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Utility software supports computer maintenance, making it a type of systems software."},{"text":"Programming software.","correct":false,"explanation":"Programming software is used to develop or translate programs. Utilities instead maintain, secure or optimise a computer, so they belong to systems software."},{"text":"Firmware.","correct":false,"explanation":"Firmware is software embedded in hardware to provide low-level control. Utility software performs system support tasks and is therefore classified as systems software."}]},{"id":"968f031a-47b6-4c50-b802-fb65c340540f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is a word processor application software rather than utility software?","back":"It helps the user create documents, not maintain/protect/optimise the system.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It helps the user create documents, not maintain/protect/optimise the system.","correct":true,"explanation":"A word processor performs a user-focused task by allowing documents to be created and edited. Utilities instead maintain, protect or optimise the computer system."},{"text":"It helps the user maintain file storage, not create documents for personal use.","correct":false,"explanation":"Maintaining file storage is a system support task associated with utility software. A word processor is application software because it helps the user create documents."},{"text":"It helps the user protect against malware, not perform a user-focused task.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protecting a computer from malware is the role of antivirus utility software. A word processor instead provides the user-focused function of creating documents."},{"text":"It helps the user optimise system performance, not create content for personal use.","correct":false,"explanation":"Optimising system performance is a utility function, not the purpose of a word processor. Word processors are application software because users employ them to create documents."}]},{"id":"a37be605-1545-41fa-9dd6-e5cff0698e08","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might a computer need utility software in addition to its operating system?","back":"To handle specialist maintenance, security or optimisation tasks.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To handle specialist maintenance, security or optimisation tasks.","correct":true,"explanation":"An operating system provides core services, while separate utilities offer specialist functions such as antivirus scanning, encryption, backups, compression and disk optimisation."},{"text":"To replace core hardware management or user interface tasks.","correct":false,"explanation":"The operating system itself manages hardware and provides the main user interface. Utilities supplement it with specialist maintenance, security or optimisation functions rather than replacing it."},{"text":"To handle everyday document creation, gaming or web browsing tasks.","correct":false,"explanation":"Document creation, gaming and web browsing are user-focused tasks performed by application software. Utilities are needed for specialist maintenance, security or optimisation tasks."},{"text":"To perform specialist compilation, interpretation or assembly tasks.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compilers, interpreters and assemblers are programming tools used to translate code. Utility software instead provides specialist maintenance, security or optimisation functions."}]},{"id":"34d9129e-3b78-4cad-800c-24a1d9a7cb9c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A lost USB drive contains private medical data. Which utility should be used?","back":"Encryption software.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Encryption software.","correct":true,"explanation":"Encryption makes the medical data unreadable without the correct key or password, protecting its confidentiality if an unauthorised person finds the USB drive."},{"text":"Antivirus software.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antivirus software detects and removes malicious software, but it does not make private files unreadable. Encryption software should protect the medical data on the USB drive."},{"text":"Compression software.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compression software reduces file sizes but does not prevent unauthorised users from reading the data. Encryption software is required to protect the medical information."},{"text":"Defragmentation software.","correct":false,"explanation":"Defragmentation reorganises file fragments to improve storage access and does not protect confidentiality. Encryption software makes the medical data unreadable without the key."}]},{"id":"389be64d-3fe4-4752-b9b2-ad6e95f3f16d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Encryption converts readable [ ] into unreadable [ ].","back":"Encryption converts readable plaintext into unreadable ciphertext.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Encryption converts readable plaintext into unreadable ciphertext.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plaintext is the original readable data. Encryption processes it using an algorithm and key to produce ciphertext that should be unreadable without the correct decryption key."},{"text":"Encryption converts readable ciphertext into unreadable plaintext.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the encryption process. Decryption converts ciphertext back into plaintext, while encryption converts readable plaintext into unreadable ciphertext."},{"text":"Encryption converts readable source code into unreadable machine code.","correct":false,"explanation":"Converting source code to machine code is compilation, not encryption. Encryption converts readable plaintext into unreadable ciphertext to protect confidentiality."},{"text":"Encryption converts readable plaintext into unreadable hash values.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hashing generates a fixed-length hash value and is generally one-way. Encryption instead converts readable plaintext into ciphertext that can be decrypted with the correct key."}]},{"id":"0802483a-d3fd-4c4d-9399-4a17b7201651","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What must an authorised user usually have to decrypt encrypted data?","back":"The correct key or password.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The correct key or password.","correct":true,"explanation":"Decryption reverses encryption using the correct cryptographic key. In user-facing systems, access to that key may be controlled through a password."},{"text":"The correct account username.","correct":false,"explanation":"A username identifies an account but does not itself decrypt data. An authorised user needs the correct cryptographic key or the password controlling access to it."},{"text":"The correct file name or location.","correct":false,"explanation":"Knowing where a file is stored only allows it to be located. Decrypting its contents requires the correct cryptographic key or password."},{"text":"The correct antivirus signature.","correct":false,"explanation":"An antivirus signature helps identify known malware and has no role in reversing encryption. Decryption requires the correct key or password."}]},{"id":"8d33ebac-6e10-43b2-88a0-cc4bab2abb15","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does encryption reduce risk if a laptop is lost?","back":"Data is unreadable without the correct key/password.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Data is unreadable without the correct key/password.","correct":true,"explanation":"Encryption preserves confidentiality by making stored data unintelligible to anyone lacking the correct key or password, even if they physically possess the laptop."},{"text":"Data is automatically deleted when the laptop disconnects.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encryption does not automatically erase data when a device disconnects. It reduces the risk by making the data unreadable without the correct key or password."},{"text":"Data is backed up before the laptop can be stolen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Backing up data protects against loss but does not prevent a thief from reading the laptop’s files. Encryption makes those files unreadable without the correct key or password."},{"text":"Data is hidden by changing file names and folders.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing names or folders merely obscures a file and can be easily reversed. Encryption protects it by making its contents unreadable without the correct key or password."}]},{"id":"9bb0077e-37c6-4e97-ab5e-49ce49198aa0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Encryption protects data [ ], but does not stop files being [ ].","back":"Encryption protects data confidentiality, but does not stop files being deleted.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Encryption protects data confidentiality, but does not stop files being deleted.","correct":true,"explanation":"Encryption protects confidentiality because unauthorised users cannot understand the encrypted contents. It does not provide availability, so an attacker can still delete the files."},{"text":"Encryption protects data integrity, but does not stop files being deleted.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encryption protects confidentiality rather than integrity: it conceals contents but does not inherently prevent alteration. It also cannot stop encrypted files from being deleted."},{"text":"Encryption protects data confidentiality, but does not stop files being read without the key.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encryption is specifically intended to prevent unauthorised reading, so the second completion reverses its purpose. It protects confidentiality but cannot stop files from being deleted."},{"text":"Encryption protects data availability, but does not stop files being modified.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encryption does not ensure availability or prevent modification; those require other controls. Its main protection is confidentiality, although encrypted files can still be deleted."}]},{"id":"7933a8fc-8fc2-4b4c-8d7c-bae373d03331","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Files on an old magnetic HDD are scattered and access is slow. Which utility should be used?","back":"Defragmentation software.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Defragmentation software.","correct":true,"explanation":"Defragmentation reorganises scattered file fragments into contiguous blocks, reducing how far the HDD’s mechanical read/write head must move when accessing files."},{"text":"Data compression software.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compression software reduces file sizes but does not rearrange scattered disk blocks. Defragmentation software should be used to place fragments together and improve HDD access speed."},{"text":"Antivirus software.","correct":false,"explanation":"Antivirus software detects and removes malware; it does not reorganise fragmented files. Defragmentation software rearranges the data so the HDD head makes fewer movements."},{"text":"Backup software.","correct":false,"explanation":"Backup software creates copies of data but leaves the original disk layout unchanged. Defragmentation software reorganises scattered file fragments into contiguous blocks."}]},{"id":"2f1a9f2c-6baf-4c56-b190-35818f607069","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An HDD is [ ] secondary storage with [ ].","back":"An HDD is magnetic secondary storage with moving parts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An HDD is magnetic secondary storage with moving parts.","correct":true,"explanation":"An HDD stores data by magnetising areas of rotating platters. Its mechanical components include spinning platters and a moving read/write head."},{"text":"An HDD is optical secondary storage with moving parts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Optical storage uses lasers to read discs such as DVDs, whereas an HDD records data magnetically on platters and contains moving parts."},{"text":"An HDD is magnetic secondary storage with no moving parts.","correct":false,"explanation":"An HDD is correctly identified as magnetic, but its platters and read/write head move mechanically. Having no moving parts describes an SSD instead."},{"text":"An HDD is solid-state secondary storage with no moving parts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solid-state storage uses electronic flash memory without mechanical movement. An HDD instead uses magnetic storage and has moving platters and a moving read/write head."}]},{"id":"7ed12165-01bf-49c3-809c-3a3b38cf9816","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a fragmented file load more slowly on an HDD?","back":"The read/write head moves to several positions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The read/write head moves to several positions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fragments stored in different locations require the mechanical read/write head to seek several positions. This extra physical movement increases the file’s access time."},{"text":"The magnetic platter rotates at a lower speed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fragmentation does not reduce the platter’s fixed rotational speed. Loading slows because the read/write head must move between several locations containing the file’s fragments."},{"text":"The file data is compressed several times.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fragmentation separates a file into non-contiguous blocks; it does not repeatedly compress its data. The delay comes from the read/write head moving to several positions."},{"text":"The read/write head scans every free sector.","correct":false,"explanation":"The head seeks the sectors containing the file, not every unused sector. A fragmented file loads slowly because those required sectors are located in several positions."}]},{"id":"014992f8-ec06-429f-abf0-fb171732037c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Defragmentation makes file storage more [ ], meaning parts are [ ].","back":"Defragmentation makes file storage more contiguous, meaning parts are next to each other.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Defragmentation makes file storage more contiguous, meaning parts are next to each other.","correct":true,"explanation":"Defragmentation rearranges a file’s separated blocks into contiguous storage locations. Contiguous blocks are adjacent, so the HDD head requires less movement to read them."},{"text":"Defragmentation makes file storage more fragmented, meaning parts are next to each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fragmented means that a file’s parts are scattered rather than adjacent. Defragmentation makes storage contiguous, with the parts placed next to each other."},{"text":"Defragmentation makes file storage more contiguous, meaning parts are far away from each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Contiguous correctly describes the reorganised storage, but contiguous parts are next to each other, not separated across different areas of the disk."},{"text":"Defragmentation makes file storage more compressed, meaning parts are smaller than each other.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compression reduces the amount of data and is a different utility process. Defragmentation makes storage contiguous, meaning the file’s parts are next to each other."}]},{"id":"c3803e54-89f1-4d1b-9be3-d1bdea8ccb75","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to free space during defragmentation?","back":"It is grouped together.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is grouped together.","correct":true,"explanation":"Defragmentation moves occupied blocks into contiguous areas, causing the remaining unoccupied blocks to be grouped into a larger continuous region of free space."},{"text":"It is permanently deleted.","correct":false,"explanation":"Defragmentation reorganises disk blocks but does not remove unused capacity. Free space remains available and is grouped together into a more continuous region."},{"text":"It is compressed into files.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compression changes how data is represented to reduce its size; defragmentation does not compress free space. Instead, the utility groups the free space together."},{"text":"It is split into smaller gaps.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fragmentation can leave free space divided into small gaps before the process. Defragmentation does the opposite by grouping those gaps together."}]},{"id":"43c83654-c12a-48e6-b9af-5416b43028a8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why should defragmentation not be recommended for an SSD?","back":"SSDs have no moving read/write head.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"SSDs have no moving read/write head.","correct":true,"explanation":"An SSD accesses flash-memory locations electronically and has no mechanical read/write head to reposition. Making file blocks contiguous therefore provides no seek-time advantage."},{"text":"SSDs have slower spinning magnetic platters.","correct":false,"explanation":"SSDs do not contain spinning platters at any speed; they use flash memory. Defragmentation is unnecessary because there is no moving read/write head requiring shorter seeks."},{"text":"SSDs have no permanent storage capacity.","correct":false,"explanation":"SSDs provide non-volatile secondary storage and retain data without power. Defragmentation is unsuitable because electronic access needs no moving read/write head."},{"text":"SSDs have files that cannot become fragmented.","correct":false,"explanation":"An SSD’s file-system blocks can be non-contiguous, but electronic access makes their physical separation largely irrelevant. Defragmentation is unnecessary because there is no moving read/write head."}]},{"id":"d31bb419-1a90-4869-957c-11c7578195ba","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What problem does defragmentation not solve for a large attachment?","back":"It does not reduce file size.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It does not reduce file size.","correct":true,"explanation":"Defragmentation changes where a file’s blocks are stored, not the amount of data in the file. Compression software is needed to reduce its size."},{"text":"It does not rearrange file blocks.","correct":false,"explanation":"Placing file blocks contiguously is precisely what defragmentation does. Its limitation for a large attachment is that rearranging blocks does not reduce the file’s size."},{"text":"It does not improve HDD access speed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Defragmentation can improve access times on a magnetic HDD by reducing head movement. However, it does not reduce the attachment’s file size for uploading."},{"text":"It does not group free space together.","correct":false,"explanation":"Grouping free space is an effect of defragmentation as occupied blocks are reorganised. The process still does not reduce the size of a large attachment."}]},{"id":"4c86b12c-f649-4298-b800-d5908c333ab5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A video file is too large to upload quickly. Which utility should be used?","back":"Data compression software.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Data compression software.","correct":true,"explanation":"Data compression encodes the video using fewer bits, producing a smaller file that requires less data to be transferred during the upload."},{"text":"Defragmentation software.","correct":false,"explanation":"Defragmentation rearranges blocks on an HDD but leaves the video’s file size unchanged. Data compression software reduces the amount of data that must be uploaded."},{"text":"Encryption software.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encryption protects a file’s confidentiality but does not reliably make it smaller and may slightly increase its size. Data compression software is needed for faster uploading."},{"text":"Backup software.","correct":false,"explanation":"Backup software creates another copy of the video rather than reducing its size. Data compression software produces a smaller file that can upload more quickly."}]},{"id":"236a72ed-7e26-44fd-92ac-303df48dbc5b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Data compression reduces the number of [ ] needed to store or [ ] data.","back":"Data compression reduces the number of bits needed to store or transmit data.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Data compression reduces the number of bits needed to store or transmit data.","correct":true,"explanation":"Compression encodes the same information using fewer bits, reducing storage requirements and the amount of binary data that must be transmitted."},{"text":"Data compression reduces the number of characters needed to store or transmit data.","correct":false,"explanation":"Characters are text symbols rather than the universal unit of data storage. Compression reduces the number of bits needed to store or transmit data."},{"text":"Data compression reduces the number of bits needed to store or encrypt data.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encryption protects data from unauthorised access rather than reducing its transmission requirement. Compression reduces the number of bits needed to store or transmit data."},{"text":"Data compression reduces the number of packets needed to store or encrypt data.","correct":false,"explanation":"Packetisation and encryption are separate networking and security processes. Compression specifically reduces the number of bits needed to store or transmit data."}]},{"id":"12fbc9ed-504e-4376-b62f-48df507f67c1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What process restores compressed data into a usable form?","back":"Decompression.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Decompression.","correct":true,"explanation":"Decompression reverses the compression process, reconstructing the data in a form that software can open, interpret and use."},{"text":"Compression.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compression creates the smaller encoded form rather than restoring it. Decompression reverses compression so that the data can be opened and used again."},{"text":"Encryption.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encryption converts data into a protected form to prevent unauthorised access. Decompression is the process that restores compressed data to a usable form."},{"text":"Defragmentation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Defragmentation reorganises file fragments on a storage device to improve access efficiency. Decompression restores compressed data to a usable form."}]},{"id":"92bddfbb-bab7-4d07-b7d8-5dddcc98ab87","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A file is too large to email. What does compression change?","back":"It reduces the file size.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It reduces the file size.","correct":true,"explanation":"Compression represents the file using fewer bits, so it reduces the file size and makes the file easier to attach and transmit."},{"text":"It increases the file size.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing the size would make the email problem worse and is the opposite of compression’s purpose. Compression reduces the file size."},{"text":"It improves the data quality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compression cannot add new detail or improve the quality of the original data. Its relevant effect here is to reduce the file size."},{"text":"It encrypts the file contents.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encryption protects file contents but does not perform the same function as compression. Compression reduces the file size so it is easier to email."}]},{"id":"47b14e1e-b29e-49ad-9bd1-254ebbdbbf30","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] compression restores original data exactly; [ ] compression permanently removes detail.","back":"Lossless compression restores original data exactly; lossy compression permanently removes detail.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Lossless compression restores original data exactly; lossy compression permanently removes detail.","correct":true,"explanation":"Lossless compression preserves all original data so it can be reconstructed exactly, whereas lossy compression achieves smaller files by permanently discarding some detail."},{"text":"Lossy compression restores original data exactly; lossless compression permanently removes detail.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two definitions. Lossless compression reconstructs every original bit, while lossy compression permanently discards some data or detail."},{"text":"Lossless compression restores original data exactly; lossless compression permanently removes detail.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lossless correctly describes exact restoration, but it does not permanently remove detail. Lossy compression is the type that discards detail permanently."},{"text":"Lossy compression restores original data exactly; lossy compression permanently removes detail.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lossy compression cannot normally restore the original data exactly because some detail has been discarded. Exact restoration is a feature of lossless compression."}]},{"id":"1d467f6b-20dc-479d-ab41-d4c0af6233c2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A folder shrinks from 100 MB to 60 MB. What is the percentage reduction?","back":"40%.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"40%.","correct":true,"explanation":"The folder decreases by 40 MB, and $40 \\div 100 \\times 100 = 40\\%$. Therefore, the percentage reduction is 40%."},{"text":"60%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses the 60 MB remaining as though it were the amount removed. The reduction is 40 MB out of 100 MB, giving 40%."},{"text":"66.7%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This divides the 40 MB reduction by the final 60 MB instead of the original 100 MB. Percentage reduction must use the original size, giving 40%."},{"text":"4%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This comes from treating the decimal $0.4$ as 4% instead of multiplying it by 100. The correct percentage reduction is 40%."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Utility software","title":"Utility software Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/computer-science/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"6b265695-2168-5c53-ae43-c98b07abcbd4","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]