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3b:T6d0,- Identifies a valid human cause of drought, such as over-abstraction of water resources, deforestation, or burning fossil fuels (contributing to global warming). B1 - Explains the immediate physical impact of this human action, such as lowering the underground water table, reducing transpiration rates, or increasing global atmospheric temperatures. M1 - Develops the explanation by describing how this alters the hydrological cycle, such as drying up surface water feeds, decreasing atmospheric humidity and cloud formation, or accelerating soil moisture evaporation. M1 - Link the final consequence clearly to drought conditions, such as causing a severe hydrological deficit with dried-up reservoirs, or causing meteorological drought due to a prolonged lack of precipitation. A1 **Example Pathways:** * **Over-abstraction:** Intensive agriculture abstracts water from aquifers faster than natural recharge B1 $\rightarrow$ this depletes groundwater reserves and lowers the water table M1 $\rightarrow$ surface rivers and lakes connected to the aquifer dry up M1 $\rightarrow$ this triggers severe hydrological drought conditions where water stores are exhausted A1. * **Deforestation:** Large-scale clearing of forests removes deep-rooted vegetation B1 $\rightarrow$ this significantly reduces transpiration, which normally pumps water vapour into the air M1 $\rightarrow$ less moisture in the air leads to decreased cloud formation and less localized convective rainfall M1 $\rightarrow$ this reduction in precipitation leads to meteorological drought A1.23:["$","$L35",null,{"bundle":{"topicIds":["0641aca9-a5d4-5101-9772-67e26d352bfe"],"paperIds":[],"stageIds":[],"stageTopicIds":[],"stageAssessmentIds":[],"topicNoteIds":[]},"children":[["$","$L36",null,{"feature":"question-bank"}],"$L37",["$","$L38",null,{"subjectCode":"gcse_geography__edexcel_a","subjectName":"Geography","topicSlug":"drought","topicTitle":"Drought","sectionTitle":null,"activity":"worksheet","resourceTitle":"Drought Questions","resourceHref":"/gcse/geography/edexcel/a/drought/questions/q1","saveTrail":false}],["$","$L39",null,{"href":"/gcse/geography/edexcel/a/drought/questions/q1","label":"Drought","subjectCode":"gcse_geography__edexcel_a","surface":"questions"}],["$","script",null,{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"LearningResource\",\"name\":\"Question 2 – Drought - GCSE Geography Questions\",\"description\":\"Practise Drought GCSE Geography exam-style questions with worked solutions on MathsGenie.\",\"learningResourceType\":\"Practice questions\",\"educationalLevel\":\"GCSE\",\"about\":{\"@type\":\"Thing\",\"name\":\"Drought\"},\"url\":\"https://mathsgenie.co.uk/gcse/geography/edexcel/a/drought/questions/q2\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"provider\":{\"@id\":\"https://mathsgenie.co.uk/#organization\"}}"}}],["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 w-full flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L3a",null,{"backHref":"/gcse/geography/edexcel/a/questions","basePath":"/gcse/geography/edexcel/a/drought/questions","formulaUrl":null,"initialIndex":1,"initialQuestionWindow":[{"id":"0c43ed86-6b4e-4902-a30e-d1177972f101","revisionId":"d6d650ac-d4b3-4794-b94c-4d4b9e51c655","questionNumber":null,"questionType":"LA","specification":"","difficulty":5,"difficultyBand":"medium","tier":null,"totalMarks":12,"sourceTitle":null,"calculatorUse":null,"isCalculation":false,"parts":[{"id":"4400d751-736b-4d84-848a-0793446e69dd","label":null,"content":"Explain one human cause of drought.","markscheme":"$3b","marks":12,"order":0,"markingRubric":null,"tableImages":[],"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"deforestation_chain","label":"Deforestation explanation","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Choose deforestation","content":"Use **deforestation** as one human cause: people clear large areas of forest, removing deep-rooted trees. This identification earns **B1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Explain one human cause of drought.","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Identify the immediate impact","content":"Trees transfer water from the ground to the air through **transpiration** (water vapour released by plants). With fewer trees, transpiration falls, so less water vapour enters the atmosphere. This immediate physical impact earns the first **M1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Explain one human cause of drought.","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Develop the rainfall link","content":"Less water vapour means less moisture is available to condense into clouds. Therefore, cloud formation and local rainfall decrease. This change to the hydrological cycle earns the second **M1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Explain one human cause of drought.","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"State the drought consequence","content":"Over time, the prolonged reduction in precipitation causes a **meteorological drought**: an extended period with much less rainfall than usual. Linking the rainfall shortage clearly to drought earns **A1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Explain one human cause of drought.","location":"specification"}]}]},{"id":"over_abstraction_chain","label":"Over-abstraction explanation","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Choose over-abstraction","content":"Use **over-abstraction** as the human cause: intensive agriculture removes water from underground **aquifers** (rocks that store groundwater) faster than rainfall can naturally replace it. This identification earns **B1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Explain one human cause of drought.","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Lower the water table","content":"Taking groundwater faster than it is recharged depletes the aquifer and lowers the **water table**, the upper level of groundwater. This immediate physical impact earns the first **M1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Explain one human cause of drought.","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Develop the surface-water link","content":"A lower water table provides less groundwater to connected rivers and lakes. River flow falls and lake levels drop, reducing available surface-water stores. This hydrological-cycle change earns the second **M1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Explain one human cause of drought.","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"State the drought consequence","content":"As connected surface-water and groundwater stores become severely depleted, there is a **hydrological drought**: a shortage of water in rivers, lakes and underground stores. This final link earns **A1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Explain one human cause of drought.","location":"specification"}]}]}],"generatedAt":"2026-07-21T04:23:50.118Z","modelVersion":"gpt-5.6-terra","explanationVersion":"v3"},"options":[]}],"options":[],"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"4400d751-736b-4d84-848a-0793446e69dd:deforestation_chain","label":"Deforestation explanation","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Choose deforestation","content":"Use **deforestation** as one human cause: people clear large areas of forest, removing deep-rooted trees. This identification earns **B1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Explain one human cause of drought.","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Identify the immediate impact","content":"Trees transfer water from the ground to the air through **transpiration** (water vapour released by plants). With fewer trees, transpiration falls, so less water vapour enters the atmosphere. This immediate physical impact earns the first **M1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Explain one human cause of drought.","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Develop the rainfall link","content":"Less water vapour means less moisture is available to condense into clouds. Therefore, cloud formation and local rainfall decrease. This change to the hydrological cycle earns the second **M1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Explain one human cause of drought.","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"State the drought consequence","content":"Over time, the prolonged reduction in precipitation causes a **meteorological drought**: an extended period with much less rainfall than usual. Linking the rainfall shortage clearly to drought earns **A1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Explain one human cause of drought.","location":"specification"}]}]},{"id":"4400d751-736b-4d84-848a-0793446e69dd:over_abstraction_chain","label":"Over-abstraction explanation","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Choose over-abstraction","content":"Use **over-abstraction** as the human cause: intensive agriculture removes water from underground **aquifers** (rocks that store groundwater) faster than rainfall can naturally replace it. This identification earns **B1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Explain one human cause of drought.","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Lower the water table","content":"Taking groundwater faster than it is recharged depletes the aquifer and lowers the **water table**, the upper level of groundwater. This immediate physical impact earns the first **M1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Explain one human cause of drought.","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Develop the surface-water link","content":"A lower water table provides less groundwater to connected rivers and lakes. River flow falls and lake levels drop, reducing available surface-water stores. This hydrological-cycle change earns the second **M1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Explain one human cause of drought.","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"State the drought consequence","content":"As connected surface-water and groundwater stores become severely depleted, there is a **hydrological drought**: a shortage of water in rivers, lakes and underground stores. This final link earns **A1**.","highlights":[{"text":"Explain one human cause of drought.","location":"specification"}]}]}],"generatedAt":"2026-08-24T02:41:59.128Z","modelVersion":"gemini-3.5-flash","explanationVersion":"v2"},"firstAttemptFullMarks":null,"walkthroughVideo":null},{"id":"32dd9fcd-8bdc-4ebb-b92f-805c0a50ecd5","revisionId":"7c668c3e-e59a-449f-be01-8969930aaab8","questionNumber":null,"questionType":"LA","specification":"","difficulty":4,"difficultyBand":"medium","tier":null,"totalMarks":2,"sourceTitle":null,"calculatorUse":null,"isCalculation":false,"parts":[{"id":"7ef442b7-51a8-4e38-9a6e-db41e386772e","label":null,"content":"Explain one way in which the construction of upstream mega-dams for irrigation or hydroelectric power can cause hydrological drought downstream.","markscheme":"- Identifies how the upstream dam restricts or alters the natural water flow (e.g., by impounding and storing seasonal runoff within a reservoir) M1\n- Explains how this leads to downstream hydrological drought (e.g., severely reducing river discharge and lowering local water tables, leaving insufficient surface water to meet ecological and human needs) A1","marks":2,"order":0,"markingRubric":null,"tableImages":[],"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"dam_flow_explanation","label":"Develop the causal chain","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Identify the intervention","content":"Focus on the **upstream mega-dam**. A dam holds back river water in a reservoir, so it changes the river's natural flow downstream.\n\nThis earns **M1** when you clearly state that the dam stores water or restricts its release downstream.","highlights":[{"text":"construction of upstream mega-dams for irrigation or hydroelectric power","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Link to drought","content":"Then explain the consequence: because less water is released or allowed to flow past the dam, **river discharge downstream falls**. Hydrological drought means there is too little water in rivers, reservoirs or groundwater supplies to meet needs.\n\nThis causal link earns **A1**. Do not just say that the dam “causes drought”: say *how* reduced flow produces the water shortage.","highlights":[{"text":"can cause hydrological drought downstream","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Write the full explanation","content":"A full-mark explanation is:\n\n> An upstream mega-dam stores seasonal river runoff in its reservoir for irrigation or hydroelectric power, restricting the natural flow of water downstream. This reduces downstream river discharge, so there is insufficient surface water available for people and ecosystems, causing hydrological drought.\n\nIt has the required two-part chain: **dam stores/restricts water** for M1, then **reduced discharge creates a water shortage downstream** for A1."}]}],"generatedAt":"2026-07-21T04:49:50.869Z","modelVersion":"gpt-5.6-terra","explanationVersion":"v3"},"options":[]}],"options":[],"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"7ef442b7-51a8-4e38-9a6e-db41e386772e:dam_flow_explanation","label":"Develop the causal chain","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Identify the intervention","content":"Focus on the **upstream mega-dam**. A dam holds back river water in a reservoir, so it changes the river's natural flow downstream.\n\nThis earns **M1** when you clearly state that the dam stores water or restricts its release downstream.","highlights":[{"text":"construction of upstream mega-dams for irrigation or hydroelectric power","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Link to drought","content":"Then explain the consequence: because less water is released or allowed to flow past the dam, **river discharge downstream falls**. Hydrological drought means there is too little water in rivers, reservoirs or groundwater supplies to meet needs.\n\nThis causal link earns **A1**. Do not just say that the dam “causes drought”: say *how* reduced flow produces the water shortage.","highlights":[{"text":"can cause hydrological drought downstream","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Write the full explanation","content":"A full-mark explanation is:\n\n> An upstream mega-dam stores seasonal river runoff in its reservoir for irrigation or hydroelectric power, restricting the natural flow of water downstream. This reduces downstream river discharge, so there is insufficient surface water available for people and ecosystems, causing hydrological drought.\n\nIt has the required two-part chain: **dam stores/restricts water** for M1, then **reduced discharge creates a water shortage downstream** for A1."}]}],"generatedAt":"2026-08-24T03:28:03.108Z","modelVersion":"gemini-3.5-flash","explanationVersion":"v2"},"firstAttemptFullMarks":null,"walkthroughVideo":null},{"id":"504243d3-3fcc-404d-b26a-5eb7a57a7822","revisionId":"8f0cff4c-cd3f-488c-ac39-0f8240ce845f","questionNumber":null,"questionType":"LA","specification":"","difficulty":5,"difficultyBand":"medium","tier":null,"totalMarks":4,"sourceTitle":null,"calculatorUse":null,"isCalculation":false,"parts":[{"id":"9934df36-6a20-4238-be39-cb3c30cb7a7a","label":null,"content":"Explain two physical causes of drought.","markscheme":"- Identifies a first physical cause of drought, such as persistent high-pressure systems (blocking anticyclones) B1\n- Explains that descending air in high-pressure systems prevents condensation and cloud formation, leading to a prolonged lack of precipitation M1\n- Identifies a second physical cause of drought, such as El Niño events (ENSO) B1\n- Explains that anomalies in sea surface temperatures alter global atmospheric circulation patterns, suppressing convective rainfall in affected regions M1","marks":4,"order":0,"markingRubric":null,"tableImages":[],"explanation":null,"options":[]}],"options":[],"explanation":null,"firstAttemptFullMarks":null,"walkthroughVideo":null}],"subjectCode":"gcse_geography__edexcel_a","summaries":[{"id":"0c43ed86-6b4e-4902-a30e-d1177972f101","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":12,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"32dd9fcd-8bdc-4ebb-b92f-805c0a50ecd5","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":2,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"47e66a81-51bb-4f23-99ff-e8be873ef3e3","difficultyBand":"easy","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":2,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"504243d3-3fcc-404d-b26a-5eb7a57a7822","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"72892661-2993-41d6-8635-f5602a78cf3d","difficultyBand":"easy","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":2,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"788a719b-87c2-4abb-830c-81a580bcf0ca","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"8a4feba1-ef73-40d5-9648-b1ded005e904","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"91393b1b-7b99-4107-9b06-78cf826b2c16","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"aa2b9abe-9fa2-4e13-8508-b721642bbd48","difficultyBand":"easy","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":2,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"eb64033a-6966-4109-8828-fdf4a1c41c9c","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false},{"id":"f8b2bab7-047e-4c64-82c7-1fd2f37f0dbe","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":2,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":false}],"title":"Drought","topicId":"0641aca9-a5d4-5101-9772-67e26d352bfe","topicSidebar":"$L3c","topicSlug":"drought","topicTitle":"Drought"}]}],"$L3d","$L3e"]}]