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is the variety of life at different levels, including ecosystems, individual species and genetic differences within species."},{"text":"number of species","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses biodiversity with the number of species only. Biodiversity includes ecosystems and genetic variation as well, so the correct term is the variety of life."},{"text":"distribution of habitats","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes habitat distribution rather than biodiversity. Biodiversity covers all forms and levels of life, meaning the correct fill is the variety of life."},{"text":"range of genes","correct":false,"explanation":"This focuses only on genes within populations, which is one part of biodiversity. The complete idea is the variety of life, including ecosystems, species and genes."}]},{"id":"2a4138ba-2ad7-4003-a396-bf33418ea010","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] is a very large-scale ecosystem with a distinctive climate, plants and animals.","back":"A biome is a very large-scale ecosystem with a distinctive climate, plants and animals.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"biome","correct":true,"explanation":"A biome is a very large-scale ecosystem identified by its climate and characteristic vegetation and wildlife, such as tropical rainforest or hot desert."},{"text":"ecosystem","correct":false,"explanation":"An ecosystem is a community and its physical environment, but it can be very small or local. The large-scale category described here is a biome."},{"text":"habitat","correct":false,"explanation":"A habitat is the place where an organism lives, not a broad global region with distinctive climate, plants and animals. The correct term is biome."},{"text":"biosphere","correct":false,"explanation":"A biosphere includes all parts of Earth where life exists, rather than one large region with a particular climate and characteristic organisms. The answer is biome."}]},{"id":"ecab50bf-2011-4f4c-90ce-5bc3be238e19","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] is the global life-support system: all living organisms and the parts of Earth where life exists.","back":"The biosphere is the global life-support system: all living organisms and the parts of Earth where life exists.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"biosphere","correct":true,"explanation":"The biosphere is the global zone of life, including every living organism and the parts of the atmosphere, land and oceans that support life."},{"text":"biome","correct":false,"explanation":"A biome is one major ecosystem region, such as a desert or rainforest, rather than the whole global life-support system. The correct term is biosphere."},{"text":"ecosystem","correct":false,"explanation":"An ecosystem contains organisms and their physical surroundings in one area. The worldwide collection of life-supporting regions is called the biosphere."},{"text":"atmosphere","correct":false,"explanation":"The atmosphere is the layer of gases around Earth and does not include all living organisms or the land and water where life exists. The answer is biosphere."}]},{"id":"efe59328-50d6-4580-a388-a7d53be55afa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do the world's large-scale ecosystems form broad belts by latitude?","back":"Latitude changes temperature and rainfall.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Latitude changes temperature and rainfall.","correct":true,"explanation":"Latitude affects the angle and intensity of incoming sunlight, which influences temperature and global rainfall patterns. This creates broad ecosystem belts from the Equator towards the poles."},{"text":"Longitude changes temperature and rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Longitude identifies position east or west but does not create the global temperature and rainfall belts. Latitude is the factor that changes these conditions with distance from the Equator."},{"text":"Altitude changes temperature and rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Altitude can change local temperature and precipitation, but it does not explain the broad worldwide belts by latitude. Latitude controls the main global pattern."},{"text":"Distance from the sea changes temperature and rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Distance from the sea affects local climates, especially coastal temperatures and rainfall, but it does not produce the broad global belts. Latitude is responsible for the pattern."}]},{"id":"1cf0270e-fcf0-4698-9f17-67d5cbf7a16c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A place is 27°C all year, over 2,000 mm rainfall and has no dry season. Which biome is most likely?","back":"Tropical rainforest.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Tropical rainforest.","correct":true,"explanation":"Constant high temperatures, rainfall above 2,000 mm and no dry season provide the conditions for dense, evergreen tropical rainforest vegetation."},{"text":"Tropical grassland / savanna.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tropical grassland or savanna has a pronounced dry season and generally lower rainfall. Continuous heavy rain and high temperatures indicate tropical rainforest instead."},{"text":"Hot desert.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hot deserts receive very little rainfall and have sparse vegetation, so they cannot match over 2,000 mm of rain with no dry season. The answer is tropical rainforest."},{"text":"Temperate deciduous forest.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperate deciduous forests have cooler seasonal climates and usually lose their leaves in winter. Constant 27°C conditions with heavy rainfall indicate tropical rainforest."}]},{"id":"ff42f481-5b82-4987-ac07-7352cb116363","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which biome lies between rainforest and desert zones, with wet and dry seasons?","back":"Tropical grassland / savanna.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Tropical grassland / savanna.","correct":true,"explanation":"Tropical grassland or savanna commonly occurs between rainforest and desert, with high temperatures, seasonal rainfall, a wet season and a dry season."},{"text":"Tropical rainforest.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tropical rainforest has high rainfall throughout the year and no distinct dry season. The biome with wet and dry seasons between rainforest and desert is tropical grassland or savanna."},{"text":"Hot desert.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hot deserts have extremely low rainfall and do not normally have a substantial wet season. The described transitional biome is tropical grassland or savanna."},{"text":"Temperate grassland.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperate grassland occurs in cooler mid-latitude climates and is not the tropical transition between rainforest and desert. That transition is tropical grassland or savanna."}]},{"id":"a4e1b1bd-1466-4b68-a4c4-95389a93fbe4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Hot deserts are often around [ ] of the Equator and have [ ].","back":"Hot deserts are often around 20-30° north and south of the Equator and have very low rainfall.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hot deserts are often around 20-30° north and south of the Equator and have very low rainfall.","correct":true,"explanation":"Subtropical high-pressure air descends around 20-30° north and south, preventing cloud formation and producing very low rainfall, which supports hot deserts."},{"text":"Hot deserts are often around 0-10° north and south of the Equator and have very low rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Equator has rising, moist air and frequent convectional rainfall, not the descending dry air associated with hot deserts. Deserts are usually around 20-30° north and south with very low rainfall."},{"text":"Hot deserts are often around 40-50° north and south of the Equator and have moderate rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"The latitude is shifted too far towards the mid-latitudes, and moderate rainfall is not characteristic of hot deserts. They are generally around 20-30° north and south with very low rainfall."},{"text":"Hot deserts are often around 20-30° north and south of the Equator and have seasonal rainfall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although 20-30° is the correct latitude belt, hot deserts do not have seasonal rainfall as their defining condition. Their characteristic climate has very low rainfall."}]},{"id":"2edd5997-5891-4479-af01-e4ff03184cf3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can very low rainfall change vegetation?","back":"Water shortage limits trees, favouring grassland or desert scrub.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Water shortage limits trees, favouring grassland or desert scrub.","correct":true,"explanation":"When rainfall is very low, plants cannot obtain enough water for growth. This limits tree numbers and favours drought-tolerant grassland or desert scrub."},{"text":"Water shortage increases trees, favouring grassland or desert scrub.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low rainfall does not usually increase tree growth because water is essential for photosynthesis and transport. It limits trees and favours grassland or desert scrub."},{"text":"Water shortage limits trees, favouring dense rainforest.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water shortage can limit trees, but it does not favour dense rainforest, which requires abundant rainfall throughout the year. It favours grassland or desert scrub instead."},{"text":"Water shortage increases water availability, favouring grassland or desert scrub.","correct":false,"explanation":"Very low rainfall reduces available water rather than increasing it. The resulting vegetation is sparse, with fewer trees and more grassland or desert scrub."}]},{"id":"4ebbd338-56dc-443f-8035-f94d0fb79bf5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"As altitude increases, temperature usually [ ], by about [ ].","back":"As altitude increases, temperature usually decreases, by about 6.5°C per 1,000 m.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"As altitude increases, temperature usually decreases, by about 6.5°C per 1,000 m.","correct":true,"explanation":"Temperature falls with height because air pressure decreases and rising air expands and cools. The average environmental lapse rate is approximately 6.5°C for every 1,000 metres gained."},{"text":"As altitude increases, temperature usually increases, by about 6.5°C per 1,000 m.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the normal relationship between altitude and temperature. Air generally cools as it rises, so the correct pattern is a decrease of about 6.5°C per 1,000 metres."},{"text":"As altitude increases, temperature usually decreases, by about 1°C per 100 m.","correct":false,"explanation":"The temperature change has been expressed with the wrong lapse-rate value. The standard GCSE figure is a decrease of about 6.5°C per 1,000 metres, not 1°C per 100 metres."},{"text":"As altitude increases, temperature usually decreases, by about 6.5°C per 100 m.","correct":false,"explanation":"The distance unit is ten times too small, making the temperature fall unrealistically large. The accepted average is 6.5°C per 1,000 metres, equivalent to 0.65°C per 100 metres."}]},{"id":"4e1cd7f1-db1b-476e-bf0f-d741bb17ee64","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which soil condition can create wetlands?","back":"Waterlogged soils.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Waterlogged soils.","correct":true,"explanation":"Waterlogged soils remain saturated because drainage is poor or water inputs are high. This creates wet conditions that support wetland habitats such as marshes, swamps and bogs."},{"text":"Well-drained soils.","correct":false,"explanation":"Good drainage removes excess water and therefore does not normally create wetland conditions. Wetlands develop where soils remain saturated or waterlogged for long periods."},{"text":"Dry, sandy soils.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dry, sandy soils allow water to drain quickly, making them unsuitable for most wetlands. The defining soil condition is prolonged saturation caused by waterlogged soils."},{"text":"Frozen soils.","correct":false,"explanation":"Frozen ground may restrict drainage temporarily, but it is not the characteristic soil condition used to identify wetlands. Wetlands are primarily associated with persistently waterlogged soils."}]},{"id":"61e96fe6-c222-4246-b3d5-d86f6f65b25a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What vegetation do thin, acidic or nutrient-poor soils favour?","back":"Heath or moorland vegetation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Heath or moorland vegetation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Thin, acidic or nutrient-poor soils restrict plant growth and favour hardy vegetation such as heather, gorse and grasses found in heathland and moorland."},{"text":"Deciduous woodland vegetation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mature deciduous woodland generally needs deeper, more fertile soils than these conditions provide. Thin, acidic or nutrient-poor soils instead favour heath or moorland vegetation."},{"text":"Mangrove vegetation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mangroves require warm coastal environments, salty or brackish water and muddy sediments. They are not the vegetation associated with thin, acidic or nutrient-poor soils in the UK."},{"text":"Arable crop vegetation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Arable crops usually require fertile, well-developed soils and are often supported by fertilisers. Poor, acidic soils are more likely to support heath or moorland vegetation."}]},{"id":"98906dc5-6984-4fe5-8b08-7d6471c5c0d3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which biosphere resource category includes timber, bamboo, reeds, thatch and fibres?","back":"Building materials.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Building materials.","correct":true,"explanation":"Timber, bamboo, reeds, thatch and natural fibres are harvested from ecosystems and used to construct or make buildings, so they are classified as building materials."},{"text":"Food.","correct":false,"explanation":"Food resources include crops, livestock, fish and wild foods, not materials primarily used for construction. Timber, bamboo, reeds, thatch and fibres belong to building materials."},{"text":"Medicines.","correct":false,"explanation":"Medicinal resources are biological materials used to develop or produce treatments. The listed resources are mainly used for construction and therefore fit the building materials category."},{"text":"Fuel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fuel resources are burned or processed to provide energy, such as firewood or biofuels. Although some timber can be burned, this list is categorised mainly as building materials."}]},{"id":"08449896-c4c6-4293-b2e7-c6abc61f2493","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Commercial exploitation means using natural environments and resources to make [ ], often on a large scale.","back":"Commercial exploitation means using natural environments and resources to make money, often on a large scale.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"money","correct":true,"explanation":"Commercial exploitation involves using natural environments and resources to generate financial income. The word money correctly completes the definition and highlights the profit-making purpose of exploitation."},{"text":"products","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural resources may be turned into products, but this definition focuses on the financial purpose of commercial exploitation. The correct term is money, often generated on a large scale."},{"text":"electricity","correct":false,"explanation":"Some resources are exploited to generate electricity, but commercial exploitation is not limited to energy production. The definition refers broadly to using environments and resources to make money."},{"text":"employment","correct":false,"explanation":"Commercial exploitation can create jobs, but employment is a possible consequence rather than the main outcome in this definition. The missing term is money, gained through resource use."}]},{"id":"0b7f10e3-24d4-4c86-a414-e16e86f65052","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What habitat impact can commercial exploitation of the biosphere cause?","back":"Habitat loss.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Habitat loss.","correct":true,"explanation":"Commercial exploitation can clear forests, drain wetlands, mine land or build infrastructure, destroying or reducing the places where organisms live. This impact is called habitat loss."},{"text":"Habitat creation.","correct":false,"explanation":"New habitats may sometimes be created accidentally or through restoration, but exploitation most directly damages existing habitats. The expected negative impact is habitat loss."},{"text":"Increased biodiversity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing vegetation and disturbing ecosystems usually reduces the number and variety of species rather than increasing them. The main habitat impact is loss or fragmentation of habitat."},{"text":"Improved soil fertility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Commercial exploitation often strips vegetation and can cause erosion or nutrient loss. It does not generally improve soil fertility, while habitat loss is a direct ecosystem impact."}]},{"id":"2b6165f0-f2d0-453f-8a64-c801bfa0ddfd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A wetland shrinks from 120 ha to 75 ha. Calculate the percentage loss.","back":"37.5%.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"37.5%.","correct":true,"explanation":"The area lost is 120 - 75 = 45 hectares. Dividing 45 by the original 120 and multiplying by 100 gives 37.5%, so the percentage loss is correct."},{"text":"62.5%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses the remaining 75 hectares as the basis or confuses loss with the percentage remaining. Percentage loss must use 45 divided by the original 120, giving 37.5%."},{"text":"45%.","correct":false,"explanation":"The value 45 is the area lost in hectares, not the percentage loss. Converting it requires 45 divided by 120 multiplied by 100, which gives 37.5%."},{"text":"27.5%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This likely results from an arithmetic or subtraction error when converting the 45-hectare decrease into a percentage. Using the original area as the denominator gives 37.5%."}]},{"id":"75786f03-35fb-4e8b-a5d5-977768d2c623","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What would most of the UK's natural vegetation be without centuries of farming and settlement?","back":"Woodland.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Woodland.","correct":true,"explanation":"Before extensive farming and settlement, much of the UK's natural climax vegetation would have been woodland. Human clearance and land use have greatly reduced its original extent."},{"text":"Grassland.","correct":false,"explanation":"Grassland is widespread today largely because grazing and farming prevent trees from recolonising land. Without centuries of human land use, woodland would cover much more of the UK."},{"text":"Heathland.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heathland is often maintained by grazing, burning or other disturbance and is not the UK's dominant natural climax vegetation. In the absence of settlement and farming, woodland would prevail."},{"text":"Tundra.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tundra develops in very cold environments where trees cannot grow, unlike most of the UK's climate. The natural vegetation over much of the UK would be woodland."}]},{"id":"cd3416cd-bbf0-4e49-93d6-e76b68d5417c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which UK ecosystem is open upland with heather, rough grasses, peat bogs and low shrubs?","back":"Moorland.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Moorland.","correct":true,"explanation":"Moorland is open upland vegetation dominated by heather, rough grasses, peat bogs and low shrubs, usually in cool, wet areas with thin or waterlogged soils."},{"text":"Heathland.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heathland is generally a lowland ecosystem on sandy, acidic soils, whereas the upland habitat described is moorland, characterised by heather, rough grasses and peat bogs."},{"text":"Temperate woodland.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperate woodland is dominated by trees, unlike the open, treeless upland landscape described. Heather, rough grasses, peat bogs and low shrubs identify moorland."},{"text":"Tundra.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tundra is a mainly treeless polar or subpolar ecosystem with permafrost and very short growing seasons. The UK upland ecosystem in the description is moorland."}]},{"id":"df2ad660-31ec-4049-92ee-6fc2928b4dfa","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why do moorlands help store carbon?","back":"Peat stores carbon.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Peat stores carbon.","correct":true,"explanation":"Peat forms when waterlogged conditions slow decomposition, allowing dead plant material to accumulate. The stored organic carbon remains locked away while the peat stays intact and wet."},{"text":"Trees store carbon.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although trees can store carbon, moorlands contain few trees. Their major carbon store is accumulated peat, formed from partially decomposed plant material in waterlogged ground."},{"text":"Rocks store carbon.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rocks may contain carbon in some geological settings, but they are not the key carbon store provided by moorlands. That role is mainly performed by peat."},{"text":"Heather stores carbon.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heather contributes organic material, but the long-term store is the thick layer of partially decomposed material beneath the vegetation. Moorlands therefore store carbon in peat."}]},{"id":"7ccf0a50-cc42-402e-a4ee-6dd295b937f9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Where are UK heathlands usually found?","back":"Lowland sandy, acidic, nutrient-poor soils.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Lowland sandy, acidic, nutrient-poor soils.","correct":true,"explanation":"UK heathlands commonly develop on lowland sandy soils that are acidic and nutrient-poor. These conditions limit tree growth and favour heather, gorse and other specialised plants."},{"text":"Lowland chalky, alkaline, nutrient-rich soils.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chalky soils are alkaline rather than acidic and often support calcareous grassland. Heathland is associated with acidic, sandy and nutrient-poor lowland soils."},{"text":"Lowland clay-rich, neutral, waterlogged soils.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heavy clay soils retain water and are not the typical substrate for heathland. The characteristic combination is lowland, sandy, acidic and nutrient-poor soil."},{"text":"Highland rocky, acidic, nutrient-poor soils.","correct":false,"explanation":"Highland soils can be acidic and nutrient-poor, but heathlands are usually found in lowland areas on sandy soils rather than exposed upland ground."}]},{"id":"9517af70-3226-465b-9753-52babaf9b53d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do UK wetlands reduce flood risk?","back":"They store floodwater.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They store floodwater.","correct":true,"explanation":"Wetlands act as natural reservoirs by holding excess rainfall and runoff, slowing its movement downstream. This reduces the volume and peak flow reaching rivers during floods."},{"text":"They increase river-channel capacity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wetlands may slow water movement, but they do not mainly reduce flood risk by increasing river-channel capacity. Their key function is storing floodwater temporarily."},{"text":"They increase surface runoff.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wetlands can contain vegetation that intercepts rainfall, but interception alone is not their main flood-management role. They reduce risk by storing excess water."},{"text":"They drain water rapidly into rivers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wetlands generally retain water rather than rapidly draining it into rivers. Their flood-reduction benefit comes from temporary storage, which delays and lowers downstream flows."}]},{"id":"6c6bc2bb-a45c-4326-8db6-6113ffac09d7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Blue carbon habitats such as saltmarsh and seagrass store carbon in [ ] and [ ].","back":"Blue carbon habitats such as saltmarsh and seagrass store carbon in plants and sediments.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Blue carbon habitats such as saltmarsh and seagrass store carbon in plants and sediments.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plants capture atmospheric carbon through photosynthesis, while sediments bury and preserve carbon-rich organic matter. Together, these stores make saltmarsh and seagrass important blue carbon habitats."},{"text":"Blue carbon habitats such as saltmarsh and seagrass store carbon in animals and rocks.","correct":false,"explanation":"These habitats do not primarily store carbon in animals or rocks. Carbon is captured by vegetation and then accumulated and preserved in the surrounding sediments."},{"text":"Blue carbon habitats such as saltmarsh and seagrass store carbon in roots and the atmosphere.","correct":false,"explanation":"The atmosphere is the source from which plants remove carbon, not the main storage location in these habitats. Vegetation and buried sediments hold the carbon instead."},{"text":"Blue carbon habitats such as saltmarsh and seagrass store carbon in water and the seabed surface.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water transports carbon but is not the principal long-term store described here. Blue carbon is held in plant material and organic matter buried within sediments."}]},{"id":"8a46fb89-9b5b-4edf-a237-284c5385241b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When does fishing become overfishing?","back":"Fish are removed faster than populations can recover.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fish are removed faster than populations can recover.","correct":true,"explanation":"Overfishing occurs when fish are caught faster than populations can recover through reproduction and growth. Stocks then decline because removals exceed the natural replacement rate."},{"text":"Fish are removed faster than populations can migrate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Populations do not need to migrate for fishing to become overfishing. The critical problem is that fish are removed faster than the stock can recover."},{"text":"Fish are removed faster than populations can increase.","correct":false,"explanation":"A population increasing despite removals would indicate that reproduction exceeds the catch. Overfishing instead happens when removals outpace the population’s ability to recover."},{"text":"Fish are removed faster than populations can die.","correct":false,"explanation":"Death is a natural part of population change, but this wording does not define overfishing. The relevant comparison is between catches and the population’s recovery rate."}]},{"id":"5ff41ca3-d9cc-4197-8f6d-e2d2d16f0aa2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does bottom trawling physically degrade marine ecosystems?","back":"Heavy gear is dragged along the seabed, damaging habitats.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Heavy gear is dragged along the seabed, damaging habitats.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bottom trawling uses heavy nets, chains or boards that are pulled across the seabed. This physically removes or disturbs seafloor habitats and organisms living there."},{"text":"Heavy gear is dragged along the seabed, creating habitats.","correct":false,"explanation":"The gear is dragged across the seabed, where it disturbs habitats rather than creating them. Habitat damage can reduce shelter, breeding grounds and biodiversity."},{"text":"Heavy gear is dragged along the seabed, improving water quality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bottom trawling does not mainly improve water quality. Contact with the seabed can disturb sediments and physically damage habitats, which is the key impact."},{"text":"Heavy gear is dragged along the seabed, building coral reefs.","correct":false,"explanation":"The equipment is not designed to build reefs and its passage can destroy complex seafloor structures. The physical effect is habitat damage, not habitat creation."}]},{"id":"218304b4-8c6f-45dc-81e9-200a8ec6895f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which climate-change effect can harm shell-forming organisms?","back":"Ocean acidification.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ocean acidification.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ocean acidification lowers seawater pH and reduces the availability of carbonate ions. Shell-forming organisms then find it harder to build and maintain calcium carbonate shells or skeletons."},{"text":"Eutrophication.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eutrophication can cause algal blooms and oxygen depletion, but it is not the specific chemical change that makes shell and skeleton formation more difficult."},{"text":"Sea-level rise.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sea-level rise can alter coastal habitats, but it does not directly reduce carbonate-ion availability. Ocean acidification is the effect that threatens shell formation."},{"text":"Thermal pollution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thermal pollution changes water temperature and can stress marine organisms, but the direct threat to shell formation comes from reduced pH during ocean acidification."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Global and UK ecosystems and the biosphere","title":"Global and UK ecosystems and the biosphere Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/geography/edexcel/a/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"d68d4e3b-b7ff-5ed0-a892-b434df069769","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]