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The physical parts in the question are hardware, including processors, memory, sensors and motors."},{"text":"Firmware.","correct":false,"explanation":"Firmware is specialised software stored in a device, rather than the physical parts themselves. The correct term for those tangible components is hardware."},{"text":"Peripherals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Peripherals are additional input or output devices, such as keyboards or printers, but the question includes all physical components. The broader term is hardware."}]},{"id":"ad1bcb95-66ad-478d-af00-0b8bd598802b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which term covers programs or instructions that tell hardware what to do?","back":"Software.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Software.","correct":true,"explanation":"Software is the collection of programs and instructions that control hardware and tell it which operations to perform."},{"text":"Hardware.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hardware refers to physical components, whereas programs and instructions are software. The processor and memory are hardware; the instructions controlling them are software."},{"text":"Sensor.","correct":false,"explanation":"A sensor detects or measures input, but it does not describe the programs controlling a system. The correct term for those instructions is software."},{"text":"Algorithm.","correct":false,"explanation":"An algorithm is a method or sequence for solving a problem, not the general term for the implemented programs that control hardware. That term is software."}]},{"id":"1acac9cc-6086-4cf3-baf8-ce3a04078966","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A processor carries out [ ] and makes [ ].","back":"A processor carries out instructions and makes decisions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A processor carries out instructions and makes decisions.","correct":true,"explanation":"A processor executes instructions and makes decisions by following logic, such as comparing inputs and selecting an appropriate response."},{"text":"A processor carries out data and makes outputs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Processors do not simply collect data and produce outputs without following instructions. They carry out instructions and use them to make decisions about processing."},{"text":"A processor carries out calculations and makes instructions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calculations can be part of processing, but instructions are what the processor carries out. The resulting choices are decisions, not instructions themselves."},{"text":"A processor carries out signals and makes operations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Signals may enter or leave a system, but a processor carries out instructions. Its logical choices are decisions, rather than general operations."}]},{"id":"a7a041c1-06e6-4300-bcce-3be96fe84739","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A button press or sensor reading entering a system is which stage?","back":"Input.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Input.","correct":true,"explanation":"A button press or sensor reading provides information entering the system, so it is classified as input."},{"text":"Output.","correct":false,"explanation":"Output is information or action produced by the system, such as turning on a light. A button press or sensor reading entering it is input."},{"text":"Processing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Processing is the manipulation or interpretation of data inside the system. The incoming button press or sensor reading is input before processing occurs."},{"text":"Storage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Storage means retaining data for later use, not entering a button press or sensor measurement. Information entering the system is input."}]},{"id":"036baba5-8ed7-4d18-911a-c5f08e6118a0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Switching on a light or moving a motor is which stage?","back":"Output.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Output.","correct":true,"explanation":"A light being switched on or a motor being moved is an action produced by the system, so it is classified as output."},{"text":"Input.","correct":false,"explanation":"Input is information entering a system, such as a button press or sensor reading. A light or motor responding is an output from the system."},{"text":"Processing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Processing happens inside the system when data is interpreted or calculations are performed. Activating a light or motor is the resulting output."},{"text":"Actuation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Actuation describes producing physical movement through an actuator, but the question asks for the general system stage. That stage is output."}]},{"id":"0eafea6e-d075-467e-b39b-6bee83329b07","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An embedded system is built into [ ] to perform [ ].","back":"An embedded system is built into a larger device to perform a specific function.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An embedded system is built into a larger device to perform a specific function.","correct":true,"explanation":"An embedded system is part of a larger device and is designed to carry out one defined purpose rather than many user-selected tasks."},{"text":"An embedded system is built into a separate computer to perform a specific function.","correct":false,"explanation":"An embedded system is built into a larger device, not usually a separate computer. Its defining role is to perform a specific function."},{"text":"An embedded system is built into a larger device to perform many different tasks.","correct":false,"explanation":"Embedded systems are designed for a specific function, rather than general-purpose computing. They are built into a larger device to control that purpose."},{"text":"An embedded system is built into a larger device to perform any user-chosen program.","correct":false,"explanation":"A larger device can contain an embedded system, but the system normally performs a specific function rather than running any program chosen by the user."}]},{"id":"d58dfae0-0135-41cf-95da-eb333fab79f7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why does a washing machine user normally not think they are using a computer?","back":"The computer is hidden inside the device.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The computer is hidden inside the device.","correct":true,"explanation":"The computer is integrated into the washing machine and concealed within its casing, so the user normally notices the appliance rather than a separate computer."},{"text":"The computer is placed beside the device.","correct":false,"explanation":"The computer does not usually sit visibly beside the appliance. It is hidden inside the device, where it controls the washing machine’s functions."},{"text":"The computer is held by the user of the device.","correct":false,"explanation":"A washing machine’s computer is not normally held by the user during operation. It is hidden inside the device as an embedded system."},{"text":"The computer is visible on the outside of the device.","correct":false,"explanation":"The user may operate controls on the outside, but the computer itself is concealed within the appliance. This hidden integration makes its presence less obvious."}]},{"id":"ff943b4f-8344-44c6-9a90-bfa3a6646a65","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How do a general-purpose computer and an embedded system differ?","back":"

General-purpose: many tasks and user-chosen programs.
Embedded: specific task and usually built-in program.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

General-purpose: many tasks and user-chosen programs.
Embedded: specific task and usually built-in program.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A general-purpose computer supports many tasks and lets users choose programs, while an embedded system is designed for a specific task and usually uses a built-in program."},{"text":"

General-purpose: specific task and usually built-in program.
Embedded: many tasks and user-chosen programs.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The descriptions are reversed: general-purpose computers support many tasks, whereas embedded systems normally focus on one specific task with a built-in program."},{"text":"

General-purpose: data processing and storage.
Embedded: sensing and data storage.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both types can contain processors, but the key difference is not that one processes data and the other stores it. The distinction concerns purpose and programmability."},{"text":"

General-purpose: one task and no built-in program.
Embedded: no program and no user input.

","correct":false,"explanation":"An embedded system is not defined by having no program or by being unable to process input. It normally has a built-in program for a specific task."}]},{"id":"9bfb3bfd-2650-478d-988c-bfe1e8357084","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is a purely mechanical timer not an embedded system?","back":"It has no computer system processing instructions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It has no computer system processing instructions.","correct":true,"explanation":"A mechanical timer uses physical components rather than a processor running programmed instructions. Embedded systems require a computer system that processes instructions, even when the device performs only one simple task."},{"text":"It has no sensors or actuators.","correct":false,"explanation":"A system does not need both sensors and actuators to be embedded. The key requirement is computer processing of instructions, so the correct answer is that it has no computer system processing instructions."},{"text":"It has no stored program controlling the timer.","correct":false,"explanation":"A mechanical timer may have a physical timing mechanism, but the decisive distinction is not simply how its control is stored. It lacks a computer system processing instructions."},{"text":"It has no connection to an external computer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Embedded systems do not need to connect to an external computer; many operate independently. A purely mechanical timer is excluded because it has no computer system processing instructions."}]},{"id":"be088bd0-6c2e-4b76-8df0-f220c33d0cb1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What planned behaviour does a microwave controller perform?","back":"It switches parts on/off at correct times.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It switches parts on/off at correct times.","correct":true,"explanation":"A microwave controller follows a planned sequence, switching components such as the magnetron, turntable and light on or off at the appropriate points in the cooking cycle."},{"text":"It switches parts on/off at random times.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random switching would not produce a controlled cooking cycle and could make the microwave unsafe. The controller switches components on or off at the correct times according to its programmed sequence."},{"text":"It measures parts on/off at correct times.","correct":false,"explanation":"The controller may measure inputs, but its planned behaviour is to control components rather than measure them. It switches parts on or off at the correct times during operation."},{"text":"It stores parts on/off at correct times.","correct":false,"explanation":"Storage is used for programs or data, not for the action described here. The microwave controller carries out the planned sequence by switching parts on or off at correct times."}]},{"id":"28355c08-9e80-46e5-a3bf-e28d03e061d8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When car engine management repeatedly checks sensor readings, what purpose is it performing?","back":"Monitoring.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Monitoring.","correct":true,"explanation":"Repeatedly checking sensor readings is monitoring because the system observes conditions over time. Engine management can use these readings to detect changes and decide whether control actions are needed."},{"text":"Actuation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Actuation means causing a physical change, such as adjusting fuel injection or ignition. Repeatedly checking sensor readings is monitoring, which involves observing conditions rather than changing them."},{"text":"Storage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Storage involves saving data for later use, whereas checking sensor readings is observing the system’s current state. The purpose described is monitoring, not storage."},{"text":"Output.","correct":false,"explanation":"Output is information or a signal produced by a system. Repeated sensor checks are an input-monitoring activity, so the correct purpose is monitoring rather than output."}]},{"id":"c7d43cd9-29aa-425d-a005-85170b6fe78d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A sensor detects a [ ]; an actuator causes a [ ].","back":"A sensor detects a physical condition; an actuator causes a physical action.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A sensor detects a physical condition; an actuator causes a physical action.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sensors measure conditions such as temperature, pressure or light. Actuators then produce physical effects, such as moving a motor, opening a valve or switching a heater."},{"text":"A sensor detects a digital signal; an actuator causes a physical action.","correct":false,"explanation":"A sensor detects a condition in the physical world, although its reading may later be converted into a digital signal. The correct pairing is physical condition and physical action."},{"text":"A sensor detects a physical action; an actuator causes a physical condition.","correct":false,"explanation":"The roles have been reversed. Sensors detect existing physical conditions, while actuators create physical actions, so the correct terms are physical condition and physical action."},{"text":"A sensor detects a control decision; an actuator causes a digital signal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Control decisions are made by the processor, and digital signals are representations used within the system. Sensors detect physical conditions and actuators cause physical actions."}]},{"id":"8a91662e-3e94-4b10-a067-41955c242e07","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does a thermostat processor compare before controlling heating?","back":"Current temperature with target temperature.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Current temperature with target temperature.","correct":true,"explanation":"The thermostat compares the measured current temperature with the desired target temperature. Their difference determines whether the heating should be switched on, off or adjusted."},{"text":"Current pressure with target temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pressure is not the environmental measurement used by a standard thermostat. It compares the present temperature with the desired temperature, so the correct answer is current temperature with target temperature."},{"text":"Current temperature with target pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"A thermostat controls temperature, not pressure. It must compare the measured current temperature with a target temperature before deciding how to control the heating."},{"text":"Current temperature with previous temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Comparing with a previous reading could show whether temperature is changing, but it does not show whether the desired level has been reached. The controller compares current and target temperature."}]},{"id":"359d3c06-be99-49c0-96d8-e2aff2060896","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which characteristic is shown by a dishwasher controller designed for washing cycles?","back":"Dedicated to a specific task.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Dedicated to a specific task.","correct":true,"explanation":"A dishwasher controller is designed to carry out a particular function, such as managing washing cycles. This dedicated purpose is a defining characteristic of an embedded system."},{"text":"Designed for many different tasks.","correct":false,"explanation":"Handling many unrelated tasks is characteristic of a general-purpose computer, not a dishwasher controller. The controller is dedicated to a specific task, managing the appliance’s washing cycles."},{"text":"Controlled entirely by a human operator.","correct":false,"explanation":"The controller automatically manages the programmed washing cycle after receiving the user’s selection. Its defining characteristic is being dedicated to a specific task."},{"text":"Connected to a general-purpose computer.","correct":false,"explanation":"An embedded controller can operate inside an appliance without being connected to a general-purpose computer. Its relevant characteristic is that it is dedicated to a specific task."}]},{"id":"23987ede-c870-44a0-92f2-b66342266616","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Firmware is stored in [ ], so it is kept when power is [ ].","back":"Firmware is stored in non-volatile memory, so it is kept when power is turned off.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Firmware is stored in non-volatile memory, so it is kept when power is turned off.","correct":true,"explanation":"Non-volatile memory retains its contents without a power supply. Firmware therefore remains available after the device is switched off and can run when it is powered on again."},{"text":"Firmware is stored in volatile memory, so it is kept when power is turned off.","correct":false,"explanation":"Volatile memory loses its contents when power is removed, so it cannot provide persistent firmware in this way. Firmware is stored in non-volatile memory and remains when power is turned off."},{"text":"Firmware is stored in non-volatile memory, so it is kept when power is restarted.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restarting describes powering a system on again, not the loss of power itself. The important property is that non-volatile memory keeps firmware when power is turned off."},{"text":"Firmware is stored in RAM, so it is kept when power is turned off.","correct":false,"explanation":"RAM is volatile and normally loses its contents without power. Firmware is kept because it is stored in non-volatile memory, which retains data when power is turned off."}]},{"id":"b6e1b512-2d37-4e2a-8e96-59df6b3f8c2a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can embedded systems often use less processing power, memory and storage?","back":"They only need resources for their specific job.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They only need resources for their specific job.","correct":true,"explanation":"An embedded system performs a limited, predefined function, so it does not need the extensive processing power, memory or storage required by a general-purpose computer."},{"text":"They only need resources for their many different jobs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Supporting many different jobs usually requires more versatile hardware and software. Embedded systems can use fewer resources because they are designed for one specific job."},{"text":"They only need resources for their internet connection.","correct":false,"explanation":"An internet connection is not the reason for reduced resource requirements and may add processing demands. The system uses fewer resources because it performs a specific job."},{"text":"They only need resources for their graphical interface.","correct":false,"explanation":"A graphical interface is only one possible feature and does not explain the overall reduction in resources. Embedded systems are efficient because they are built for a specific job."}]},{"id":"1cb3b253-9d40-4b87-9146-ddcf230e81a8","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What three things can limited embedded hardware reduce?","back":"

Cost
Size
Power use

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Cost
Size
Power use

","correct":true,"explanation":"Using only the necessary hardware lowers manufacturing cost, allows a smaller physical design and reduces the electrical power required for the system’s dedicated task."},{"text":"

Performance
Storage
Connectivity

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are computing capabilities that limited hardware may restrict rather than reduce beneficially. Limited components are chosen to reduce cost, physical size and power use."},{"text":"

Development time
Software bugs
Maintenance

","correct":false,"explanation":"Limited hardware does not automatically shorten development or remove faults and maintenance. Its main benefits are reduced cost, smaller size and lower power use."},{"text":"

Response time
Accuracy
Reliability

","correct":false,"explanation":"Speed, accuracy and reliability are performance qualities, not the three resource savings produced by limited hardware. The intended reductions are cost, size and power use."}]},{"id":"ad50e752-d94b-475b-9ef1-e3a000ede831","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which characteristic means an embedded system should work for long periods without crashing?","back":"Reliable and stable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Reliable and stable.","correct":true,"explanation":"A reliable and stable embedded system can operate continuously for long periods without unexpected failures, crashes or inconsistent behaviour."},{"text":"Fast and responsive.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fast and responsive describes how quickly a system reacts, not whether it can operate for long periods without crashing. That characteristic is reliable and stable."},{"text":"Secure and encrypted.","correct":false,"explanation":"Security and encryption protect systems and data from unauthorised access, but they do not specifically describe crash-free operation. Long-term operation requires reliability and stability."},{"text":"Portable and compact.","correct":false,"explanation":"Portability and compactness concern a device’s physical design rather than its ability to keep running without crashes. The required characteristic is reliability and stability."}]},{"id":"31fbc48b-12f7-49a3-bbf3-1f06b036a8fe","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A safety-critical system is one where failure could risk [ ] or [ ].","back":"A safety-critical system is one where failure could risk injury or death.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A safety-critical system is one where failure could risk injury or death.","correct":true,"explanation":"Safety-critical systems control situations where a malfunction could physically harm someone. The most serious possible outcomes are injury or death."},{"text":"A safety-critical system is one where failure could risk delay or inconvenience.","correct":false,"explanation":"Delay and inconvenience may result from an ordinary system failure, but they do not make a system safety-critical. Safety-critical failures could cause injury or death."},{"text":"A safety-critical system is one where failure could risk data loss or downtime.","correct":false,"explanation":"Data loss and downtime are associated with business-critical or information systems. A system is safety-critical when its failure could risk injury or death."},{"text":"A safety-critical system is one where failure could risk slower processing or reduced storage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduced performance and storage are technical limitations rather than threats to human safety. Safety-critical means that failure could lead to injury or death."}]},{"id":"246acd93-0cfd-4b76-a1c2-4c1f61b439ec","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A real-time response does not always mean [ ]; it means within the [ ].","back":"A real-time response does not always mean instantly; it means within the required time limit.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A real-time response does not always mean instantly; it means within the required time limit.","correct":true,"explanation":"Real-time systems must produce their response before a specified deadline. The deadline may permit some delay, so the response does not necessarily have to be instantaneous."},{"text":"A real-time response does not always mean instantly; it means within the shortest possible time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Real-time operation is defined by meeting a required deadline, not by using the shortest physically possible response time. A valid response may include an acceptable delay."},{"text":"A real-time response does not always mean instantly; it means within the average response time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Average response time does not guarantee that an individual response will meet its deadline. Real-time systems must respond within the required time limit."},{"text":"A real-time response does not always mean efficiently; it means within the available processing power.","correct":false,"explanation":"Efficiency concerns resource use, while available processing power is a hardware capacity. Real-time behaviour instead means responding within the required time limit, though not necessarily instantly."}]},{"id":"8cb05978-a944-43c9-9dcd-f813fda1cbb0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is low power important for devices like digital watches and fitness trackers?","back":"They are battery-powered, so power must be used efficiently.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are battery-powered, so power must be used efficiently.","correct":true,"explanation":"Watches and fitness trackers rely on finite battery energy, so efficient power use extends the time they can operate before recharging or battery replacement."},{"text":"They are mains-powered, so electricity must be supplied continuously.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mains-powered equipment has a continuous external electricity supply, unlike these portable devices. Digital watches and fitness trackers need low power because they are battery-powered."},{"text":"They use high-performance processors, so excess heat must be reduced.","correct":false,"explanation":"These devices generally use modest, specialised processors rather than power-hungry high-performance ones. Low power matters because their batteries contain a limited supply of energy."},{"text":"They store large amounts of data, so memory must be used efficiently.","correct":false,"explanation":"Memory efficiency is separate from electrical power consumption, and these devices do not usually hold exceptionally large datasets. Low power is needed because they are battery-powered."}]},{"id":"a8a52768-94dd-48c2-a1e3-38daf2afb656","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What type of user interface do embedded systems often have?","back":"A simple interface, such as buttons, lights, display or beeps.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A simple interface, such as buttons, lights, display or beeps.","correct":true,"explanation":"Embedded systems usually perform a small set of dedicated tasks, so users commonly interact through straightforward controls and outputs such as buttons, lights, displays or beeps."},{"text":"A command-line interface, requiring typed instructions and parameters.","correct":false,"explanation":"Command-line interfaces require users to enter detailed text commands and are uncommon in ordinary embedded devices. These systems generally provide a simple interface using basic controls and outputs."},{"text":"A desktop-style interface, with windows, menus, keyboard and mouse.","correct":false,"explanation":"Windows, menus and computer peripherals suit general-purpose computers rather than most dedicated embedded systems. Embedded devices more often use simple buttons, lights, displays or beeps."},{"text":"A voice-only interface, using speech recognition for every command.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some embedded devices support voice control, but requiring speech for every command is not typical. Most use a simple interface such as buttons, lights, displays or beeps."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Embedded systems","title":"Embedded systems Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/computer-science/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"1aa62f63-45fa-5cb4-8da6-07a7019f8420","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]