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A CPU directly executes machine code instead."},{"text":"Source code.","correct":false,"explanation":"Source code is written for programmers and requires translation before execution. The CPU can directly execute only machine code."},{"text":"Bytecode.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bytecode is an intermediate representation normally executed by a virtual machine or translated further. A physical CPU directly executes machine code."}]},{"id":"b229a76f-842a-4b5d-a7db-5df42408a944","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Machine code is made of [ ] that the [ ] can execute directly.","back":"Machine code is made of binary instructions that the CPU can execute directly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Machine code is made of binary instructions that the CPU can execute directly.","correct":true,"explanation":"Machine code consists of binary instructions encoded as 0s and 1s. The CPU can decode and execute these instructions directly without further translation."},{"text":"Machine code is made of decimal instructions that the CPU can execute directly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Machine code is represented by binary rather than decimal instructions. These binary instructions are the form that the CPU can execute directly."},{"text":"Machine code is made of binary instructions that the compiler can execute directly.","correct":false,"explanation":"A compiler translates source code but does not execute machine instructions as the processor does. Binary instructions are executed directly by the CPU."},{"text":"Machine code is made of assembly instructions that the interpreter can execute directly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assembly instructions use human-readable mnemonics and require an assembler, while an interpreter runs source code. Machine code contains binary instructions executed directly by the CPU."}]},{"id":"c0403cf7-6563-4b81-a3ca-7817e68af826","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A high-level language is closer to [ ] and further from [ ].","back":"A high-level language is closer to human language and further from hardware.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A high-level language is closer to human language and further from hardware.","correct":true,"explanation":"High-level languages use readable words and structures resembling human language while hiding hardware-specific details, so they are further from the underlying hardware."},{"text":"A high-level language is closer to machine code and further from hardware.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing high-level languages with low-level languages reverses their position. High-level languages are closer to human language and further from hardware."},{"text":"A high-level language is closer to human language and further from programmers.","correct":false,"explanation":"High-level languages are designed for programmers, so they are not further from them. They are closer to human language and further from hardware."},{"text":"A high-level language is closer to hardware and further from human language.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship: hardware is associated with low-level representations. A high-level language is closer to human language and further from hardware."}]},{"id":"b34a0df1-ca13-40f3-b8d6-b0caa94486c6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What must happen before or during execution of most high-level source code?","back":"It must be translated into machine code.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It must be translated into machine code.","correct":true,"explanation":"CPUs directly execute machine code, so most high-level source code must be translated into machine code either before execution or while the program runs."},{"text":"It must be translated into assembly code.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assembly code can be an intermediate stage, but high-level code does not always pass through it. Ultimately, it must be translated into machine code for CPU execution."},{"text":"It must be translated into pseudocode.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pseudocode is an informal method for planning algorithms, not an executable target language. High-level source code must ultimately be translated into machine code."},{"text":"It must be encrypted into binary data.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encrypting source code protects its contents but does not make it executable by a CPU. It must instead be translated into machine code."}]},{"id":"720aa33a-ced8-44f1-96d6-1b42cf1d2ef3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What property lets a program run on different systems with little or no source code change?","back":"Portability.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Portability.","correct":true,"explanation":"Portability is the ability of software to run on different hardware or operating systems with little or no modification to its source code."},{"text":"Readability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Readability describes how easily programmers can understand code, not whether it runs across different systems. That cross-system property is portability."},{"text":"Maintainability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Maintainability concerns how easily software can be corrected or updated. The ability to run on different systems with minimal source changes is portability."},{"text":"Efficiency.","correct":false,"explanation":"Efficiency concerns the time, memory or processing resources a program uses. Running on multiple systems with little source modification is called portability."}]},{"id":"35c6ba77-8e5e-4252-bebb-7ff85b21a1b5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Low-level languages are usually [ ] because they are closely linked to [ ].","back":"Low-level languages are usually less portable because they are closely linked to specific hardware.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Low-level languages are usually less portable because they are closely linked to specific hardware.","correct":true,"explanation":"Low-level code depends heavily on a particular processor’s instruction set and architecture. This link to specific hardware makes it less portable between systems."},{"text":"Low-level languages are usually more portable because they are closely linked to specific hardware.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dependence on a particular processor architecture reduces rather than improves portability. Low-level languages are less portable because they are linked to specific hardware."},{"text":"Low-level languages are usually less portable because they are closely linked to natural language.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low-level languages are not closely linked to natural language; that is a feature of high-level languages. They are less portable because they target specific hardware."},{"text":"Low-level languages are usually more readable because they are closely linked to human language.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses low-level languages with high-level ones. Low-level languages are less portable because their instructions and features are linked to specific hardware."}]},{"id":"cb6a72fe-db61-4152-bf91-428d1d51e63b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are high-level languages usually easier to maintain?","back":"They are easier for programmers to read and update.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are easier for programmers to read and update.","correct":true,"explanation":"High-level languages use readable names and structures and hide many hardware details. This helps programmers understand, debug and modify the source code."},{"text":"They are closer to machine code and hardware.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being close to machine code would generally make a language harder for programmers to maintain. High-level languages are maintainable because they are easier to read and update."},{"text":"They use fewer instructions during execution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Instruction count affects possible performance rather than maintainability, and high-level languages do not necessarily use fewer instructions. Their readable structure makes them easier to update."},{"text":"They never need translation before execution.","correct":false,"explanation":"High-level source code normally requires compilation or interpretation, so avoiding translation is not its maintenance advantage. Readability makes the code easier to understand and update."}]},{"id":"b2433eb8-13f1-4dcf-87f4-742c888b24d0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which language level is usually best for direct hardware control?","back":"A low-level language.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A low-level language.","correct":true,"explanation":"Low-level languages provide close control over processor instructions and memory addresses, making them suitable for direct hardware control."},{"text":"A high-level language.","correct":false,"explanation":"High-level languages are designed for easier human understanding and greater abstraction; a low-level language is better for direct hardware control."},{"text":"A markup language.","correct":false,"explanation":"Markup languages describe the structure or presentation of data rather than controlling hardware; low-level languages interact more directly with the processor."},{"text":"A query language.","correct":false,"explanation":"Query languages are used to retrieve or manipulate data, usually in databases; low-level languages are used for close hardware control."}]},{"id":"d1dc5fac-0ca1-43cf-8c41-511132f5540a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a translator convert high-level source code into for execution?","back":"Machine code.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Machine code.","correct":true,"explanation":"A translator converts human-readable high-level source code into machine code, which the processor can execute directly."},{"text":"Assembly code.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assembly code is a low-level language that may itself require translation; the final code for execution is machine code."},{"text":"Source code.","correct":false,"explanation":"Source code is the original program written by a programmer, not the translated result; a translator converts it into machine code."},{"text":"Binary data.","correct":false,"explanation":"Binary data can represent many kinds of information, such as images or text; translated program instructions are specifically called machine code."}]},{"id":"56f8ec82-d53d-4eef-966f-fb302611ecb2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A syntax error breaks the [ ] of a programming language.","back":"A syntax error breaks the grammar rules of a programming language.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"grammar rules","correct":true,"explanation":"Syntax describes the grammar rules of a programming language, so a syntax error occurs when the code breaks those rules."},{"text":"data types","correct":false,"explanation":"Data types describe kinds of values, such as integers or strings; breaking them may cause a type error, while syntax errors break grammar rules."},{"text":"variable names","correct":false,"explanation":"Variable names are only one part of a program and may cause an identifier error if invalid; syntax errors break the language’s grammar rules."},{"text":"runtime instructions","correct":false,"explanation":"Runtime instructions are executed while a program runs, whereas syntax is checked as code is read and determines the language’s grammar rules."}]},{"id":"3de14b5f-daf9-4d65-bd93-9f185f13050c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When does a compiler translate the whole program?","back":"Before execution.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Before execution.","correct":true,"explanation":"A compiler translates the complete program before it runs, producing machine code or an executable that can then be executed."},{"text":"During execution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Translating during execution describes interpretation more closely; a compiler translates the whole program before execution begins."},{"text":"After execution.","correct":false,"explanation":"The program must be translated before it can normally execute; compilation does not take place after the program has run."},{"text":"Only after each instruction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Translating instructions one at a time is associated with interpretation; a compiler translates the whole program before execution."}]},{"id":"262fb30e-be6b-4f55-ad55-10d8a9ea8053","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What file does a compiler usually create?","back":"An executable file.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An executable file.","correct":true,"explanation":"Compilation normally produces an executable file containing translated instructions that the operating system can load and run."},{"text":"A source code file.","correct":false,"explanation":"The source code file is written by the programmer before compilation; the compiler usually creates an executable file from it."},{"text":"A flowchart file.","correct":false,"explanation":"A flowchart is a planning or design representation, not the normal output of compilation; compilation usually creates an executable file."},{"text":"A screenshot file.","correct":false,"explanation":"A screenshot stores an image of something displayed on screen and has no role as normal compiler output; compilers usually create executable files."}]},{"id":"b912d887-cde7-4f7d-9a6f-a36078f2a21e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does a compiled program usually run quickly after compilation?","back":"It has already been translated into machine code.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It has already been translated into machine code.","correct":true,"explanation":"Because compilation has already converted the program into machine code, the processor does not need to translate the source code each time it runs."},{"text":"It has already been translated into source code.","correct":false,"explanation":"Source code is the human-readable input, not the processor-ready output; fast execution follows because the program is translated into machine code."},{"text":"It has already been converted into a flowchart.","correct":false,"explanation":"A flowchart represents program logic visually but cannot be executed by the processor; compiled programs run quickly because they become machine code."},{"text":"It has already been checked by the user.","correct":false,"explanation":"User checking may find mistakes but does not produce executable instructions; compilation improves startup speed by translating the program into machine code."}]},{"id":"22cbd129-e583-4c9f-a93b-abc457a1434e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can compiling help keep source code private?","back":"Users receive the executable, not the source code.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Users receive the executable, not the source code.","correct":true,"explanation":"Distributing only the executable lets users run the program without giving them the original human-readable source code to inspect or edit."},{"text":"Users receive the source code, not the executable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Providing source code exposes the program’s instructions and makes copying or editing easier; privacy is improved by distributing the executable instead."},{"text":"Users receive the machine code and source code.","correct":false,"explanation":"Giving users both forms exposes the original source, so it does not keep that code private; normally only the executable is distributed."},{"text":"Users receive the compiler, not the executable.","correct":false,"explanation":"A compiler is a translation tool, not the finished program; distributing it would not hide the source code as effectively as supplying only the executable."}]},{"id":"b31ca00a-2b72-409b-b954-f2b2424fb2b5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What may happen if a compiler finds errors during compilation?","back":"It may not create an executable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It may not create an executable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Compilation errors can prevent successful translation, so the compiler may be unable to produce a runnable executable until the errors are corrected."},{"text":"It will always create an executable.","correct":false,"explanation":"A compiler cannot necessarily create runnable output when errors prevent translation; it may not create an executable until those errors are fixed."},{"text":"It may delete the source code.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compilation errors normally leave the source code available for correction; the usual consequence is that an executable may not be created."},{"text":"It will run the program automatically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compilation and execution are separate stages, and errors may stop compilation before a program can run; an executable may not be created."}]},{"id":"5d16dd93-c2d7-4ddd-929b-739239e2fb5b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What portability drawback can compiled executables have?","back":"They may be OS or processor specific.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They may be OS or processor specific.","correct":true,"explanation":"Compiled executable code targets a particular operating system and processor architecture, so it may not run on a different platform without recompilation."},{"text":"They may be slower to execute than source code.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compilation normally improves execution speed rather than restricting portability through slow performance. The portability drawback is that executables may be specific to an OS or processor."},{"text":"They may require translation every time they run.","correct":false,"explanation":"An executable does not normally require translation every time it runs; that describes interpretation. Its portability problem is dependence on a particular OS or processor."},{"text":"They may require the source code to be distributed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compiled programs can be distributed without their original source code. The relevant drawback is that the resulting executable may only support a specific OS or processor."}]},{"id":"b174a490-9398-420b-8a5a-089e4cfcb1d6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does an interpreter translate and run a program?","back":"It translates and executes one instruction at a time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It translates and executes one instruction at a time.","correct":true,"explanation":"An interpreter translates one source-code instruction and executes it immediately before moving to the next instruction in the program."},{"text":"It translates the whole program before execution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Translating the entire program before executing it describes a compiler, not an interpreter. An interpreter translates and executes one instruction at a time."},{"text":"It translates and executes only instructions with errors.","correct":false,"explanation":"An interpreter does not translate only instructions containing errors. It processes the program sequentially, translating and executing one instruction at a time."},{"text":"It translates but does not execute one instruction at a time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Translating without executing describes only part of the interpreter’s role. It translates each instruction and immediately executes it before processing the next one."}]},{"id":"f114e6e3-633d-4b7d-afe4-923391e18d4e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An interpreter usually [ ] a separate executable file.","back":"An interpreter usually does not create a separate executable file.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"does not create","correct":true,"explanation":"An interpreter executes translated instructions immediately rather than saving a complete machine-code program, so it usually does not create a separate executable file."},{"text":"creates","correct":false,"explanation":"Creating a separate executable is normally associated with a compiler. An interpreter translates and runs instructions directly, so it usually does not create one."},{"text":"always creates","correct":false,"explanation":"Producing an executable before running the program describes compilation rather than interpretation. An interpreter usually does not create a separate executable file."},{"text":"automatically outputs","correct":false,"explanation":"Outputting a separate executable is the usual result of compilation. Because an interpreter executes instructions as they are translated, it usually does not create one."}]},{"id":"5cd3f313-9e72-404f-bef9-531cb0edc7cb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is an interpreter useful for debugging?","back":"It can stop at the instruction where an error is found.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can stop at the instruction where an error is found.","correct":true,"explanation":"Because an interpreter processes instructions individually, it can halt as soon as it encounters an error and identify the instruction responsible."},{"text":"It can correct every error in the source code.","correct":false,"explanation":"An interpreter reports errors but does not automatically correct them. It helps debugging by stopping at the particular instruction where an error is found."},{"text":"It can report errors only after the program finishes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Running the whole program before reporting errors would make faults harder to locate. An interpreter can instead stop at the instruction where an error is found."},{"text":"It can find all errors before execution begins.","correct":false,"explanation":"An interpreter does not guarantee that every possible error will be found before execution. Its debugging benefit is stopping when it reaches the instruction containing an error."}]},{"id":"ef3432c2-bcbc-457c-b093-a70c38d03a39","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do interpreted programs usually run more slowly?","back":"Translation happens during execution.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Translation happens during execution.","correct":true,"explanation":"An interpreter translates instructions while the program is running, adding repeated translation overhead that makes execution slower than running precompiled machine code."},{"text":"Translation happens before execution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Translation before execution is characteristic of a compiler and allows the resulting executable to run directly. Interpreted programs are slower because translation occurs during execution."},{"text":"Error correction happens after every instruction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Interpreters do not generally pause because every instruction contains an error. Their speed disadvantage comes from translating instructions while the program is being executed."},{"text":"Machine code is saved before every execution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Saving machine code for direct reuse would reduce repeated translation overhead. Interpreted programs are usually slower because translation instead happens during execution."}]},{"id":"6df4e0ae-28d0-4251-a635-36a1ea2923f7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of error can remain even after successful translation?","back":"A logic error.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A logic error.","correct":true,"explanation":"A logic error produces unintended behaviour or an incorrect result while still obeying the language’s syntax, so translation can complete successfully."},{"text":"A syntax error.","correct":false,"explanation":"A syntax error breaks the programming language’s grammatical rules and is normally detected during translation. A logic error can remain because the code is syntactically valid."},{"text":"A keyword error.","correct":false,"explanation":"An invalid keyword is a syntax problem, so the translator should detect it rather than translate successfully. A logic error can survive successful translation."},{"text":"A missing bracket error.","correct":false,"explanation":"A missing bracket usually violates the language’s syntax and prevents successful translation. A logic error can remain because its instructions are valid but produce the wrong outcome."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Languages","title":"Languages Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/computer-science/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"4b3e0712-0911-5fe3-a7a6-4264942a1307","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]