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earlier debates about ASBOs. DNA was first performed in 2007."},{"text":"2008.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is one year too late and may reflect confusion with the play’s publication or later performances. The first performance of DNA took place in 2007."},{"text":"2011.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the premiere with the period when the play became more widely studied and performed. Dennis Kelly’s DNA was first performed in 2007."}]},{"id":"5e2a537e-fa33-45b8-9baa-4002288cdc15","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where was DNA first performed?","back":"At the National Theatre.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"At the National Theatre.","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA was first performed at the National Theatre in 2007 as part of its work promoting theatre created for and performed by young people."},{"text":"At the Royal Court Theatre.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Royal Court is strongly associated with new British writing, making it a plausible confusion. However, DNA was first performed at the National Theatre."},{"text":"At the Globe Theatre.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Globe is primarily associated with Shakespeare and early modern drama, not the premiere of Kelly’s play. DNA was first performed at the National Theatre."},{"text":"At the Donmar Warehouse.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Donmar Warehouse stages major contemporary productions, but it did not host the play’s first performance. DNA premiered at the National Theatre."}]},{"id":"f48644fc-0006-40b4-a8f7-11356b576e3a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"DNA engages with the early-2000s UK media panic over [ ].","back":"DNA engages with the early-2000s UK media panic over “feral youth”.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"“feral youth”","correct":true,"explanation":"The phrase “feral youth” reflects exaggerated early-2000s media portrayals of young people as uncontrolled, threatening, and morally corrupt, a stereotype that Kelly explores and complicates."},{"text":"“video nasties”","correct":false,"explanation":"“Video nasties” describes an earlier panic about violent home videos, particularly during the 1980s. DNA instead engages with the early-2000s panic over “feral youth”."},{"text":"“football hooligans”","correct":false,"explanation":"Football hooliganism generated media concern, especially in earlier decades, but it is not the stereotype central to this context. The relevant phrase is “feral youth”."},{"text":"“benefit scroungers”","correct":false,"explanation":"This label belongs to media debates about welfare claimants rather than threatening groups of teenagers. DNA engages specifically with panic over so-called “feral youth”."}]},{"id":"f6ee61f9-2d32-4657-8ec5-ba700702a9e9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did ASBOs target in early-2000s Britain?","back":"Anti-social behaviour.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Anti-social behaviour.","correct":true,"explanation":"ASBO stands for Anti-Social Behaviour Order. These civil orders were intended to restrict conduct considered disruptive, intimidating, or harmful to the wider community."},{"text":"Serious criminal behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Serious crimes were addressed through criminal law rather than being the specific target named by ASBOs. ASBOs were designed to target anti-social behaviour."},{"text":"Organised gang violence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gang violence could involve criminal prosecution, but ASBOs were not limited to organised gangs or violence. They targeted the broader category of anti-social behaviour."},{"text":"Long-term youth unemployment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Youth unemployment was a social and economic concern, not conduct targeted by an Anti-Social Behaviour Order. ASBOs were used against anti-social behaviour."}]},{"id":"a0e731e1-a4d5-4897-a09c-0fc34425e137","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A moral panic is a widespread, exaggerated public fear that a group threatens society’s [ ].","back":"A moral panic is a widespread, exaggerated public fear that a group threatens society’s values, safety, and interests.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"values, safety, and interests","correct":true,"explanation":"A moral panic presents a person or group as an exaggerated threat to society’s shared values, public safety, and collective interests, often amplified by media coverage."},{"text":"wealth, status, and power","correct":false,"explanation":"These describe forms of social advantage rather than the full range supposedly threatened during a moral panic. The perceived threat is to society’s values, safety, and interests."},{"text":"laws, borders, and institutions","correct":false,"explanation":"A panic may involve these specific concerns, but this list makes the definition too narrowly political. Moral panics concern perceived threats to values, safety, and interests."},{"text":"jobs, homes, and schools","correct":false,"explanation":"These may feature in particular public controversies, but they do not define a moral panic. The exaggerated threat is understood as affecting society’s values, safety, and interests."}]},{"id":"3feee145-2869-469f-bd9e-5b0702a421fc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does Kelly subvert the “hoodie” stereotype in DNA?","back":"The characters are ordinary school pupils, not street-gang members.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The characters are ordinary school pupils, not street-gang members.","correct":true,"explanation":"By presenting the group as recognisable school pupils rather than stereotypical gang members, Kelly shows that fear, conformity, and cruelty can develop among apparently ordinary young people."},{"text":"The characters are hardened street criminals, not street-gang members.","correct":false,"explanation":"Describing them as hardened criminals reinforces rather than subverts the threatening youth stereotype. Kelly instead makes them ordinary school pupils whose behaviour develops through group pressure."},{"text":"The characters are members of rival gangs, not street-gang members.","correct":false,"explanation":"The play does not portray the characters as members of competing gangs; that would reproduce the media stereotype. They are ordinary school pupils, which makes their actions more unsettling."},{"text":"The characters are violent adult offenders, not street-gang members.","correct":false,"explanation":"The characters are young people rather than adult offenders. Kelly undermines the “hoodie” stereotype by presenting them as ordinary school pupils, not established criminals."}]},{"id":"ac4abe5e-e6c5-4b73-bafe-d76bccde2412","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What drives the group more than a raw desire for violence?","back":"Fear, panic, and the desire to conform.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fear, panic, and the desire to conform.","correct":true,"explanation":"The group’s escalating cruelty largely results from fear of punishment, panicked attempts to conceal events, and pressure to follow Phil’s plan rather than simple enjoyment of violence."},{"text":"Hatred, revenge, and the desire to dominate.","correct":false,"explanation":"These motives would suggest deliberate hostility and a straightforward appetite for power. The group is driven more by fear, panic, and the desire to conform."},{"text":"Greed, ambition, and the desire for status.","correct":false,"explanation":"The group is not primarily seeking money, achievement, or social advancement. Their decisions arise more from fear, mounting panic, and pressure to conform."},{"text":"Boredom, pleasure, and the desire for excitement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although boredom may contribute to the original bullying, it does not chiefly drive the later cover-up. Fear, panic, and the desire to conform propel the group."}]},{"id":"a4a54ff2-bd37-47ba-ad31-68723982ad6e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Phil, Leah, and Richard undermine the “feral youth” stereotype because they are [ ] and [ ].","back":"Phil, Leah, and Richard undermine the “feral youth” stereotype because they are articulate and philosophical.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Phil, Leah, and Richard undermine the “feral youth” stereotype because they are articulate and philosophical.","correct":true,"explanation":"Their sophisticated speech and engagement with abstract questions make them more complex than the crude stereotype of mindless, inarticulate youths, even though they remain implicated in violence."},{"text":"Phil, Leah, and Richard undermine the “feral youth” stereotype because they are articulate and impulsive.","correct":false,"explanation":"Articulacy complicates the stereotype, but impulsiveness would tend to reinforce ideas of uncontrolled youth. Their articulate and philosophical qualities are what challenge the stereotype."},{"text":"Phil, Leah, and Richard undermine the “feral youth” stereotype because they are inarticulate and philosophical.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calling them inarticulate reinforces a central feature of the stereotype and contradicts their sophisticated language. They undermine it by being both articulate and philosophical."},{"text":"Phil, Leah, and Richard undermine the “feral youth” stereotype because they are aggressive and unreflective.","correct":false,"explanation":"Aggression and lack of reflection would support the stereotype of uncontrolled young people. Their articulate speech and philosophical reflections instead reveal intelligence and complexity."}]},{"id":"669069f1-6bf9-4d02-8e73-93fbdcb14114","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the effect of removing adults from the stage?","back":"Kelly creates a miniature society governed by teenagers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Kelly creates a miniature society governed by teenagers.","correct":true,"explanation":"With adults removed, the teenagers must create their own miniature society, allowing Kelly to explore how power, hierarchy and collective behaviour develop without adult supervision."},{"text":"Kelly creates a stable democracy governed by teenagers.","correct":false,"explanation":"The teenagers do not establish a stable democracy based on equal participation. Kelly instead creates a miniature society in which teenage authority becomes hierarchical and coercive."},{"text":"Kelly creates a school community governed by teachers.","correct":false,"explanation":"No teachers take control because adults are deliberately absent from the stage. The teenagers govern their own miniature society and must confront power without adult intervention."},{"text":"Kelly creates an equal community governed by nobody.","correct":false,"explanation":"The group does not remain free from leadership or social organisation. Kelly presents a miniature teenage society increasingly governed through hierarchy, manipulation and fear."}]},{"id":"4f708260-1848-4be7-8f4e-1d6258d78750","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does the absent adult world reveal about human behaviour?","back":"Without stabilising structures, humans may default to authoritarianism and cruelty.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Without stabilising structures, humans may default to authoritarianism and cruelty.","correct":true,"explanation":"The absence of adult institutions exposes how quickly the group adopts rigid leadership and inflicts suffering, suggesting that authoritarianism and cruelty can emerge without stabilising structures."},{"text":"Without stabilising structures, humans may default to democracy and compassion.","correct":false,"explanation":"The group’s conduct does not support an automatic movement towards democracy or kindness. Without stabilising structures, Kelly suggests that humans may instead default to authoritarianism and cruelty."},{"text":"Without stabilising structures, humans may retain morality and self-control.","correct":false,"explanation":"The teenagers do not consistently follow an innate moral code, as their treatment of Adam becomes increasingly brutal. The play instead exposes a potential default to authoritarianism and cruelty."},{"text":"Without stabilising structures, humans may seek obedience and adult approval.","correct":false,"explanation":"The absent adults cannot enforce obedience or discipline. Instead, the teenagers construct their own hierarchy, revealing that authoritarianism and cruelty can arise within the group itself."}]},{"id":"4193b449-f4c1-4c69-b852-79b448765772","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What scientific context does the title DNA directly reference?","back":"Genetics and evolutionary biology.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Genetics and evolutionary biology.","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA carries genetic information, while evolutionary biology examines inherited traits and survival. The title therefore directly connects the play with genetics and evolutionary explanations of behaviour."},{"text":"Psychology and social anthropology.","correct":false,"explanation":"Psychology and sociology may help interpret group behaviour, but DNA is specifically the molecule of genetic inheritance, directly linking the title to genetics and evolutionary biology."},{"text":"Physics and theoretical cosmology.","correct":false,"explanation":"Physics and cosmology investigate matter, forces and the universe rather than inherited biological information. DNA directly belongs to the fields of genetics and evolutionary biology."},{"text":"Ecology and climate science.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ecology and climate science examine organisms’ environments and Earth’s climate systems. The title DNA more directly references genetics, inheritance and evolutionary biology."}]},{"id":"7016c009-51e3-415a-b884-7e092a43299c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Kelly was influenced by Richard Dawkins’s 1976 book [ ].","back":"Kelly was influenced by Richard Dawkins’s 1976 book The Selfish Gene.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Selfish Gene","correct":true,"explanation":"Richard Dawkins published The Selfish Gene in 1976, popularising the idea that evolution can be understood through genes promoting their own replication."},{"text":"The Blind Watchmaker","correct":false,"explanation":"Dawkins wrote The Blind Watchmaker, but it was published in 1986 rather than 1976. The 1976 book influencing Kelly was The Selfish Gene."},{"text":"The Extended Phenotype","correct":false,"explanation":"Dawkins published The Extended Phenotype in 1982, so the title and date do not match. His influential 1976 book was The Selfish Gene."},{"text":"The Descent of Man","correct":false,"explanation":"The Descent of Man was written by Charles Darwin and published in 1871, not by Dawkins in 1976. The correct book is The Selfish Gene."}]},{"id":"906bc82c-1be0-4b0f-894a-23db7ab28bb0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does genetic determinism suggest about human behaviour?","back":"Behaviour is dictated by DNA, not free will or upbringing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Behaviour is dictated by DNA, not free will or upbringing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Genetic determinism treats inherited DNA as the decisive cause of behaviour, minimising the influence of personal choice, education, upbringing and social environment."},{"text":"Behaviour is dictated by upbringing, not DNA or free will.","correct":false,"explanation":"Making upbringing the sole cause describes environmental determinism, not genetic determinism. Genetic determinism claims that behaviour is dictated by DNA rather than upbringing or free will."},{"text":"Behaviour is dictated by free will, not DNA or upbringing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Prioritising free will directly opposes determinism because it presents people as choosing their actions. Genetic determinism instead attributes behaviour primarily to inherited DNA."},{"text":"Behaviour is dictated by social expectations, not DNA or free will.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social expectations can influence behaviour, but treating them as decisive is a social or environmental explanation. Genetic determinism specifically identifies DNA as the determining force."}]},{"id":"1c3eb6ee-5d29-4cbe-a41b-80ce1344bd93","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"If humans are genetically driven to survive, what might morality become?","back":"A fragile, artificial concept.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A fragile, artificial concept.","correct":true,"explanation":"If survival instincts are genetically dominant, moral rules may appear to be human inventions that collapse under pressure rather than permanent features of human nature."},{"text":"A universal, instinctive principle.","correct":false,"explanation":"An instinctive and universal principle would be genetically embedded rather than socially constructed. The play raises the possibility that morality is instead fragile and artificial."},{"text":"A permanent, biological law.","correct":false,"explanation":"A permanent biological law would make morality part of humanity’s fixed genetic nature. The survival argument instead suggests morality may be an artificial concept vulnerable to pressure."},{"text":"A reliable, natural survival mechanism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Morality is not presented as a guaranteed survival mechanism, since self-preservation can encourage cruelty and betrayal. It may instead be a fragile, artificial restraint on instinct."}]},{"id":"ce2e264f-16ec-4a9f-b8ba-8509173ac96e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How does Leah describe chimpanzee behaviour?","back":"Violent, territorial, and hierarchical.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Violent, territorial, and hierarchical.","correct":true,"explanation":"Leah presents chimpanzees as violent and territorial animals organised through hierarchy, using them as a model for the aggressive side of human evolutionary behaviour."},{"text":"Peaceful, matriarchal, and cooperative.","correct":false,"explanation":"Peaceful, matriarchal and cooperative describes Leah’s contrasting account of bonobos, not chimpanzees. She characterises chimpanzees as violent, territorial and hierarchical."},{"text":"Solitary, passive, and egalitarian.","correct":false,"explanation":"Leah does not portray chimpanzees as isolated animals without ranking. Her comparison depends on their group hierarchy, territorial aggression and capacity for violence."},{"text":"Gentle, nomadic, and non-hierarchical.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gentleness and social equality conflict with Leah’s depiction of chimpanzee aggression and dominance structures. She describes them as violent, territorial and hierarchical."}]},{"id":"4b886c9b-b3d9-4c5b-96c0-aa84e9b13a63","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How does Leah describe bonobo behaviour?","back":"Peaceful, matriarchal, and cooperative.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Peaceful, matriarchal, and cooperative.","correct":true,"explanation":"Leah contrasts bonobos with aggressive chimpanzees, presenting bonobos as peaceful, matriarchal and cooperative to show that different evolutionary patterns of social behaviour are possible."},{"text":"Violent, territorial, and hierarchical.","correct":false,"explanation":"Violent, territorial and hierarchical describes Leah’s account of chimpanzees, not bonobos. She uses bonobos as the contrasting peaceful, matriarchal and cooperative example."},{"text":"Solitary, patriarchal, and competitive.","correct":false,"explanation":"Leah’s bonobos are socially cooperative rather than solitary or competitive. Their matriarchal organisation also contradicts the description of them as male-dominated."},{"text":"Aggressive, patriarchal, and uncooperative.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Leah’s contrast by assigning aggression and male dominance to bonobos. She presents them as peaceful, matriarchal and cooperative instead."}]},{"id":"db7d5ad1-9075-4382-bcfe-643d59e79d24","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Under pressure, the group abandons bonobo-like empathy and defaults to [ ].","back":"Under pressure, the group abandons bonobo-like empathy and defaults to chimpanzee-like pack brutality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"chimpanzee-like pack brutality","correct":true,"explanation":"The comparison suggests that crisis strips away the group’s empathy and exposes violent, tribal behaviour, resembling the aggression and dominance associated with chimpanzee social groups."},{"text":"bonobo-like cooperative peacemaking","correct":false,"explanation":"Bonobos symbolise empathy and cooperation, which the group abandons under pressure. The correct completion is “chimpanzee-like pack brutality”, emphasising its regression into aggression and hierarchy."},{"text":"orangutan-like solitary withdrawal","correct":false,"explanation":"Solitary withdrawal does not describe the group’s collective violence or rigid hierarchy. The correct completion is “chimpanzee-like pack brutality”, reflecting its aggressive, pack-based behaviour."},{"text":"human-like rational compromise","correct":false,"explanation":"The characters do not respond through reasoned compromise; they become increasingly cruel and tribal. The correct completion is “chimpanzee-like pack brutality”, highlighting their violent regression."}]},{"id":"25a94e37-c634-4400-a45a-f212c7476e0b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In the group’s “primal hierarchy”, what role does Phil occupy?","back":"The silent, dominant alpha male.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The silent, dominant alpha male.","correct":true,"explanation":"Phil controls the group while speaking very little, and the others ultimately follow his decisions. His authority and emotional detachment make him its dominant alpha figure."},{"text":"The talkative, submissive beta male.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phil is neither talkative nor submissive; his silence reinforces his authority rather than weakness. He occupies the role of the silent, dominant alpha male."},{"text":"The isolated, powerless social outcast.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adam, not Phil, becomes the powerless outcast targeted by the group. Phil is the silent, dominant alpha male whose plans and commands control the others."},{"text":"The anxious, dependent group follower.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phil does not depend on others for direction; they depend on him to solve each crisis. He is the silent, dominant alpha male within the hierarchy."}]},{"id":"b55968f9-9870-4a49-8742-881f549af433","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does Phil keep weaker characters like Brian and Danny in line?","back":"Through violence and psychological manipulation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Through violence and psychological manipulation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Phil combines the threat or use of physical force with calculated emotional pressure. This makes vulnerable characters fearful and dependent, allowing him to maintain control."},{"text":"Through kindness and emotional reassurance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phil rarely reassures vulnerable characters and instead exploits their fear and insecurity. He controls Brian and Danny through violence and psychological manipulation."},{"text":"Through democratic debate and fair compromise.","correct":false,"explanation":"The group does not make decisions democratically, because Phil imposes plans and pressures others to obey. He maintains control through violence and psychological manipulation."},{"text":"Through legal authority and social responsibility.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phil holds no official authority and repeatedly avoids lawful or responsible action. His power over weaker characters comes through violence and psychological manipulation."}]},{"id":"4ab5542d-9129-430a-9aef-69e068712691","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Utilitarianism seeks the [ ] for the [ ].","back":"Utilitarianism seeks the greatest good for the greatest number.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Utilitarianism seeks the greatest good for the greatest number.","correct":true,"explanation":"Utilitarian ethics judges actions by their consequences, favouring the choice that produces the greatest overall benefit or happiness for the largest number of people."},{"text":"Utilitarianism seeks the greatest wealth for the greatest number.","correct":false,"explanation":"Utilitarianism concerns overall good or happiness, not specifically financial wealth. It seeks the greatest good for the greatest number."},{"text":"Utilitarianism seeks the greatest good for the most deserving people.","correct":false,"explanation":"Utilitarianism does not restrict benefit to people judged morally deserving. It aims at the greatest good for the greatest number affected."},{"text":"Utilitarianism seeks the equal good for the smallest number.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the principle by reducing both the benefit and the number helped. Utilitarianism seeks the greatest good for the greatest number."}]},{"id":"a126f37c-3ac5-4cd2-9b1a-bdf0006c4970","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is Phil’s decision to kill Adam utilitarian?","back":"He sacrifices one person to protect eight.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"He sacrifices one person to protect eight.","correct":true,"explanation":"Phil treats Adam’s life as less important than the survival of the larger group. This follows utilitarian reasoning by prioritising the welfare of eight people over one."},{"text":"He sacrifices eight people to protect one.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Phil’s calculation and would reduce rather than maximise the number protected. He sacrifices one person to protect eight, making his reasoning utilitarian."},{"text":"He sacrifices one person to punish eight.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phil’s purpose is to protect the group, not punish its members. He sacrifices one person to protect eight, prioritising the majority’s safety."},{"text":"He sacrifices himself to protect Adam.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phil does not risk himself for Adam; he designates Adam as expendable. He sacrifices one person to protect eight, applying a ruthless utilitarian calculation."}]},{"id":"2fd5872a-4612-47b0-94fb-d94a924f812f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does deontology say about murder?","back":"Murder is always wrong, regardless of consequences.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Murder is always wrong, regardless of consequences.","correct":true,"explanation":"Deontology judges actions according to moral duties and rules rather than their outcomes. Murder therefore remains morally forbidden even when it might produce beneficial consequences."},{"text":"Murder is sometimes right, if it benefits the majority.","correct":false,"explanation":"Judging murder by whether it benefits the majority is utilitarian reasoning. Deontology holds that murder is always wrong, regardless of the consequences produced."},{"text":"Murder is morally neutral, unless it causes suffering.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deontology does not make murder neutral when suffering appears limited. It treats murder as always wrong because the act violates an absolute moral duty."},{"text":"Murder is usually acceptable, when ordered by authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"Authority cannot remove an individual’s moral duty under deontological ethics. Murder is always wrong, regardless of who orders it or what consequences follow."}]},{"id":"b719f399-c529-40b8-86d5-58e673a1bafc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which character represents the play’s deontological moral conscience?","back":"Leah.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Leah.","correct":true,"explanation":"Leah repeatedly questions Phil’s choices and recognises the group’s moral decline. Her objections make her the play’s clearest representative of deontological conscience."},{"text":"Phil.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phil treats individuals as expendable when sacrificing them may protect the majority, so his reasoning is utilitarian rather than deontological. Leah represents the moral conscience."},{"text":"Cathy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cathy embraces cruelty and becomes increasingly excited by violence, so she does not represent principled moral opposition. The deontological conscience is Leah."},{"text":"John Tate.","correct":false,"explanation":"John Tate attempts to control the group through intimidation and denial rather than absolute moral principles. Leah represents the play’s deontological moral conscience."}]},{"id":"34fc3b07-ad49-40b1-9ab0-e72ace8438bf","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is Leah still complicit despite being the moral conscience?","back":"She never goes to the police.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"She never goes to the police.","correct":true,"explanation":"Although Leah recognises that the group’s actions are wrong, she fails to report them. Her silence allows the violence and deception to continue, making her complicit."},{"text":"She personally attacks Adam.","correct":false,"explanation":"Leah’s complicity comes from failing to act against the group, not from personally carrying out the original attack. She never goes to the police."},{"text":"She creates the false accusation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phil constructs the plan that frames an innocent man, while Leah objects without stopping it. She remains complicit because she never goes to the police."},{"text":"She forces Brian to confess.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phil manipulates Brian and directs the group’s response; Leah does not force a confession. Her complicity lies in the fact that she never goes to the police."}]},{"id":"f695521c-a387-4c4e-a196-ed6db8f7d69e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does Kelly suggest happens to individual morality under collective self-interest?","back":"It is crushed by the group’s survival instinct.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is crushed by the group’s survival instinct.","correct":true,"explanation":"Kelly suggests that collective self-interest overwhelms personal moral principles. When the group feels threatened, its instinct for survival suppresses individual conscience and ethical responsibility."},{"text":"It is strengthened by the group’s survival instinct.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Kelly’s point: collective survival does not reinforce individual morality. The group’s self-interest crushes personal principles by making survival more important than ethical behaviour."},{"text":"It is protected by the group’s survival instinct.","correct":false,"explanation":"This wrongly assumes that belonging to a group safeguards personal morality. Kelly instead suggests that the group’s survival instinct crushes individual conscience when collective interests are threatened."},{"text":"It is rewarded by the group’s survival instinct.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses moral behaviour with something the group encourages. Kelly argues that collective self-interest crushes individual morality because the group prioritises its own survival over ethical principles."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-12","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Context","title":"Context Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/english-literature/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"d2aed27c-bbcd-53cb-8755-7ce8a524d90c","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]