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The second character therefore has index 1."},{"text":"1.","correct":false,"explanation":"Choosing 1 assumes that string positions are counted from one. Python uses zero-based indexing, so the first character is at index 0."},{"text":"-1.","correct":false,"explanation":"Index -1 refers to the final character of a Python string, not its first character. The first character is accessed using index 0."},{"text":"2.","correct":false,"explanation":"Index 2 identifies the third character because Python starts counting at zero. The first character of a string has index 0."}]},{"id":"5abb4106-56eb-4514-96cc-bf458228a6a2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In Python slicing, text[0:3] includes indexes [ ] but excludes index [ ].","back":"In Python slicing, text[0:3] includes indexes 0, 1 and 2 but excludes index 3.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In Python slicing, text[0:3] includes indexes 0, 1 and 2 but excludes index 3.","correct":true,"explanation":"A Python slice includes its starting index but stops before its ending index. Consequently, the slice from 0 to 3 contains indexes 0, 1 and 2."},{"text":"In Python slicing, text[0:3] includes indexes 0, 1, 2 and 3 but excludes index 4.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats the ending index as inclusive, a common slicing error. 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Since surname[0:3] includes indexes 0, 1 and 2, it produces \"Pat\", giving \"APat25\"."},{"text":"\"AvaPatel25\".","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses both complete names instead of the specified slices. The slices select only \"A\" and \"Pat\", so the stored value is \"APat25\"."}]},{"id":"86371d15-f0fc-4ade-8289-899fc23fea13","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A file stores data on [ ], so it can still exist after the program finishes.","back":"A file stores data on secondary storage, so it can still exist after the program finishes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"secondary storage","correct":true,"explanation":"Secondary storage is non-volatile, meaning its contents remain available when a program finishes or power is removed. Files are therefore stored there for persistence."},{"text":"primary storage","correct":false,"explanation":"Primary storage usually refers to main memory, whose working contents are volatile and temporary. A persistent file is stored on secondary storage instead."},{"text":"main memory","correct":false,"explanation":"Main memory holds programs and data currently in use, but its contents normally disappear when power is removed. Files persist on secondary storage."},{"text":"cache memory","correct":false,"explanation":"Cache memory provides fast temporary access to frequently needed data and is not used for persistent file storage. Files are kept on secondary storage."}]},{"id":"9af74c64-b2da-42e1-b212-ebddf4ce7324","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In file handling, [ ] gets data from a file; [ ] puts data into a file.","back":"In file handling, Read gets data from a file; Write puts data into a file.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In file handling, Read gets data from a file; Write puts data into a file.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reading transfers stored data from a file into the program, while writing transfers data from the program into a file. These are the two corresponding file operations."},{"text":"In file handling, Write gets data from a file; Read puts data into a file.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two operations have been reversed. Read gets existing data from a file, whereas Write sends data from the program into the file."},{"text":"In file handling, Open gets data from a file; Close puts data into a file.","correct":false,"explanation":"Opening establishes access to a file, and closing ends that access; neither describes the direction of data transfer. Read gets data and Write puts data."},{"text":"In file handling, Append gets data from a file; Read puts data into a file.","correct":false,"explanation":"Append adds new data to a file, while Read retrieves it, so their directions here are reversed. The general operations are Read for getting and Write for putting."}]},{"id":"3dc6cad6-b33c-4e51-8800-33595f2b2267","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A program must add data to the end of a file without deleting old data. Which file mode should it use?","back":"Append mode.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Append mode.","correct":true,"explanation":"Append mode positions new data after the file’s existing contents. It therefore preserves the old data rather than replacing it when the file is opened."},{"text":"Write mode.","correct":false,"explanation":"Write mode commonly clears or overwrites a file’s existing contents before storing new data. Append mode is required to add data without deleting what is already there."},{"text":"Read mode.","correct":false,"explanation":"Read mode allows the program to retrieve existing data but does not permit it to add new data. Adding at the end requires append mode."},{"text":"Read-write mode.","correct":false,"explanation":"Read-write mode permits both reading and writing, but ordinary writing may replace existing data at the current position. Append mode specifically adds data at the end."}]},{"id":"c51ef629-1943-48fc-aa5d-1774d65a47fb","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Opening a file in [ ] may overwrite its existing contents.","back":"Opening a file in write mode may overwrite its existing contents.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"write mode","correct":true,"explanation":"Opening an existing file in write mode commonly truncates it before new data is stored. This means its previous contents may be erased or overwritten."},{"text":"read mode","correct":false,"explanation":"Read mode retrieves existing contents without changing them, so it does not overwrite the file. Write mode is the mode that may remove existing contents."},{"text":"append mode","correct":false,"explanation":"Append mode preserves existing contents and places new data at the end of the file. Write mode, by contrast, may overwrite what was already stored."},{"text":"read-only mode","correct":false,"explanation":"Read-only mode prevents the program from modifying the file, so overwriting cannot occur. Opening the file in write mode may replace its existing contents."}]},{"id":"8ae86c52-481f-4583-ab93-d837ddd25fc3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why should a program close a file after using it?","back":"

Finishes the operation properly.
Makes the file available to others.

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Finishes the operation properly.
Makes the file available to others.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Closing a file completes pending file operations properly and releases the file resource. This allows other programs or users to access the file without conflicts."},{"text":"

Erases the stored contents.
Makes the file unavailable to others.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Closing does not erase the file’s contents or permanently block access. It finishes the operation properly and makes the file available to other users or programs."},{"text":"

Compresses the data automatically.
Makes the file encrypted for others.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Closing a file does not automatically compress or encrypt its data. It completes outstanding file operations and releases the file so that others can access it."},{"text":"

Restarts the operation automatically.
Keeps the file reserved from others.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Closing does not reopen the operation or reserve the file exclusively. It properly finishes file handling and releases the resource for access by other programs."}]},{"id":"6e3a21e2-922f-45d2-a946-799d2ef05993","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In OCR J277, how does an array’s size behave while the program runs?","back":"Its size is fixed/static.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its size is fixed/static.","correct":true,"explanation":"In OCR J277, an array is treated as a static data structure: its number of elements is set when it is created and remains fixed during execution."},{"text":"Its size is automatically expandable.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses an array with a dynamic data structure such as a list. In OCR J277, an array’s size is fixed or static while the program runs."},{"text":"Its size is continually decreasing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing or changing an element does not make the defined array smaller. The array retains its fixed or static number of indexed positions during execution."},{"text":"Its size is repeatedly doubled.","correct":false,"explanation":"The number of stored values does not cause an array’s allocated size to double. OCR J277 defines an array as having a fixed or static size."}]},{"id":"292ea676-b574-4415-8b94-afdcf681919b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When is a 1D array the right structure?","back":"For a simple list of values.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For a simple list of values.","correct":true,"explanation":"A one-dimensional array stores a sequence of values accessed using one index, making it appropriate for a simple list such as scores or names."},{"text":"For a two-dimensional table of values.","correct":false,"explanation":"A table of rows and columns normally requires a two-dimensional array, not a 1D array. A 1D array is suitable for a simple list of values."},{"text":"For a group of fields about one thing.","correct":false,"explanation":"A group of differently named attributes about one entity is better represented by a record. A 1D array is intended for a simple indexed list of values."},{"text":"For a branching hierarchy of values.","correct":false,"explanation":"A branching hierarchy requires a tree or similar linked structure rather than one linear dimension. A 1D array is appropriate for a simple list of values."}]},{"id":"903d04e0-43e4-4bb1-a9c9-55a009a9c7f9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When is a record the right structure?","back":"For related fields about one thing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For related fields about one thing.","correct":true,"explanation":"A record groups related fields that describe a single entity, such as one student’s name, age and candidate number, even when those fields have different data types."},{"text":"For a simple list of similar values.","correct":false,"explanation":"A simple sequence of similar values is usually represented by a 1D array. A record instead groups related fields that describe one particular thing."},{"text":"For a two-dimensional grid of values.","correct":false,"explanation":"A grid of values is normally represented by a 2D array. A record is suitable for collecting related fields about one entity or thing."},{"text":"For a repeated sequence of instructions.","correct":false,"explanation":"A repeated sequence of program instructions requires a loop, not a record. A record stores related fields that collectively describe one thing."}]},{"id":"c86d65a3-3e29-4f52-ad07-3a9c31597f80","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a 2D array used as a table, each row is a [ ] and each column is a [ ].","back":"In a 2D array used as a table, each row is a record and each column is a field.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In a 2D array used as a table, each row is a record and each column is a field.","correct":true,"explanation":"When a 2D array represents a table, one row contains all the information for a single record, while each column represents one consistent field across records."},{"text":"In a 2D array used as a table, each row is a field and each column is a record.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the table terminology. Each row contains one complete record, while each column contains the same field for all records."},{"text":"In a 2D array used as a table, each row is a value and each column is a field.","correct":false,"explanation":"A row is not an individual value; it contains all fields belonging to one record. A column represents one field shared across the records."},{"text":"In a 2D array used as a table, each row is a record and each column is a value.","correct":false,"explanation":"An entire column is not a single value; it represents one field across multiple records. Each row represents one complete record in the table."}]},{"id":"d2fffd8f-6990-4d81-9a99-919e04f0c4e3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Using the notes’ students 2D array, what does students[1][1] return?","back":"\"Liam Chen\".","mcqOptions":[{"text":"\"Liam Chen\".","correct":true,"explanation":"With zero-based indexing, the first index selects the second student record and the second index selects its second field. In the given array, that value is Liam Chen."},{"text":"\"Aisha Khan\".","correct":false,"explanation":"This results from treating index 1 as the first position rather than using zero-based indexing. Both indices select the second positions, returning Liam Chen."},{"text":"\"Liam\".","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses a complete field value with part of the stored name. The selected element contains the full string Liam Chen, not only the forename."},{"text":"\"Chen\".","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses a complete field value with part of the stored name. The element at the selected row and column stores Liam Chen as one complete string."}]},{"id":"52d54974-6770-4fb3-be5f-47c422dd6ec6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which SQL command chooses the fields to display?","back":"SELECT.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"SELECT.","correct":true,"explanation":"SELECT introduces the list of fields whose values should appear in the query results, such as SELECT name, age. The table itself is identified separately using FROM."},{"text":"FROM.","correct":false,"explanation":"FROM identifies the table containing the data; it does not choose the displayed fields. SELECT specifies which fields should appear in the query results."},{"text":"WHERE.","correct":false,"explanation":"WHERE filters records according to a condition rather than choosing output fields. SELECT specifies the fields that will be displayed by the query."},{"text":"ORDER BY.","correct":false,"explanation":"ORDER BY determines how returned records are sorted; it does not select displayed fields. The fields included in the results are specified using SELECT."}]},{"id":"d11b956c-5d55-44b4-81d2-fe767a39dec6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which SQL command chooses the table to search?","back":"FROM.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"FROM.","correct":true,"explanation":"FROM is followed by the name of the table that the query reads, such as FROM Students. SELECT separately identifies the fields to display."},{"text":"SELECT.","correct":false,"explanation":"SELECT chooses the fields shown in the results, not the source table. FROM is the command followed by the name of the table to search."},{"text":"WHERE.","correct":false,"explanation":"WHERE introduces a filtering condition and does not identify the source table. FROM specifies which table the database should search for the requested data."},{"text":"JOIN.","correct":false,"explanation":"JOIN combines rows from multiple related tables rather than naming the main table to search. FROM identifies the table used as the query’s data source."}]},{"id":"5e422e5d-456b-4eb9-aa4f-f4650a36fe54","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which SQL command filters records using a condition?","back":"WHERE.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"WHERE.","correct":true,"explanation":"The WHERE clause applies a condition to each record, so only records satisfying that condition are included in the query results."},{"text":"SELECT.","correct":false,"explanation":"SELECT specifies which fields should be returned, but it does not filter records. The WHERE clause filters records according to a condition."},{"text":"FROM.","correct":false,"explanation":"FROM identifies the table from which data is retrieved, rather than filtering its records. A filtering condition must follow the WHERE command."},{"text":"ORDER BY.","correct":false,"explanation":"ORDER BY sorts the query results but does not decide which records are included. The WHERE clause performs condition-based filtering."}]},{"id":"1a916bf1-8214-4834-b41c-285c778c752a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In SQL, equality uses a single [ ], not [ ].","back":"In SQL, equality uses a single =, not ==.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In SQL, equality uses a single =, not ==.","correct":true,"explanation":"SQL uses the single equals sign as its equality comparison operator. A double equals sign is commonly used for comparison in programming languages such as Python, not SQL."},{"text":"In SQL, equality uses a single ==, not =.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses SQL and Python-style syntax. SQL tests equality with a single =, whereas languages such as Python commonly use ==."},{"text":"In SQL, equality uses a single !, not ==.","correct":false,"explanation":"A single ! is not SQL’s equality operator; exclamation marks are associated with inequality in some languages. SQL equality uses one =, not ==."},{"text":"In SQL, equality uses a single :=, not ==.","correct":false,"explanation":"The := symbol is used for assignment in some languages and systems, not for ordinary SQL equality comparisons. SQL uses a single =, not ==."}]},{"id":"a4582407-9d98-43f4-81e4-8c1fb93fa717","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Write the SQL query to display the names of students in form 7B from the Students table.","back":"

SELECT Name\nFROM Students\nWHERE Form = '7B';

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

SELECT Name\nFROM Students\nWHERE Form = '7B';

","correct":true,"explanation":"The query selects only the Name field from Students, then uses WHERE to restrict the returned records to students whose form is 7B."},{"text":"

SELECT *\nFROM Students\nWHERE Form = '7B';

","correct":false,"explanation":"Using SELECT * returns every field for each matching student, not just their names. The query should select only Name from Students."},{"text":"

SELECT Name\nFROM Forms\nWHERE Form = '7B';

","correct":false,"explanation":"This retrieves data from the Forms table, but the question specifies that the records are held in Students. The correct source table is therefore Students."},{"text":"

SELECT Name\nFROM Students\nWHERE Form = '7A';

","correct":false,"explanation":"The query structure and field are appropriate, but its condition selects form 7A. To display students in the requested form, the condition must be Form = '7B'."}]},{"id":"da3fedc9-6988-405f-b7f8-c657797f51cf","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A subprogram must calculate and return a total score. Should it be a function or procedure?","back":"A function, because it returns a value.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A function, because it returns a value.","correct":true,"explanation":"A function is designed to calculate and return a value to the part of the program that called it, making it appropriate for producing a total score."},{"text":"A procedure, because it returns a value.","correct":false,"explanation":"A procedure normally performs actions without returning a calculated value. Because the total score must be returned to the caller, this subprogram should be a function."},{"text":"A procedure, because it prints the result.","correct":false,"explanation":"Printing is an output action and does not meet the requirement to return the calculated total. A function should be used because it passes a value back to its caller."},{"text":"A procedure, because it changes variables.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing variables does not ensure that the total is returned, and relying on shared state is poor practice. A function explicitly returns the calculated score to its caller."}]},{"id":"b85f2d93-45f8-47f7-8310-17a8371818aa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A subprogram must print every score without returning a value. Should it be a function or procedure?","back":"A procedure, because it performs an action.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A procedure, because it performs an action.","correct":true,"explanation":"A procedure is suitable when a subprogram carries out an action, such as printing scores, without needing to pass a calculated value back to its caller."},{"text":"A function, because it performs an action.","correct":false,"explanation":"A function is normally chosen when a value must be returned. Printing every score is an action with no returned value, so a procedure is appropriate."},{"text":"A function, because it returns a value.","correct":false,"explanation":"The requirement explicitly says that no value is returned, so returning a value would be unnecessary. A procedure should instead perform the printing action directly."},{"text":"A function, because it calculates a result.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calculating a result would suggest using a function, but this task only prints existing scores. Since it performs output without returning anything, it should be a procedure."}]},{"id":"e63c9914-4997-4d55-a37b-b1b6804ff935","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] is created inside a subprogram; a [ ] is created outside subprograms.","back":"A local variable is created inside a subprogram; a global variable is created outside subprograms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A local variable is created inside a subprogram; a global variable is created outside subprograms.","correct":true,"explanation":"A local variable is declared within a subprogram and is accessible only in its local scope. A global variable is declared outside subprograms and has wider program scope."},{"text":"A global variable is created inside a subprogram; a global variable is created outside subprograms.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first term is reversed: a variable created inside a subprogram is local, not global. A variable created outside subprograms is correctly described as global."},{"text":"A local variable is created inside a subprogram; a local variable is created outside subprograms.","correct":false,"explanation":"The second term confuses the two scopes. A variable created inside a subprogram is local, while one created outside subprograms is global rather than local."},{"text":"A global variable is created inside a subprogram; a local variable is created outside subprograms.","correct":false,"explanation":"The definitions have been swapped. Local variables are created inside subprograms and have limited scope, whereas global variables are created outside subprograms and have wider scope."}]},{"id":"5301205d-67d3-40c6-911a-41a3b3aa8dcd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How should an array be supplied to a subprogram without relying on unnecessary global variables?","back":"Pass it as a parameter.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Pass it as a parameter.","correct":true,"explanation":"Passing the array as a parameter gives the subprogram access to the required data without creating unnecessary global state, improving modularity and reducing unintended side effects."},{"text":"Store it as a global variable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Making the array global gives many parts of the program access to it and creates unnecessary shared state. It should instead be passed to the subprogram as a parameter."},{"text":"Recreate it as a local variable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Creating a new local array would not automatically supply the subprogram with the original array’s data. The existing array should be passed in as a parameter."},{"text":"Return it as a result.","correct":false,"explanation":"Returning the array sends data from the subprogram back to its caller rather than supplying data to it. The array should be passed into the subprogram as a parameter."}]},{"id":"4d37ef70-716e-4b7e-aad4-977394f8256a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Python, what range of values can random.randint(1, 6) return?","back":"1 to 6 inclusive.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"1 to 6 inclusive.","correct":true,"explanation":"Both endpoints passed to random.randint are included, so random.randint(1, 6) can produce any integer from 1 through 6."},{"text":"1 to 5 inclusive.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly treats the upper bound as excluded, as with Python’s range. For random.randint(1, 6), both endpoints are included, giving 1 through 6."},{"text":"0 to 5 inclusive.","correct":false,"explanation":"This shifts both endpoints down by one, likely from confusing the values with zero-based indexes. The stated bounds themselves are included, so the range is 1 through 6."},{"text":"0 to 6 inclusive.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the upper endpoint is included, zero cannot be returned because the lower bound supplied is 1. The possible values therefore run from 1 through 6."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Additional programming techniques","title":"Additional programming techniques Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/computer-science/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"c09bc7de-49a1-5af9-ab87-69611c63702f","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]