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Here, the central concern is ethical because the AI’s biased decisions may unfairly disadvantage certain groups."},{"text":"Environmental: the technology may use too much energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy consumption would be an environmental impact, but it is not the issue described. Bias against groups is mainly ethical because it involves fairness and discrimination."}]},{"id":"3c1f5ccd-0e40-4b1b-be08-601cb7ce7b94","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"People use messaging apps instead of face-to-face conversations. 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The example is cultural because technology is changing people’s communication habits."},{"text":"Environmental: technology changes the natural world.","correct":false,"explanation":"Environmental impacts involve energy use, pollution, resources or electronic waste. Using messaging instead of face-to-face conversation is cultural because it changes social communication."}]},{"id":"673e9907-9e61-47dd-98a2-21b0bad98bd2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Data centres use large amounts of electricity. Which impact area is this?","back":"Environmental: technology affects the natural world.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Environmental: technology affects the natural world.","correct":true,"explanation":"Data centres require substantial electricity, which can consume natural resources and produce carbon emissions. This makes their energy use an environmental impact."},{"text":"Ethical: technology may make decisions unfairly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unfair decisions would create an ethical concern, but the scenario focuses on electricity consumption. This is environmental because producing energy can use resources and release carbon emissions."},{"text":"Legal: technology must follow data protection law.","correct":false,"explanation":"Data protection is a legal issue involving personal information, but no data misuse is described. Heavy electricity consumption is environmental because it affects resources and emissions."},{"text":"Cultural: technology changes how people communicate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changes in communication and social behaviour are cultural impacts. Electricity used by data centres is instead environmental because energy generation can consume resources and cause pollution."}]},{"id":"5d3e5646-aebc-41a4-aeb8-7c81d64eeb9f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A privacy issue concerns people's control over their [ ].","back":"A privacy issue concerns people's control over their personal information.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"personal information","correct":true,"explanation":"Privacy concerns whether individuals can control how their personal information is collected, stored, shared and used by organisations or computer systems."},{"text":"computer hardware","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing ownership with privacy makes hardware seem relevant, but privacy is about control over personal information, including who can collect, access and share it."},{"text":"public communications","correct":false,"explanation":"Information deliberately made public is not the central focus of privacy. Privacy concerns people’s control over their personal information and how others use it."},{"text":"software licences","correct":false,"explanation":"Software licences govern permission to install, copy or use software, which is a legal issue. Privacy instead concerns people’s control over their personal information."}]},{"id":"5fac4683-c144-4cfc-ab72-3c1ffc93202d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The digital divide is the gap between people with [ ] and people with [ ].","back":"The digital divide is the gap between people with good access to digital technology and the internet and people with poor or no access.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The digital divide is the gap between people with good access to digital technology and the internet and people with poor or no access.","correct":true,"explanation":"The digital divide describes unequal access to devices, digital services and the internet, often because of differences in income, infrastructure, location or skills."},{"text":"The digital divide is the gap between people with high levels of computer programming skill and people with little or no programming skill.","correct":false,"explanation":"Differences in programming ability are not the definition of the digital divide. It is the gap between people with good digital and internet access and those with poor or no access."},{"text":"The digital divide is the gap between people with new digital devices and software and people with old but fully working devices.","correct":false,"explanation":"Device age alone does not define the digital divide, especially when older equipment remains usable. The divide concerns good access to digital technology and the internet versus poor or no access."},{"text":"The digital divide is the gap between people with paid access to social media platforms and people with free access to social media platforms.","correct":false,"explanation":"The price of social media accounts is not what creates the digital divide. The term describes unequal access to digital technology and the internet more broadly."}]},{"id":"b5f9217f-5c45-46a0-bfb2-5c9130c83192","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A family lacks internet access because devices are too expensive. What issue is this?","back":"Digital divide.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Digital divide.","correct":true,"explanation":"The digital divide is the inequality between people who have good access to digital devices and the internet and those who have poor or no access."},{"text":"Privacy issue.","correct":false,"explanation":"A privacy issue concerns control over personal information, not whether a family can afford devices. Unaffordable technology contributes to the digital divide."},{"text":"E-waste.","correct":false,"explanation":"E-waste consists of discarded electronic equipment, whereas the family cannot afford equipment or internet access. This lack of access is part of the digital divide."},{"text":"Copyright infringement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Copyright infringement means using protected work without permission. A family being unable to afford devices or internet access is instead an example of the digital divide."}]},{"id":"cde627d4-dfd3-4e3a-81e2-283d56cb0d37","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"E-waste is [ ], such as old phones, laptops and chargers.","back":"E-waste is discarded electronic equipment, such as old phones, laptops and chargers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"discarded electronic equipment","correct":true,"explanation":"E-waste is electrical or electronic equipment that has been thrown away, including unwanted phones, computers, chargers and other digital devices."},{"text":"electricity used by computers","correct":false,"explanation":"Electricity consumption contributes to technology’s environmental impact, but it is not e-waste. E-waste means discarded electronic equipment such as old phones and chargers."},{"text":"data stored on the internet","correct":false,"explanation":"Online data may require energy-consuming servers, but the data itself is not e-waste. E-waste is discarded electronic equipment, including old laptops and phones."},{"text":"newly manufactured equipment","correct":false,"explanation":"New equipment becomes e-waste only when it is unwanted and discarded. E-waste specifically means discarded electronic equipment such as old phones, laptops and chargers."}]},{"id":"ab70a354-217f-4654-bf2c-7d384727a38d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A stakeholder is anyone [ ], such as a user, employee, company or government.","back":"A stakeholder is anyone affected by a system, such as a user, employee, company or government.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"affected by a system","correct":true,"explanation":"A stakeholder is any person, group or organisation affected by a system, whether they use it, operate it, own it, regulate it or experience its consequences."},{"text":"responsible for programming a system","correct":false,"explanation":"Programmers can be stakeholders, but many stakeholders do not write code. The broader definition includes anyone affected by the system, such as users, employees and governments."},{"text":"who has purchased a system","correct":false,"explanation":"A purchaser may be one stakeholder, but ownership or payment is not required. A stakeholder is anyone affected by the system or its operation."},{"text":"who legally owns the system","correct":false,"explanation":"System owners are stakeholders, but users, employees and governments can also be affected without owning it. A stakeholder is anyone affected by a system."}]},{"id":"224a4d9d-c35a-4bf3-9456-aa6bd70dbeda","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Data Protection Act 2018 controls how organisations use [ ] to protect people from [ ].","back":"The Data Protection Act 2018 controls how organisations use personal data to protect people from unfair or unsafe use.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Data Protection Act 2018 controls how organisations use personal data to protect people from unfair or unsafe use.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Act regulates organisations’ use of personal data and aims to prevent that information being handled in unfair or unsafe ways."},{"text":"The Data Protection Act 2018 controls how organisations use public data to protect people from accidental disclosure.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Act concerns personal data rather than public data, and its purpose includes preventing unfair or unsafe handling rather than merely accidental disclosure."},{"text":"The Data Protection Act 2018 controls how organisations use computer hardware to protect people from physical damage.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Act protects people through rules about personal data, not hardware, and it addresses unfair or unsafe processing rather than physical damage to equipment."},{"text":"The Data Protection Act 2018 controls how organisations use licensed software to protect people from unauthorised copying.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Act applies to personal data, not software licences, and its protection is against unfair or unsafe use rather than unauthorised copying of programs."}]},{"id":"a8da5cf2-f67e-415e-9349-9ac0eb8a5f45","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which law must an app follow when collecting users' location and account details?","back":"Data Protection Act 2018.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Data Protection Act 2018.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Data Protection Act 2018 governs how organisations collect and process personal data, including location information and account details."},{"text":"Computer Misuse Act 1990.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Computer Misuse Act 1990 concerns unauthorised access and attacks, not the general collection of users’ personal information by an app."},{"text":"Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 protects creative works and software from infringement; it does not primarily regulate location or account data collection."},{"text":"Equality Act 2010.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Equality Act 2010 addresses discrimination and protected characteristics, rather than setting the main rules for an app collecting users’ personal data."}]},{"id":"46cadf4c-cac6-44a3-a561-b7156f53af33","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Under the DPA 2018, why should an app not collect a user's contacts if it only needs an email address?","back":"Only needed personal data should be collected.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Only needed personal data should be collected.","correct":true,"explanation":"The data minimisation principle says an organisation should collect only the personal data needed for its stated purpose, so contacts are unnecessary when an email address is sufficient."},{"text":"All available personal data should be collected.","correct":false,"explanation":"An app does not need to collect every available detail. The correct principle is to collect only the personal data needed for the stated purpose."},{"text":"Personal data forever should be collected.","correct":false,"explanation":"Keeping data indefinitely is not the relevant principle here. The issue is that unnecessary contacts should not be collected when an email address is enough."},{"text":"Optional personal data should be collected.","correct":false,"explanation":"Collecting contacts for convenience still exceeds the app’s need. The DPA principle requires limiting collection to only the personal data necessary."}]},{"id":"77fa42b7-6600-4493-99eb-9332aa4a2bb0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Under the DPA 2018, what can a person ask for if an organisation stores inaccurate data about them?","back":"They can ask for the data to be corrected.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They can ask for the data to be corrected.","correct":true,"explanation":"People have the right to request rectification when an organisation holds inaccurate personal data, ensuring records about them are corrected."},{"text":"They can ask for the data to be deleted.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deleting data is a different right and is not the specific remedy for an inaccurate record. The person can ask for the inaccurate data to be corrected."},{"text":"They can ask for the data to be encrypted.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encrypting data improves security but does not fix an incorrect record. The person can request correction of the inaccurate information."},{"text":"They can ask for the data to be published.","correct":false,"explanation":"Publishing the data would increase exposure and does not address its inaccuracy. The appropriate request is for the organisation to correct it."}]},{"id":"c5b5bffd-b3a7-4038-80b9-9babb43588d6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Under the Computer Misuse Act 1990, unauthorised access means using a system, account, file or network [ ].","back":"Under the Computer Misuse Act 1990, unauthorised access means using a system, account, file or network without permission.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"without permission","correct":true,"explanation":"Unauthorised access occurs when someone uses a system, account, file or network without the owner’s permission, even if no damage is caused."},{"text":"with permission","correct":false,"explanation":"Having permission means the access is authorised, so this does not describe the CMA offence. The relevant condition is access without the owner’s permission."},{"text":"after approval","correct":false,"explanation":"Access after approval is authorised rather than unauthorised. The CMA wording refers to using the resource without permission."},{"text":"as an administrator","correct":false,"explanation":"Access by an administrator may be legitimate and authorised. The key feature of unauthorised access is that permission has not been given."}]},{"id":"2842fa1d-bfce-46db-820c-cb8bb60bcd47","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which law is relevant if someone guesses another person's account password?","back":"Computer Misuse Act 1990.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Computer Misuse Act 1990.","correct":true,"explanation":"Guessing another person’s password to enter their account is unauthorised access, which is covered by the Computer Misuse Act 1990."},{"text":"Data Protection Act 2018.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Data Protection Act 2018 regulates personal data processing, but guessing a password to access an account is primarily an unauthorised-access offence under the CMA."},{"text":"Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 deals with copyright and software ownership, not the unauthorised access gained by guessing a password."},{"text":"Communications Act 2003.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Communications Act 2003 regulates communications-related matters, whereas entering another person’s account without authorisation is covered by the CMA."}]},{"id":"4f7bc7a7-17e8-4865-aef1-8ee455b36c13","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can 'just looking around' in a system without permission still break the CMA 1990?","back":"Unauthorised access is illegal even without damage.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Unauthorised access is illegal even without damage.","correct":true,"explanation":"The CMA 1990 makes unauthorised access illegal even when the person only explores the system and does not alter, steal or damage anything."},{"text":"Unauthorised damage is illegal even without access.","correct":false,"explanation":"Damage is not required for the basic unauthorised-access offence. The correct reason is that entering without permission is illegal even when nothing is damaged."},{"text":"Authorised access is illegal even without damage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Permission would make the access authorised, so it would not explain the offence. The law can apply simply because access occurred without permission."},{"text":"Unauthorised data theft is illegal even without damage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Data theft is not necessary for the basic offence. Merely accessing a system without permission can breach the CMA, even if no data is taken."}]},{"id":"d4be5908-d4b2-4ca2-a92c-2590eb48dbcf","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Under the CMA 1990, is creating malware for computer misuse legal?","back":"No - tools intended for computer misuse are illegal.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"No - tools intended for computer misuse are illegal.","correct":true,"explanation":"The CMA 1990 can criminalise creating or supplying tools intended to enable computer misuse, including malware designed for attacks or unauthorised access."},{"text":"No - tools intended for computer security are illegal.","correct":false,"explanation":"The law does not make all computer security tools illegal. It targets tools intended to facilitate computer misuse, while legitimate defensive tools can be lawful."},{"text":"No - tools intended for system maintenance are illegal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tools for authorised maintenance are not automatically illegal. The relevant issue is whether a tool is intended for computer misuse or an unlawful attack."},{"text":"No - tools intended for security research are illegal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Malware is not made lawful merely because it is used for testing. The CMA focuses on tools intended to support computer misuse, rather than general research."}]},{"id":"7ab9aa1a-60c1-4dd8-ae7f-34ea72f3b60e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 protects [ ].","back":"The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 protects intellectual property.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"intellectual property","correct":true,"explanation":"Copyright protects intellectual property such as software, music, images and written work, giving creators legal control over how their original work is copied and distributed."},{"text":"personal data","correct":false,"explanation":"Personal data is governed primarily by the Data Protection Act 2018 and UK GDPR. The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 protects intellectual property created by individuals or organisations."},{"text":"computer systems","correct":false,"explanation":"Computer systems are protected against unauthorised access and modification by the Computer Misuse Act 1990. The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 protects intellectual property."},{"text":"internet communications","correct":false,"explanation":"Internet communications are subject to several laws depending on their content and use. The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 specifically protects intellectual property."}]},{"id":"b6c8add4-4bb5-45d6-a98a-9a6e689abd0c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which law is relevant if a student shares a paid game online without permission?","back":"Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sharing a paid game without permission creates an unauthorised copy and distributes copyrighted software, so it breaches the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988."},{"text":"Computer Misuse Act 1990.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Computer Misuse Act addresses unauthorised access to or modification of computer systems, not ordinary software piracy. Sharing the game breaches the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988."},{"text":"Data Protection Act 2018.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Data Protection Act concerns the lawful processing and protection of personal data, not unauthorised game distribution. The relevant law is the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988."},{"text":"Freedom of Information Act 2000.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Freedom of Information Act provides access to information held by public authorities; it does not regulate software copying. Game piracy falls under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988."}]},{"id":"8a29badc-534d-4c36-afc1-a011140244c2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Source code is [ ] written before translation or interpretation.","back":"Source code is human-readable program code written before translation or interpretation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"human-readable program code","correct":true,"explanation":"Source code consists of human-readable program instructions written in a programming language. A translator or interpreter then converts or executes these instructions for the computer."},{"text":"machine-readable binary code","correct":false,"explanation":"Binary machine code is directly readable by the processor and is generally produced after translation. Source code is human-readable program code written before translation or interpretation."},{"text":"compiled executable object code","correct":false,"explanation":"Executable object code is generated when source code is compiled, so it is an output rather than the original input. Source code is human-readable program code."},{"text":"diagrammatic algorithm design code","correct":false,"explanation":"A flowchart can help design an algorithm, but it is not the textual code processed by a translator. Source code is human-readable program code."}]},{"id":"98b2a657-7b45-4c7d-ac8f-320729971f07","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does software need a licence?","back":"Software is protected by copyright; a licence gives permission.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Software is protected by copyright; a licence gives permission.","correct":true,"explanation":"Copyright restricts how software may be copied, installed, modified or distributed. A software licence grants the user permission to perform specified actions under stated conditions."},{"text":"Software is protected by data protection; a licence stores personal information.","correct":false,"explanation":"Data protection governs the handling of personal data rather than ownership of software. Software is protected by copyright, and a licence grants permission for specified uses."},{"text":"Software is protected by patent law; a licence proves ownership.","correct":false,"explanation":"A patent may protect a qualifying invention, but software use is ordinarily controlled through copyright. A licence gives the user legal permission under specified conditions."},{"text":"Software is protected by encryption; a licence prevents unauthorised access.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encryption protects information from unauthorised access but does not establish permission to use software. Copyright protects software, while its licence sets out permitted use."}]},{"id":"3abaed15-50d5-48c8-ba42-2f2ab6dfff42","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might open source software suit a low-budget charity with skilled volunteers?","back":"It allows low-cost customisation using source code access.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It allows low-cost customisation using source code access.","correct":true,"explanation":"Open source licences provide access to the source code, allowing skilled volunteers to adapt the software without paying for expensive proprietary development or customisation."},{"text":"It guarantees unlimited official support without extra charges.","correct":false,"explanation":"Open source software does not guarantee unlimited official support, which may instead be community-based or paid for separately. Its key benefit here is low-cost customisation through source code access."},{"text":"It permits unrestricted commercial copying without any licence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Open source does not mean the software has no licence or copyright restrictions; users must follow its licence terms. It suits the charity because source access enables low-cost customisation."},{"text":"It enables automatic customisation without technical expertise.","correct":false,"explanation":"Open source software provides source code rather than removing the need for technical knowledge. Skilled volunteers make it suitable because they can perform low-cost customisation themselves."}]},{"id":"76e58b40-607e-4046-a6f0-917a2aad00a2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What drawback might an organisation face with open source software?","back":"Possible lack of official support.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Possible lack of official support.","correct":true,"explanation":"Open source projects may rely on volunteers or community forums rather than a dedicated supplier, so organisations can face limited access to guaranteed, accountable technical support."},{"text":"Possible lack of source code access.","correct":false,"explanation":"Open source software normally makes its source code available under its licence, so inaccessible source code is associated with proprietary software. A genuine drawback is possible lack of official support."},{"text":"Possible ban on software modification.","correct":false,"explanation":"Open source licences usually permit modification, although their conditions must still be followed. The more typical organisational drawback is a possible lack of official support."},{"text":"Possible high compulsory licence fees.","correct":false,"explanation":"Open source software is often free or inexpensive to obtain, although support and maintenance can still cost money. A recognised drawback is the possible lack of official support."}]},{"id":"f7ae417c-8e8c-45cd-a9b2-bb527a248890","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which licence type suits a school wanting company support and regular updates?","back":"Proprietary software.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Proprietary software.","correct":true,"explanation":"Proprietary software is maintained by a commercial owner, which commonly provides scheduled updates, documentation and accountable customer support as part of a paid licence or service."},{"text":"Public domain software.","correct":false,"explanation":"Public domain software has no copyright owner responsible for maintaining it, so company support and regular updates are not normally assured. Proprietary software better meets these requirements."},{"text":"Unsupported freeware.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unsupported freeware may cost nothing, but free availability does not provide the contracted company support or dependable updates the school wants. Proprietary software is the suitable choice."},{"text":"Community-maintained software.","correct":false,"explanation":"Community-maintained software may receive frequent improvements, but it does not necessarily provide accountable company support or guaranteed update schedules. Proprietary software is designed to offer these services."}]},{"id":"5415e876-3eae-4de1-8927-c8179d46556d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can proprietary software be poor for heavy customisation?","back":"Users normally cannot access or modify source code.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Users normally cannot access or modify source code.","correct":true,"explanation":"Proprietary software vendors generally keep their source code closed. Without access to that code or permission to alter it, users cannot make extensive custom changes."},{"text":"Users normally can freely access and modify source code.","correct":false,"explanation":"Proprietary software typically hides its source code rather than making it freely editable. Heavy customisation is difficult because users normally cannot access or modify the source code."},{"text":"Users normally must create and install every update.","correct":false,"explanation":"Proprietary software can often receive regular updates from its vendor, so compulsory manual updating is not the central customisation problem. Users are instead restricted from accessing or modifying source code."},{"text":"Users normally cannot install it on multiple devices.","correct":false,"explanation":"A proprietary licence may permit installation on several devices depending on its terms, so a universal one-device limit is inaccurate. Heavy customisation is restricted by unavailable source code."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Ethical, legal, cultural and environmental impact","title":"Ethical, legal, cultural and environmental impact Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/computer-science/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"82999e9f-87e5-55e1-97f7-e47d61f2d8e2","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]