708","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What usually happens when a tropical cyclone moves over land or cooler water?","back":"It weakens because it loses warm ocean energy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It weakens because it loses warm ocean energy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Land and cooler water cut off the cyclone’s supply of warm, moist air from the ocean. Increased friction over land can also disrupt its circulation, causing weakening."},{"text":"It strengthens because it gains warm ocean energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"A tropical cyclone does not strengthen after losing access to warm ocean water. Its energy supply decreases, so the storm weakens over land or cooler water."},{"text":"It stays unchanged because it retains warm ocean energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Land and cooler water remove the cyclone’s main heat and moisture supply rather than preserving it. The cyclone therefore weakens instead of remaining unchanged."},{"text":"It accelerates because it gains cool surface energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Moving over land or cooler water cuts off the cyclone’s energy source; it does not gain energy from the colder surface. Consequently, the cyclone weakens."}]},{"id":"6b45b974-b6a3-4a27-a24e-b49193f4e6a1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Globally, there are usually around [ ] tropical storms each year.","back":"Globally, there are usually around 80 to 90 tropical storms each year.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"80 to 90","correct":true,"explanation":"This is the usual global estimate for tropical storms each year, although the exact number varies. Only some strengthen into tropical cyclones or hurricanes."},{"text":"20 to 30","correct":false,"explanation":"This underestimates global tropical-storm activity by counting mainly the strongest systems. The usual worldwide estimate is 80 to 90 storms each year."},{"text":"40 to 50","correct":false,"explanation":"This is too low because it excludes many weaker storms that still reach tropical-storm strength. The accepted global estimate is 80 to 90 each year."},{"text":"140 to 150","correct":false,"explanation":"This overestimates the normal global total, confusing tropical storms with all tropical disturbances. Around 80 to 90 tropical storms usually form each year."}]},{"id":"470588e2-1aea-43dc-beca-d4c18c0f1184","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When is the North Atlantic hurricane season usually?","back":"June to November.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"June to November.","correct":true,"explanation":"The North Atlantic hurricane season runs from June to November because sea temperatures and atmospheric conditions are generally most favourable during these months."},{"text":"December to May.","correct":false,"explanation":"These months are outside the usual North Atlantic hurricane season, when cooler seas provide less energy. The season normally lasts from June to November."},{"text":"January to June.","correct":false,"explanation":"This period includes only the beginning of the season and then extends into months with less favourable conditions. The usual season is June to November."},{"text":"September to February.","correct":false,"explanation":"September is an active month, but the season does not continue through the Northern Hemisphere winter. The North Atlantic season usually runs from June to November."}]},{"id":"0354ff7d-5289-4f06-81ed-689001b1a6b3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How is climate change likely to affect cyclone intensity and rainfall?","back":"It is likely to increase intensity and rainfall.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is likely to increase intensity and rainfall.","correct":true,"explanation":"Warmer oceans provide more energy, increasing potential cyclone intensity, while warmer air can hold more moisture, leading to heavier rainfall."},{"text":"It is likely to decrease intensity and rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the expected relationship with warming. Warmer seas can fuel stronger cyclones, and warmer air can hold more moisture, increasing rainfall."},{"text":"It is likely to increase intensity and decrease rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first effect is plausible, but the rainfall direction is reversed. A warmer atmosphere holds more water vapour, so cyclone rainfall is expected to increase."},{"text":"It is likely to decrease intensity and increase rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although heavier rainfall is expected, reduced intensity is not the standard GCSE conclusion. Climate change is likely to increase both cyclone intensity and rainfall."}]},{"id":"c445c262-1dc2-4a08-a0e9-5a6c1832c858","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What creates a storm surge during a tropical cyclone?","back":"Low pressure and strong winds push seawater coastwards.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Low pressure and strong winds push seawater coastwards.","correct":true,"explanation":"Low pressure raises the sea surface, while strong onshore winds physically push seawater towards the coast. Together, these effects create a storm surge."},{"text":"High pressure and strong winds push seawater coastwards.","correct":false,"explanation":"Strong winds can push water towards land, but high pressure tends to depress the sea surface. Storm surges result from low pressure and strong winds."},{"text":"Low pressure and weak winds push seawater coastwards.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low pressure can raise sea level, but weak winds cannot produce the major onshore movement of water required. Strong winds combine with low pressure to create the surge."},{"text":"High pressure and weak winds push seawater coastwards.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both factors are reversed: high pressure lowers sea level and weak winds provide little water movement. The correct causes are low pressure and strong winds."}]},{"id":"3eefa2ea-962c-4e62-af66-5886761df0b0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can intense cyclone rainfall trigger landslides?","back":"It saturates steep slopes, making them unstable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It saturates steep slopes, making them unstable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Heavy rainfall fills the soil and rock with water, increasing their weight and reducing friction. On steep slopes, this can trigger mass movement and landslides."},{"text":"It saturates flat slopes, making them unstable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water saturation can weaken ground, but flat slopes are much less likely to fail because gravity has less downslope effect. The key risk is saturated steep slopes."},{"text":"It dries steep slopes, making them unstable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Intense cyclone rainfall adds water rather than removing it. Saturation increases weight and reduces stability, so landslides are linked to saturated steep slopes."},{"text":"It saturates steep slopes, making them stable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Saturation weakens slopes by raising water pressure and reducing friction, rather than stabilising them. This is why intense rainfall can cause landslides on steep slopes."}]},{"id":"85ab21a7-225b-4917-8d2e-2127937f56e4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can developed countries have very high cyclone economic losses?","back":"They have high-value property and infrastructure.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They have high-value property and infrastructure.","correct":true,"explanation":"Developed countries often have expensive buildings, transport networks, businesses and utilities. Even when casualties are limited, damage to these assets can create very high economic losses."},{"text":"They have low-value property and infrastructure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low-value assets would usually produce smaller financial losses when damaged. Developed countries can suffer high losses because their property and infrastructure are high value."},{"text":"They have high-value farmland and livestock.","correct":false,"explanation":"Agricultural losses can be important, but this misses the main reason developed countries record large economic losses: costly property and infrastructure are concentrated in exposed areas."},{"text":"They have high-value tourism and exports.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tourism and exports may be disrupted, but the primary direct economic damage comes from expensive buildings, roads, utilities and other high-value infrastructure."}]},{"id":"0bf2b234-423f-4839-8d7a-55cb9bda0574","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can emerging or developing countries recover more slowly after cyclones?","back":"They often have fewer resources for protection, healthcare and rebuilding.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They often have fewer resources for protection, healthcare and rebuilding.","correct":true,"explanation":"Limited finance and services can reduce preparation, emergency medical care and reconstruction capacity. This means essential support and infrastructure may take longer to restore."},{"text":"They often have more resources for protection, healthcare and rebuilding.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater resources would generally speed up preparation, emergency response and reconstruction. Slower recovery is associated with fewer resources for protection, healthcare and rebuilding."},{"text":"They often have fewer resources for tourism, education and rebuilding.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tourism and education can be affected, but healthcare is crucial immediately after a cyclone. The key explanation is limited resources for protection, healthcare and rebuilding."},{"text":"They often have fewer resources for protection, healthcare and transport.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transport matters for recovery, but rebuilding is the essential longer-term process being tested. Fewer resources for protection, healthcare and rebuilding explain slower recovery."}]},{"id":"1cac73c9-0962-4824-b4f1-2caec69c6fa3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where were Hurricane Katrina's worst impacts?","back":"New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hurricane Katrina caused its worst impacts around New Orleans, where storm surges overwhelmed flood defences and caused catastrophic flooding, deaths and property damage."},{"text":"Miami, Florida, USA.","correct":false,"explanation":"Miami is highly exposed to hurricanes, making it a tempting choice, but Katrina's most severe impacts occurred around New Orleans after flood defences failed."},{"text":"Houston, Texas, USA.","correct":false,"explanation":"Houston experienced major hurricane impacts during other storms, especially Harvey, but Katrina's worst effects were concentrated in New Orleans, Louisiana."},{"text":"Havana, Cuba.","correct":false,"explanation":"Katrina affected parts of the Gulf region, but its most devastating impacts were in New Orleans, USA, where flooding followed the failure of flood defences."}]},{"id":"aa66b47c-5b3f-4076-a473-bfa515b81a77","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What contributed to levee failures in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina?","back":"The storm surge.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The storm surge.","correct":true,"explanation":"Katrina’s storm surge raised water levels and placed immense pressure on New Orleans’ flood defences, contributing to breaches and failures in the levee system."},{"text":"The strong winds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although strong winds caused widespread damage, the storm surge overwhelmed and breached New Orleans’ flood defences. The correct answer is the storm surge."},{"text":"The heavy rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heavy rainfall can cause flooding, but it was Katrina’s storm surge that placed overwhelming pressure on the levees and contributed directly to their failure."},{"text":"The low air pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"The hurricane’s low atmospheric pressure intensified the storm but did not directly overwhelm the levees. The storm surge was the principal contributing factor."}]},{"id":"ff51fc15-e377-4ddc-8611-cd16ad959c9b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was criticised about FEMA after Hurricane Katrina?","back":"Its response was slow and poorly coordinated.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its response was slow and poorly coordinated.","correct":true,"explanation":"FEMA faced criticism because emergency supplies, rescue assistance and coordination arrived too slowly, while communication between the agencies involved was ineffective."},{"text":"Its response was rapid and excessively organised.","correct":false,"explanation":"FEMA was not criticised for responding too quickly or deploying excessive resources. Its response was criticised for being slow and poorly coordinated."},{"text":"Its response was too focused on evacuation.","correct":false,"explanation":"The main criticism was not that FEMA concentrated excessively on evacuation. Its response was slow and poorly coordinated, delaying effective assistance to survivors."},{"text":"Its response was overly focused on medical care.","correct":false,"explanation":"FEMA did not receive criticism for prioritising medical care over other needs. Critics instead described its overall response as slow and poorly coordinated."}]},{"id":"9f701e99-7bbe-458a-919b-fa09b56b4311","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which place was one of the worst-hit by Typhoon Haiyan?","back":"Tacloban City on Leyte Island.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Tacloban City on Leyte Island.","correct":true,"explanation":"Tacloban City on Leyte Island suffered catastrophic destruction from Haiyan’s extreme winds and storm surge, making it one of the worst-hit locations."},{"text":"Cebu City on Cebu Island.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cebu City was affected by Typhoon Haiyan, but the case study identifies Tacloban City on Leyte Island as one of the worst-hit places."},{"text":"Manila City on Luzon Island.","correct":false,"explanation":"Manila lies well outside the area that experienced Haiyan’s most severe impacts. Tacloban City on Leyte Island was one of the worst-hit locations."},{"text":"Davao City on Mindanao Island.","correct":false,"explanation":"Davao City is on Mindanao and was not among the places most devastated by Haiyan. Tacloban City on Leyte Island was one of the worst-hit."}]},{"id":"4c36bc8f-08c3-41f3-8483-58dce7e188e2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was the death toll from Typhoon Haiyan?","back":"Over 6,000 people died.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Over 6,000 people died.","correct":true,"explanation":"Typhoon Haiyan caused a confirmed death toll exceeding 6,000 people, largely because its powerful storm surge devastated vulnerable coastal settlements."},{"text":"Over 600 people died.","correct":false,"explanation":"This substantially underestimates Haiyan’s human impact, possibly by confusing deaths with figures from a less destructive event. Over 6,000 people died."},{"text":"Over 60,000 people died.","correct":false,"explanation":"This exaggerates the recorded death toll by roughly a factor of ten. The accepted case-study figure is that over 6,000 people died."},{"text":"Over 3,000 people died.","correct":false,"explanation":"This figure is too low and may result from recalling an early provisional count. The final reported death toll exceeded 6,000 people."}]},{"id":"6ef7f30a-5128-4318-9812-03ccc3bdd78e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was the Philippine government's later recovery plan after Haiyan called?","back":"Build Back Better.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Build Back Better.","correct":true,"explanation":"Build Back Better was the Philippine government’s longer-term recovery strategy, intended to rebuild communities and infrastructure with greater resilience to future disasters."},{"text":"Rebuild and Recover.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rebuild and Recover sounds plausible but was not the named Philippine government recovery plan. The later strategy was called Build Back Better."},{"text":"Stronger Philippines.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stronger Philippines was not the official name of the post-Haiyan recovery plan. The government’s later strategy was called Build Back Better."},{"text":"Restore Leyte.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restore Leyte focuses too narrowly on one affected island and was not the national recovery plan’s name. The correct title was Build Back Better."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Tropical cyclones","title":"Tropical cyclones Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/geography/edexcel/a/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"9bbbaede-3e95-599c-b0ef-b244578d3007","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]