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off."},{"text":"non-volatile","correct":false,"explanation":"Non-volatile storage retains data without power, unlike RAM. The correct term is volatile because RAM contents disappear after shutdown."},{"text":"permanent","correct":false,"explanation":"Permanent describes storage that remains available after power is removed, which RAM does not provide. The correct term is volatile."},{"text":"optical","correct":false,"explanation":"Optical refers to storage read using lasers, such as DVDs, not RAM's power dependency. RAM is volatile and loses contents when switched off."}]},{"id":"6f51b504-b9d7-4578-a8fc-79c6e5b98a15","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which storage keeps programs and files for reuse after shutdown?","back":"Secondary storage.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Secondary storage.","correct":true,"explanation":"Secondary storage is non-volatile, so it keeps programs and files available for reuse after the computer has been shut down."},{"text":"RAM","correct":false,"explanation":"RAM temporarily holds data while programs run and loses it when power is removed. Secondary storage keeps programs and files after shutdown."},{"text":"Cache memory","correct":false,"explanation":"Cache is small, fast memory used to hold frequently needed data temporarily. Secondary storage is what preserves programs and files after shutdown."},{"text":"CPU registers","correct":false,"explanation":"Registers are tiny, temporary storage locations inside the processor and do not preserve files. Secondary storage retains programs and files for later reuse."}]},{"id":"89073cad-cd31-4256-8f25-a94f6c1ba2db","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is RAM not ideal for storing lots of saved files long term, besides being volatile?","back":"

Limited capacity.
Relatively expensive per byte.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Limited capacity.
Relatively expensive per byte.

","correct":true,"explanation":"RAM is unsuitable for large long-term storage because it usually offers less capacity and costs more per byte than secondary storage."},{"text":"

Unlimited capacity.
Relatively expensive per byte.

","correct":false,"explanation":"RAM does not have unlimited capacity; its capacity is limited. Its relatively high cost per byte is correct, but both stated reasons are needed."},{"text":"

Limited capacity.
Relatively cheap per byte.

","correct":false,"explanation":"RAM is limited in capacity but relatively expensive per byte, not cheap. The higher cost makes it unsuitable for storing many files long term."},{"text":"

Large capacity.
Relatively cheap per byte.

","correct":false,"explanation":"RAM generally has limited capacity and costs relatively more per byte than secondary storage. Reversing both comparisons gives the wrong explanation."}]},{"id":"48da82da-62a0-4ced-91f1-1af42454293a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do important files still need backups on non-volatile storage?","back":"Non-volatile storage can still be damaged, deleted, corrupted or lost.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Non-volatile storage can still be damaged, deleted, corrupted or lost.","correct":true,"explanation":"Non-volatile storage survives loss of power, but it can still suffer physical damage, accidental deletion, corruption or loss, so backups remain necessary."},{"text":"Non-volatile storage is automatically duplicated, so files cannot be lost.","correct":false,"explanation":"Non-volatile describes retention without power, not automatic duplication or protection. Files can still be damaged, deleted, corrupted or lost, so backups are needed."},{"text":"Volatile storage can still be damaged, deleted, corrupted or lost.","correct":false,"explanation":"Volatile storage loses data when power is removed, but the question concerns saved files on non-volatile storage. Non-volatile media can still suffer damage or loss."},{"text":"Non-volatile storage can only fail when power is switched off.","correct":false,"explanation":"Non-volatile storage is specifically designed to retain data without power, but it can fail or lose files for many other reasons, including damage and deletion."}]},{"id":"54ca0ce9-91f9-4c8e-9b7d-43679762ca47","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When you open a saved file, where is the needed data loaded?","back":"Back into memory.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Back into memory.","correct":true,"explanation":"When a saved file is opened, its required data is copied from secondary storage into memory so the processor can access and work on it."},{"text":"Back into secondary storage.","correct":false,"explanation":"The file is already held in secondary storage. Opening it loads the needed data into memory, where the processor can access it quickly."},{"text":"Back into the power supply.","correct":false,"explanation":"A power supply provides electrical energy and does not hold program data. Opening a file loads its contents into memory for processing."},{"text":"Back into the monitor.","correct":false,"explanation":"A monitor displays output but does not store the file's working data. The data is loaded into memory so the processor can use it."}]},{"id":"825f703e-a0ad-4cc8-9659-e6a5139d5beb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In an optical drive with a DVD disc, which part is the storage medium?","back":"The DVD disc.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The DVD disc.","correct":true,"explanation":"The DVD disc is the storage medium because it physically stores the encoded data. The optical drive reads that data using a laser."},{"text":"The optical drive.","correct":false,"explanation":"The optical drive contains the mechanism that reads the disc, but it is not the medium holding the data. The DVD disc is the storage medium."},{"text":"The laser.","correct":false,"explanation":"The laser reads patterns on the disc and does not store the information. The DVD disc itself is the storage medium."},{"text":"The computer monitor.","correct":false,"explanation":"The monitor presents visual output and does not store DVD data. The disc is the medium that physically contains the recorded information."}]},{"id":"bb0d2252-96bd-4a8f-a516-a6407e935550","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many bits are in 1 byte?","back":"8 bits.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"8 bits.","correct":true,"explanation":"A byte is defined as a group of eight bits. Each bit can represent one of two binary values, 0 or 1."},{"text":"4 bits","correct":false,"explanation":"Four bits make a nibble, not a byte. A byte contains eight bits, which is the standard unit used for many data measurements."},{"text":"16 bits","correct":false,"explanation":"Sixteen bits equal two bytes, not one byte. The standard definition is that one byte contains eight bits."},{"text":"1 bit","correct":false,"explanation":"A bit is the smallest binary data unit and can hold 0 or 1. Eight bits together form one byte."}]},{"id":"c84746c5-df06-4c36-be1a-4a8ba9f8fbcf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For OCR GCSE, storage prefixes use powers of ten: each step is ×[ ], so 1 GB = [ ].","back":"For OCR GCSE, storage prefixes use powers of ten: each step is ×1,000, so 1 GB = 1,000 MB.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For OCR GCSE, storage prefixes use powers of ten: each step is ×1,000, so 1 GB = 1,000 MB.","correct":true,"explanation":"OCR GCSE uses decimal storage prefixes, where moving from gigabytes to megabytes changes by a factor of 1,000, giving 1 GB = 1,000 MB."},{"text":"For OCR GCSE, storage prefixes use powers of ten: each step is ×1,024, so 1 GB = 1,024 MB.","correct":false,"explanation":"The factor 1,024 comes from binary-style conversions often used in computing, but OCR GCSE specifies decimal prefixes: ×1,000 and 1 GB = 1,000 MB."},{"text":"For OCR GCSE, storage prefixes use powers of ten: each step is ×100, so 1 GB = 100 MB.","correct":false,"explanation":"Each decimal storage prefix is one thousand times the previous one, not one hundred. Therefore the correct relationship is ×1,000 and 1 GB = 1,000 MB."},{"text":"For OCR GCSE, storage prefixes use powers of ten: each step is ×1,000, so 1 GB = 1,024 MB.","correct":false,"explanation":"The prefix step is correctly identified as 1,000, but the resulting conversion must use the same decimal system. The correct value is 1,000 MB."}]},{"id":"9cef3bfa-c390-4747-a12a-046926752806","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] storage stores data using magnetised areas.","back":"Magnetic storage stores data using magnetised areas.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Magnetic","correct":true,"explanation":"Magnetic storage records data by changing the magnetic state of areas on a surface. Hard disk drives and magnetic tape both use this method to store digital data."},{"text":"Optical","correct":false,"explanation":"Optical storage uses a laser to read or write patterns on a disc, rather than magnetising areas. The blank requires the category based on magnetic recording."},{"text":"Solid-state","correct":false,"explanation":"Solid-state storage stores data electronically in flash memory cells and has no magnetised recording surface. Magnetic is the term describing storage based on magnetised areas."},{"text":"Semiconductor","correct":false,"explanation":"Semiconductor storage uses electronic components to represent data, not magnetised regions. Magnetic storage is identified by its use of changing magnetic areas."}]},{"id":"2bd5d7e1-bfa7-43e0-8bab-146bcfe02811","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are HDDs chosen for cheap large storage?","back":"High capacity at a low cost per GB.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"High capacity at a low cost per GB.","correct":true,"explanation":"HDDs provide substantial storage space while costing relatively little for each gigabyte, making them suitable when large capacity matters more than maximum speed."},{"text":"High capacity at a high cost per GB.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although HDDs generally offer high capacity, their main economic advantage is a low cost per GB. A high cost would make them less suitable for cheap storage."},{"text":"Low capacity at a low cost per GB.","correct":false,"explanation":"HDDs are commonly selected because they offer high capacity, not low capacity. Their low cost per GB is precisely why they are useful for large storage."},{"text":"Low capacity at a high cost per GB.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both advantages: HDDs are usually chosen for high capacity and low cost per GB, rather than for small capacity at a high price."}]},{"id":"c3b96e2b-664f-4008-a716-b0cdfdeb05c6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can an HDD be damaged more easily than an SSD if dropped while in use?","back":"An HDD has moving parts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An HDD has moving parts.","correct":true,"explanation":"An HDD contains moving components, including spinning platters and a read/write head. A drop while operating can make these parts collide or become misaligned."},{"text":"An HDD has no moving parts.","correct":false,"explanation":"An SSD has no moving parts, but an HDD does. The moving platters and read/write head make the HDD more vulnerable to shocks while operating."},{"text":"An SSD has moving parts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both types can be damaged by severe impact, but the HDD is especially vulnerable because it has moving mechanical components. SSDs store data in electronic memory cells."},{"text":"An SSD has no moving parts.","correct":false,"explanation":"The absence of moving parts is an SSD feature, not an HDD feature. HDD mechanisms can be damaged by impact because their platters and heads are moving."}]},{"id":"5392e092-a1a1-479f-83f9-3f57b1caaefc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can magnetic tape be slow at finding one specific file?","back":"Sequential access reads data in order until reached.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sequential access reads data in order until reached.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sequential access checks data in a fixed order, so a tape drive may need to pass earlier data before reaching the requested file. This makes locating one file slow."},{"text":"Random access reads data in order until reached.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random access can jump directly to a required location, so it does not normally need to read every preceding item. Sequential access is what makes tape slow to search."},{"text":"Sequential access jumps straight to the file requested.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sequential access does not jump straight to the requested file; it processes earlier data first. Direct access would be faster for finding one specific file."},{"text":"Magnetic access reads data in order until reached.","correct":false,"explanation":"Magnetic tape stores data magnetically, but its slow searching is caused by sequential access. The tape must move through data in order to reach the file."}]},{"id":"34e050cc-a72a-48de-9b8a-8da6f8592ec4","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which storage is suitable for a company archive or backup not needing instant access?","back":"

Magnetic tape.
Very high capacity and low cost.
Slow access is acceptable.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Magnetic tape.
Very high capacity and low cost.
Slow access is acceptable.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Magnetic tape is well suited to archives and backups because it offers very high capacity at low cost. Its sequential access is acceptable when files do not need instant retrieval."},{"text":"

Solid-state drive.
Fast access and high cost.
Instant access is essential.

","correct":false,"explanation":"An SSD gives fast access but usually costs more per gigabyte than tape. It is therefore less suitable for a large archive where instant access is unnecessary."},{"text":"

Hard disk drive.
High capacity and medium cost.
Moderate access is acceptable.

","correct":false,"explanation":"An HDD can provide high capacity, but it is generally less economical than magnetic tape for long-term bulk archiving. Tape is preferred when slow access is acceptable."},{"text":"

Optical disc.
Low capacity and low cost.
Slow access is acceptable.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Optical discs can be used for distribution or small backups, but they usually have lower capacity and slower practical archiving scalability than magnetic tape."}]},{"id":"1e65c5bd-16d6-4df5-8789-611a427e7970","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Optical storage uses [ ], usually a [ ], to read or write data on a disc.","back":"Optical storage uses light, usually a laser, to read or write data on a disc.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Optical storage uses light, usually a laser, to read or write data on a disc.","correct":true,"explanation":"Optical discs use light, produced and focused by a laser, to detect or create patterns representing data. This is why the technology is called optical storage."},{"text":"Optical storage uses magnetic fields, usually a laser, to read or write data on a disc.","correct":false,"explanation":"Magnetic storage uses magnetic fields, whereas optical storage relies on light. A laser is the usual device involved, but the first term must be light."},{"text":"Optical storage uses light, usually a motor, to read or write data on a disc.","correct":false,"explanation":"A laser is a light source used with optical discs, but a motor does not read or write the disc. The correct pair is light and laser."},{"text":"Optical storage uses electrical current, usually a motor, to read or write data on a disc.","correct":false,"explanation":"Optical storage does not use electrical current as its reading or writing method. It uses light, typically from a laser, to interact with the disc surface."}]},{"id":"bd1f45fd-cbfe-459a-866a-0a7937823cc2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Of CD, DVD and Blu-ray, [ ] has the lowest capacity and [ ] has the highest.","back":"Of CD, DVD and Blu-ray, CD has the lowest capacity and Blu-ray has the highest.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Of CD, DVD and Blu-ray, CD has the lowest capacity and Blu-ray has the highest.","correct":true,"explanation":"CDs hold the least data of these three common optical formats, DVDs hold more, and Blu-ray discs hold the most because they use a shorter-wavelength blue laser."},{"text":"Of CD, DVD and Blu-ray, DVD has the lowest capacity and Blu-ray has the highest.","correct":false,"explanation":"DVD capacity is greater than CD capacity, so DVD cannot be the lowest. CD is the lowest-capacity format, while Blu-ray is the highest."},{"text":"Of CD, DVD and Blu-ray, CD has the lowest capacity and DVD has the highest.","correct":false,"explanation":"Blu-ray has the highest capacity, not DVD. The correct ordering from lowest to highest is CD, DVD, then Blu-ray."},{"text":"Of CD, DVD and Blu-ray, Blu-ray has the lowest capacity and CD has the highest.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the capacity order. Blu-ray stores the most data and CD stores the least, with DVD between them."}]},{"id":"93a42006-6ded-4092-9aab-e682733d7c09","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are read-only optical discs useful for distributing films or software?","back":"Data can be shared without accidental changes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Data can be shared without accidental changes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Read-only optical discs prevent the stored content from being altered accidentally after production. This makes them useful for distributing fixed films or software to many users."},{"text":"Data can be shared without intentional changes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Read-only discs do not prevent intentional changes to the original master before distribution, and their key benefit is preventing accidental changes to the distributed data."},{"text":"Data can be shared without being copied.","correct":false,"explanation":"Read-only optical discs are not primarily useful because they prevent data from being shared. Their purpose here is to stop accidental alteration of shared content."},{"text":"Data can be shared without authorised changes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Read-only discs may still contain data that is changed deliberately during production. Once distributed, their important protection is against accidental changes by users."}]},{"id":"e28c3ff1-8337-4b92-85f8-4e0c75d356a2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is wrong with assuming every optical disc is read-only?","back":"Some are write-once or rewritable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Some are write-once or rewritable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Optical discs include write-once formats, such as CD-R, and rewritable formats, such as CD-RW. Therefore, optical storage is not necessarily read-only."},{"text":"Some are magnetic or solid-state.","correct":false,"explanation":"Optical discs do not use magnetic surfaces or electronic flash cells. The assumption is wrong because some optical discs are write-once or rewritable."},{"text":"All are write-once but never rewritable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Write-once discs can be written to once, but rewritable optical discs can be erased and reused. Therefore, not every writable optical disc is write-once."},{"text":"All are erasable and rewritable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Read-only optical discs cannot be erased or rewritten. The assumption fails because other optical formats are write-once or rewritable."}]},{"id":"68313b11-1ef2-4410-a446-b5af9e499e0b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does optical storage usually compare with HDDs and SSDs?","back":"

Slower.
Lower capacity.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Slower.
Lower capacity.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Optical drives generally transfer data more slowly and optical discs typically hold less data than modern HDDs and SSDs."},{"text":"

Faster.
Higher capacity.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Optical storage is not generally faster than HDDs or SSDs, and it normally has lower rather than higher capacity."},{"text":"

Faster.
Lower capacity.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Although optical storage usually has lower capacity, it is also generally slower, not faster, than HDDs and SSDs."},{"text":"

Slower.
Higher capacity.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Optical storage is generally slower than HDDs and SSDs, but it usually offers lower capacity rather than higher capacity."}]},{"id":"3c0b1be4-5d7d-4a89-afb9-c522088b91d2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Solid-state storage stores data [ ] and has [ ].","back":"Solid-state storage stores data electronically and has no moving parts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Solid-state storage stores data electronically and has no moving parts.","correct":true,"explanation":"Solid-state devices use electronic flash memory to store data. Unlike magnetic hard drives, they contain no mechanical parts that move."},{"text":"Solid-state storage stores data magnetically and has no moving parts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Magnetic storage is used by devices such as HDDs, not solid-state drives. Solid-state storage records data electronically and has no moving parts."},{"text":"Solid-state storage stores data electronically and has spinning platters.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electronic storage is correctly identified, but spinning platters belong to magnetic HDDs. Solid-state storage has no moving parts."},{"text":"Solid-state storage stores data optically and has moving laser heads.","correct":false,"explanation":"Optical storage uses lasers and moving drive mechanisms. Solid-state storage instead stores data electronically and has no moving parts."}]},{"id":"f9de41b8-d341-4944-b5ee-716241976fda","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does an SSD help a laptop boot and load applications quickly?","back":"It has fast read/write speeds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It has fast read/write speeds.","correct":true,"explanation":"An SSD can read operating-system and application files rapidly because its electronic storage provides fast read and write speeds."},{"text":"It has large storage capacity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Capacity determines how much can be stored, not how quickly files are accessed. Fast read/write speeds are what reduce boot and loading times."},{"text":"It has low cost per GB.","correct":false,"explanation":"A low cost per GB would affect affordability rather than performance. An SSD speeds up booting and loading through fast read/write speeds."},{"text":"It has spinning magnetic platters.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spinning magnetic platters are features of HDDs and introduce mechanical delays. SSDs load files quickly because they have fast electronic read/write speeds."}]},{"id":"f05fb93c-5154-4838-9746-045fbb8f3610","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is solid-state storage suitable for devices that may be dropped?","back":"No moving parts makes it more durable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"No moving parts makes it more durable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Without moving mechanical components, solid-state storage is less likely to be damaged by an impact, making it more durable when dropped."},{"text":"High storage capacity makes it more durable.","correct":false,"explanation":"High capacity describes how much data a device stores, not its resistance to impacts. Solid-state storage is durable because it has no moving parts."},{"text":"Spinning magnetic platters makes it more durable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spinning platters are vulnerable to damage if a device is dropped. Solid-state storage is more durable because it has no moving parts."},{"text":"Fast data access makes it more durable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fast access improves performance but does not directly provide physical toughness. The absence of moving parts makes solid-state storage more resistant to drops."}]},{"id":"0508ff58-cb44-4ff0-b53b-e682e9571478","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What cost trade-off usually applies to solid-state storage?","back":"Higher cost per GB than magnetic storage.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Higher cost per GB than magnetic storage.","correct":true,"explanation":"For an equivalent storage capacity, solid-state storage usually costs more than magnetic storage, so its cost per GB is higher."},{"text":"Lower cost per GB than magnetic storage.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the usual price comparison. Solid-state storage generally has a higher, not lower, cost per GB than magnetic storage."},{"text":"Same cost per GB as magnetic storage.","correct":false,"explanation":"The technologies are not normally equal in price per unit of capacity. Solid-state storage generally costs more per GB than magnetic storage."},{"text":"Lower total cost than equal-capacity magnetic storage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Comparing equal capacities avoids confusing device price with storage amount. Solid-state storage normally has a higher, not lower, total cost for the same capacity."}]},{"id":"7ca643a4-eb17-4071-adfc-ab89fd305bb0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Which storage is suitable for moving a few files between computers?","back":"USB flash drive - portable, small and rewritable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"USB flash drive - portable, small and rewritable.","correct":true,"explanation":"A USB flash drive is compact, easy to connect to different computers and can be rewritten, making it convenient for transferring a few files."},{"text":"CD-ROM - portable, small and rewritable.","correct":false,"explanation":"A CD-ROM is read-only, so users cannot write their own files onto it for transfer. A USB flash drive is portable, small and rewritable."},{"text":"Internal HDD - portable, small and rewritable.","correct":false,"explanation":"An internal HDD is installed inside a computer and is not designed for convenient transfer between machines. A USB flash drive is the suitable portable choice."},{"text":"RAM module - portable, small and rewritable.","correct":false,"explanation":"RAM is volatile primary storage, so its contents disappear without power and it is not used as a file-transfer device. A USB flash drive is suitable."}]},{"id":"de364ed3-28e5-4f1a-97ce-cd3e69032536","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] is physical toughness; [ ] is storing and retrieving data correctly over time.","back":"Durability is physical toughness; reliability is storing and retrieving data correctly over time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Durability is physical toughness; reliability is storing and retrieving data correctly over time.","correct":true,"explanation":"Durability describes resistance to physical damage, while reliability describes whether stored data remains accurate and accessible over time."},{"text":"Portability is physical toughness; reliability is storing and retrieving data correctly over time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Portability concerns how easily a device can be carried, not its physical toughness. Durability means physical toughness, while reliability concerns correct long-term data access."},{"text":"Durability is physical toughness; capacity is storing and retrieving data correctly over time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Capacity is the quantity of data a device can hold, not its ability to preserve data correctly. That long-term correctness is reliability."},{"text":"Reliability is physical toughness; durability is storing and retrieving data correctly over time.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two definitions have been reversed. Durability is resistance to physical damage, whereas reliability is consistent, correct storage and retrieval over time."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Secondary storage","title":"Secondary storage Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/computer-science/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"76351e9f-4f37-5a06-b520-2d6ef2ed8a16","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]