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Authentication protects private data by verifying users’ identities."},{"text":"It protects computer hardware.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing cybersecurity with physical security makes this tempting. Authentication controls access to private data, while locks, alarms and secure rooms protect computer hardware."},{"text":"It protects internet bandwidth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Authentication does not preserve connection capacity or improve network performance. 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It stops unauthorised changes or deletions to stored information."},{"text":"It stops accidental changes or deletions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Authentication verifies identity rather than detecting mistakes made by a legitimate user. It specifically helps stop unauthorised changes or deletions; backups and validation address accidental damage."},{"text":"It stops hardware failures or power cuts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Power protection and reliable hardware address physical failures, whereas authentication controls who can access the system. 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The user ID initially indicates which user account is being claimed."},{"text":"Which computer device is being claimed.","correct":false,"explanation":"The login program identifies an account rather than establishing ownership of a physical machine. The entered ID tells it which user account is being claimed."}]},{"id":"c23d3492-b1ef-4ebd-b751-eda864feffee","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"After an ID is entered, what does the password help prove?","back":"That the user is the real account holder.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"That the user is the real account holder.","correct":true,"explanation":"A password known only to the account holder provides evidence that the person claiming the account is its genuine owner, assuming the password has remained secret."},{"text":"That the user is the system administrator.","correct":false,"explanation":"A valid password proves a connection to the claimed account, not that the person has an administrator role. It helps prove the user is the real account holder."},{"text":"That the user is the owner of the computer.","correct":false,"explanation":"Owning the device is unrelated to knowing the credentials for a particular account. The password helps prove that the user is the real account holder."},{"text":"That the user is the creator of the password database.","correct":false,"explanation":"Creating or managing the password database is an administrative task and is not established by an ordinary login. The password helps prove the user is the real account holder."}]},{"id":"50d3d849-b90e-4c71-8dd1-5a1b6fbd69db","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Authentication checks [ ]; authorisation decides [ ].","back":"Authentication checks who the user is; authorisation decides what they are allowed to do.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Authentication checks who the user is; authorisation decides what they are allowed to do.","correct":true,"explanation":"Authentication establishes identity by checking credentials. Once that identity is known, authorisation applies the account’s permissions to determine which actions and resources are permitted."},{"text":"Authentication checks what the user is allowed to do; authorisation decides who they are.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two concepts. Authentication establishes who the user is, while authorisation uses permissions to decide what that authenticated user is allowed to do."},{"text":"Authentication checks what data is stored; authorisation decides whether the password is correct.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stored data and password correctness may be involved in login processing, but they do not define the distinction. Authentication checks identity; authorisation determines allowed actions."},{"text":"Authentication checks whether the account exists; authorisation decides who the user is.","correct":false,"explanation":"Finding that an account exists does not fully authenticate its claimant, and authorisation does not identify users. Authentication checks identity; authorisation decides permitted actions."}]},{"id":"73acd30c-5d06-40e2-9a0a-905b37de5da3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Details a user gives to prove identity are [ ], such as an ID and password.","back":"Details a user gives to prove identity are credentials, such as an ID and password.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"credentials","correct":true,"explanation":"Credentials are pieces of evidence presented during login to support an identity claim. Common examples include a user ID and a password."},{"text":"identifiers","correct":false,"explanation":"An identifier such as a user ID indicates which account is claimed, but a password is not an identifier. Together, such identity evidence is called credentials."},{"text":"permissions","correct":false,"explanation":"Permissions specify what an authenticated account may access or change; they are not the details supplied to prove identity. Those supplied details are credentials."},{"text":"usernames","correct":false,"explanation":"A username can identify an account, but this term does not include the accompanying password. The general name for both pieces of login evidence is credentials."}]},{"id":"c77c1b60-324e-4732-a39c-695c2d823ae3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In an ID-password table, what must the ID choose before the password is compared?","back":"The matching row/account entry.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The matching row/account entry.","correct":true,"explanation":"The ID acts as a lookup key, selecting the account record associated with that identity. The supplied password can then be compared with the value in that row."},{"text":"The matching column/password field.","correct":false,"explanation":"A column holds one type of data for every account, so selecting it would not identify the claimed user. The ID must select the matching row/account entry."},{"text":"The first row/account entry.","correct":false,"explanation":"Always selecting the first record ignores the entered ID and would compare against the wrong account in most cases. The program must select the matching row/account entry."},{"text":"The matching role/permission entry.","correct":false,"explanation":"Roles and permissions are used for authorisation after identity checking. For password authentication, the ID first selects the matching row/account entry containing that user’s details."}]},{"id":"38611ee2-404a-4e1e-ac3d-510a58a5b8ab","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a lookup used to find in authentication?","back":"The stored password for the entered ID.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The stored password for the entered ID.","correct":true,"explanation":"The entered ID is used as a key to locate its account record. The stored password from that record is then compared with the password supplied during login."},{"text":"The stored user ID for the entered password.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the normal lookup process: the program already has the entered ID and uses it as the key. It retrieves the stored password for that ID."},{"text":"The new password for the entered ID.","correct":false,"explanation":"Authentication compares the submitted password with an existing value; it does not generate a replacement during an ordinary login. The lookup finds the stored password for the entered ID."},{"text":"The access permissions for the entered ID.","correct":false,"explanation":"Access permissions are relevant to authorisation, which follows successful identity checking. During password authentication, the lookup retrieves the stored password associated with the entered ID."}]},{"id":"4a007c9f-29d4-4331-9478-02d18a9c0e10","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a login dictionary, the key should be the [ ] and the value should be the [ ].","back":"In a login dictionary, the key should be the user ID and the value should be the stored password.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In a login dictionary, the key should be the user ID and the value should be the stored password.","correct":true,"explanation":"A dictionary uses each unique user ID as a lookup key, with the corresponding stored password as its value so the correct credentials can be compared."},{"text":"In a login dictionary, the key should be the stored password and the value should be the user ID.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the key-value relationship. The user ID must be the key because it identifies the account, while the stored password is the associated value."},{"text":"In a login dictionary, the key should be the user ID and the value should be the entered password.","correct":false,"explanation":"The entered password is temporary input and should not replace account data. The user ID is the key, and the stored password is its value."},{"text":"In a login dictionary, the key should be the entered password and the value should be the stored password.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using the entered password as a key would not identify which account is being accessed. The user ID should be the key and the stored password the value."}]},{"id":"d8d988b9-09cd-4f6e-943a-83db10602a51","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In {"bob": "B5c6D7e8"}, what value is stored for key bob?","back":"B5c6D7e8.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"B5c6D7e8.","correct":true,"explanation":"In a dictionary entry, the item after the colon is the value associated with the key before it. Therefore, bob maps to B5c6D7e8."},{"text":"bob.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bob is the dictionary key, not the value. The item after the colon is the associated value, so the value stored for bob is B5c6D7e8."},{"text":"B5c6D7e.","correct":false,"explanation":"This omits the final character from the stored string. Dictionary values must be read exactly, so the complete value associated with bob is B5c6D7e8."},{"text":"B5c6D7e9.","correct":false,"explanation":"This changes the final digit from 8 to 9. Dictionary string values are exact, so the value stored for bob is B5c6D7e8."}]},{"id":"374c569f-8e09-4986-8c78-30e7af0b8139","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What should the login algorithm do if the entered ID is not found?","back":"Reject the login.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Reject the login.","correct":true,"explanation":"An ID that is not stored does not identify a recognised account, so authentication cannot continue and the algorithm must reject the login attempt."},{"text":"Allow the login.","correct":false,"explanation":"Allowing an unknown ID would bypass authentication and create a security flaw. Because the ID is not associated with an account, the login must be rejected."},{"text":"Create the login.","correct":false,"explanation":"A login check should not automatically create an account when an ID is missing. An unrecognised ID means the authentication attempt must be rejected."},{"text":"Repeat the login.","correct":false,"explanation":"A program may later invite another attempt, but the current authentication decision is still rejection. An ID not found in the account data cannot be accepted."}]},{"id":"2e46839b-6286-4688-a3a1-c0d24b50b133","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What should the login algorithm do if the ID is found and the password matches?","back":"Allow access.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Allow access.","correct":true,"explanation":"Finding the ID confirms that the account exists, and a matching password verifies the credentials. Both checks have passed, so access should be allowed."},{"text":"Reject access.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rejecting here would ignore that both required checks succeeded. When the ID exists and its associated password matches the entered password, access should be allowed."},{"text":"Delete access.","correct":false,"explanation":"Authentication decides whether access is allowed; it does not delete access permissions. A recognised ID with the correct password should be allowed access."},{"text":"Repeat access.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repeating the check is unnecessary once both credentials match. Because the ID exists and the entered password matches its stored password, access should be allowed."}]},{"id":"1561e40c-3a50-442e-87cd-d102d45a2ee3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What should the login algorithm do if the ID is found but the password is wrong?","back":"Reject the login.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Reject the login.","correct":true,"explanation":"The account exists, but the entered password does not match the password stored for that ID. Authentication has therefore failed, so the login must be rejected."},{"text":"Allow the login.","correct":false,"explanation":"Finding a valid ID alone is insufficient because the password must also match. A wrong password means authentication has failed, so the login must be rejected."},{"text":"Delete the login.","correct":false,"explanation":"A failed password check should not delete an account or its credentials. The appropriate response to the mismatch is to reject the current login attempt."},{"text":"Store the login.","correct":false,"explanation":"The entered incorrect password must not replace or be added to the stored credentials. Because it does not match the password for that ID, reject the login."}]},{"id":"722b5ee3-7484-4e55-9483-259944c720b8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is checking whether the password appears anywhere in the table wrong?","back":"The password must match the entered ID.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The password must match the entered ID.","correct":true,"explanation":"Passwords are associated with particular accounts. A password appearing elsewhere may belong to another user, so it must be compared with the password stored for the entered ID."},{"text":"The password must match the first record.","correct":false,"explanation":"Checking only the first record ignores which account the user entered. The password must instead match the stored password associated specifically with the entered ID."},{"text":"The password must match the entered password.","correct":false,"explanation":"Comparing the entered password with itself would always produce a match and provide no authentication. It must be checked against the stored password for the entered ID."},{"text":"The password must match the dictionary key.","correct":false,"explanation":"The dictionary key is the user ID, not the account password. The entered password must be compared with the stored password value associated with the entered ID."}]},{"id":"9ee4af1f-0f4c-447d-89e8-b2be6ad0ed26","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"if user_id in users: checks whether the entered ID exists as a [ ] in the [ ].","back":"if user_id in users: checks whether the entered ID exists as a key in the dictionary.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"if user_id in users: checks whether the entered ID exists as a key in the dictionary.","correct":true,"explanation":"Using the in operator directly on a Python dictionary tests its keys. This condition therefore checks whether user_id identifies an account in the users dictionary."},{"text":"if user_id in users: checks whether the entered ID exists as a value in the dictionary.","correct":false,"explanation":"A common mistake is assuming that in searches dictionary values. Used directly on a dictionary, it checks keys, so this tests whether the entered ID is a key."},{"text":"if user_id in users: checks whether the entered ID exists as a key in the password.","correct":false,"explanation":"The membership test is applied to users, which is the dictionary, not to an individual password. It checks whether the entered ID is a key in that dictionary."},{"text":"if user_id in users: checks whether the entered ID exists as a character in the dictionary.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dictionary membership does not scan individual characters in its data. It tests whether the complete entered ID equals one of the dictionary's keys."}]},{"id":"ecc2fe78-9e4b-4ce5-8b82-17f325f2669c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does password == users[user_id] compare?","back":"The entered password with the stored password for that ID.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The entered password with the stored password for that ID.","correct":true,"explanation":"The expression looks up users[user_id], obtaining the password stored for that specific account, and tests whether it equals the password entered by the user."},{"text":"The entered password with the stored ID for that password.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the dictionary relationship. Looking up users[user_id] returns the password stored for that ID, which is then compared with the entered password."},{"text":"The entered password with the entered ID for that password.","correct":false,"explanation":"The expression does not compare the two pieces of entered text. It compares the entered password with the stored password retrieved using the entered ID."},{"text":"The entered password with the stored password for every ID.","correct":false,"explanation":"Indexing the dictionary with user_id retrieves one associated value, not every password. The entered password is compared only with the stored password for that ID."}]},{"id":"7fde66eb-f4fc-4b7c-aea1-ae26fb463654","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Trace: ID bob, password wrongpass, and stored "bob": "B5c6D7e8". What is printed?","back":"Access denied.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Access denied.","correct":true,"explanation":"The user ID exists, but the supplied password does not exactly match the stored password, so authentication fails and the denial message is printed."},{"text":"Access granted.","correct":false,"explanation":"Finding bob in the stored users is not enough to grant access. The password also has to match B5c6D7e8, so Access denied is printed."},{"text":"Unknown user.","correct":false,"explanation":"The user ID bob is present in the stored data, so an unknown-user message would be inappropriate. The mismatched password causes Access denied to be printed."},{"text":"wrongpass.","correct":false,"explanation":"The program checks the entered password but should not print it. Because wrongpass differs from the stored password, the output is Access denied."}]},{"id":"81f5f2f3-1775-490d-8de7-b03cb5272d95","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An authentication function should return [ ] for valid credentials and [ ] for invalid credentials.","back":"An authentication function should return True for valid credentials and False for invalid credentials.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An authentication function should return True for valid credentials and False for invalid credentials.","correct":true,"explanation":"A Boolean result clearly represents the authentication decision: True indicates that both credentials are valid, while False indicates that authentication failed."},{"text":"An authentication function should return False for valid credentials and True for invalid credentials.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the conventional Boolean meanings and could make the program admit invalid users. Valid credentials should produce True, while invalid credentials should produce False."},{"text":"An authentication function should return None for valid credentials and False for invalid credentials.","correct":false,"explanation":"Returning no value for successful authentication prevents calling code from recognising success reliably. The function should return True for valid credentials and False for invalid ones."},{"text":"An authentication function should return True for valid credentials and None for invalid credentials.","correct":false,"explanation":"Returning no value for failure is less explicit and may be confused with a missing return statement. Authentication should return True for valid credentials and False otherwise."}]},{"id":"298b9a91-c554-44ef-b8f5-da9eadb5da20","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why put authentication into a function in a larger program?","back":"It makes the login decision easier to test and reuse.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It makes the login decision easier to test and reuse.","correct":true,"explanation":"Separating authentication into a function allows the same login logic to be called from multiple places and tested independently with different credential inputs."},{"text":"It makes every password easier to encrypt and store.","correct":false,"explanation":"Placing code in a function does not automatically encrypt or securely store passwords. Its main software-development benefit is making the login decision easier to test and reuse."},{"text":"It makes credential checks unnecessary to repeat or perform.","correct":false,"explanation":"A function does not remove the need to check credentials; it contains and organises that checking logic. This makes the login decision easier to test and reuse."},{"text":"It makes the whole program impossible to hack or misuse.","correct":false,"explanation":"Organising authentication as a function does not guarantee protection against every attack. It primarily improves modularity by making the login decision easier to test and reuse."}]},{"id":"d3c46328-9bee-4711-adea-4057abd41e32","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Passwords normally use exact string comparison: passwords are [ ] and spaces [ ].","back":"Passwords normally use exact string comparison: passwords are case-sensitive and spaces count as characters.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Passwords normally use exact string comparison: passwords are case-sensitive and spaces count as characters.","correct":true,"explanation":"Exact comparison treats uppercase and lowercase letters as different and includes spaces as ordinary characters. Every entered character must therefore match the stored string precisely."},{"text":"Passwords normally use exact string comparison: passwords are case-insensitive and spaces count as characters.","correct":false,"explanation":"Exact string comparison distinguishes uppercase from lowercase, so changing capitalisation can cause a mismatch. Spaces are also characters and must appear in exactly the correct places."},{"text":"Passwords normally use exact string comparison: passwords are case-sensitive and spaces are ignored.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although capitalisation is significant, exact comparison does not discard spaces. Spaces count as characters, so adding, removing or moving one changes the password string."},{"text":"Passwords normally use exact string comparison: passwords are case-insensitive and spaces are ignored.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes normalised text rather than exact string comparison. Passwords are case-sensitive, and spaces count as characters that must match the stored password precisely."}]},{"id":"4b77048c-43a7-40c0-beba-d7695404729b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does exact password matching require about character order?","back":"Every character must be in the same order.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Every character must be in the same order.","correct":true,"explanation":"String equality compares corresponding character positions, so matching characters are insufficient unless they occur in precisely the same sequence as in the stored password."},{"text":"Every character must be in the reverse order.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing the characters creates a different string, even when all the original characters remain present. Exact matching requires every character to be in the same order."},{"text":"Every character may be in any order.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating a password as an unordered collection is a common misconception. String comparison checks positions, so every character must appear in the same order."},{"text":"Every character must be in alphabetical order.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alphabetical sorting changes the password unless it was already written that way. Exact matching requires the entered characters to retain the same order as the stored string."}]},{"id":"8815dbd7-1079-4d76-9cbe-d215c576428c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why should code check user_id in users before using users[user_id]?","back":"To avoid a crash when no stored value exists.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To avoid a crash when no stored value exists.","correct":true,"explanation":"Indexing a dictionary with a missing key can raise an error. Membership testing first ensures that a stored password exists for the supplied user ID."},{"text":"To hide the password when a stored value exists.","correct":false,"explanation":"Membership testing does not conceal the password; it only checks whether the key exists. Its purpose is to prevent a crash when there is no stored value."},{"text":"To create an account when no stored value exists.","correct":false,"explanation":"Checking dictionary membership does not create a missing account or value. It safely detects absence so indexing is avoided and the program does not crash."},{"text":"To reset the password when a stored value exists.","correct":false,"explanation":"Membership testing does not modify or reset any password. It confirms the user ID exists before dictionary indexing, avoiding a crash when no stored value exists."}]},{"id":"c9908901-df51-4ba5-b96a-7cd44bd0128a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Validation checks whether input is [ ]; it does not prove the user is [ ].","back":"Validation checks whether input is sensible or follows a rule; it does not prove the user is genuine.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Validation checks whether input is sensible or follows a rule; it does not prove the user is genuine.","correct":true,"explanation":"Validation tests properties such as format, length or range. Authentication separately checks evidence of identity, so validly formatted input does not establish that a user is genuine."},{"text":"Validation checks whether input is linked to stored credentials; it does not prove the user is genuine.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses validation with authentication. Validation checks whether input is sensible or follows a rule, whereas checking credentials is what helps establish whether the user is genuine."},{"text":"Validation checks whether input is sensible or follows a rule; it does not prove the user is correctly formatted.","correct":false,"explanation":"Validation cannot establish identity merely from acceptable input. It checks whether input is sensible or follows a rule, but does not prove that the user is genuine."},{"text":"Validation checks whether input is owned by the user; it does not prove the user is correctly formatted.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both completions confuse validation with identity checking. Validation tests whether input is sensible or follows a rule; authentication is needed to assess whether a user is genuine."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Implementing authentication","title":"Implementing authentication Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/computer-science/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"3e8dc745-ce79-584c-b7eb-c230d40fba21","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]