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The process of finding the causes of program errors and correcting them is called debugging."},{"text":"documenting","correct":false,"explanation":"Documenting involves writing explanations about a program and its code. Finding and correcting errors in the program itself is called debugging."}]},{"id":"c9ee8ddf-523c-4d6d-8efc-bbaec822419e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A program will not start because its grammar or punctuation is invalid. Which error type is likely?","back":"Syntax error.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Syntax error.","correct":true,"explanation":"A syntax error breaks the programming language’s rules of grammar or punctuation, so the code cannot be parsed and the program will not start."},{"text":"Runtime error.","correct":false,"explanation":"A runtime error occurs after a program has started running. 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Expected output describes what should happen, while actual output records what the program really produces."},{"text":"The expected output is what should happen; the expected output is what really happens.","correct":false,"explanation":"The result that really occurs cannot also be labelled expected output. What should happen is expected output; what really happens is actual output."},{"text":"The test input is what should happen; the actual output is what really happens.","correct":false,"explanation":"Test input is the data supplied to a program, not a predicted result. 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The parser may identify a problem only when it reaches a later line, although the mistake began earlier."},{"text":"Python may show the last line it executed, not where the syntax problem began.","correct":false,"explanation":"A syntax error is detected while code is being parsed, before the affected code executes. The reported line is where parsing failed, not the last executed line."},{"text":"A previous line can contain a logic error that causes Python to report a SyntaxError.","correct":false,"explanation":"Logic errors do not produce a SyntaxError; they produce unintended results. The previous line should be checked for incomplete or invalid syntax instead."}]},{"id":"4b1f8ba4-0580-4c3e-90f5-c0d26c478b2d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] happens while valid-syntax code is executing.","back":"A runtime error happens while valid-syntax code is executing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"runtime error","correct":true,"explanation":"A runtime error occurs after syntactically valid code has started running, usually when an operation cannot be completed, such as division by zero or accessing a nonexistent list position."},{"text":"syntax error","correct":false,"explanation":"A syntax error is detected before the program can execute because the code breaks Python’s grammatical rules. The correct term is runtime error, which occurs during execution."},{"text":"compile-time error","correct":false,"explanation":"A compile-time error is identified while code is being translated or checked, rather than while it is executing. 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ZeroDivisionError specifically occurs when a program tries to divide by zero."},{"text":"Trying to use an undefined name.","correct":false,"explanation":"Referring to an undefined variable or function normally causes NameError. 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The ValueError comes from converting unsuitable data."},{"text":"Referring to an undefined name.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using a name that has not been defined causes NameError. Here, ValueError occurs because "cat" is unsuitable data for conversion to an integer."}]},{"id":"cd7ad2ec-1633-4165-92ec-5c9e7f17b51f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What operation causes IndexError?","back":"Accessing a list position that does not exist.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Accessing a list position that does not exist.","correct":true,"explanation":"A list index must refer to an existing position. If the index is outside the list’s valid range, Python cannot retrieve an item and raises IndexError."},{"text":"Accessing a list item that has no value.","correct":false,"explanation":"Existing list positions can contain values such as None without causing IndexError. 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That step-by-step process is a dry run."},{"text":"code review","correct":false,"explanation":"A code review is a broader inspection of code for quality and correctness. Manually following each instruction and tracking values without execution is specifically a dry run."}]},{"id":"f43516cf-b6eb-487f-a9c6-e362d3324c18","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] runs without crashing but produces the wrong output.","back":"A logic error runs without crashing but produces the wrong output.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"logic error","correct":true,"explanation":"A logic error is a mistake in the program’s algorithm or instructions. The code can execute successfully, but its behaviour or output differs from what was intended."},{"text":"syntax error","correct":false,"explanation":"A syntax error breaks the programming language’s grammatical rules and usually prevents execution. Code that runs but produces an incorrect result contains a logic error."},{"text":"runtime error","correct":false,"explanation":"A runtime error causes a problem while the program is executing and normally stops it with an exception. A program that finishes with incorrect output has a logic error."},{"text":"indentation error","correct":false,"explanation":"An indentation error is detected when Python’s required block structure is invalid, usually preventing the program from running. Wrong output without a crash indicates a logic error."}]},{"id":"58c9daf3-4deb-4b0a-ac4f-284a61eb86f1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why are logic errors often hard to spot?","back":"Python may show no error message.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Python may show no error message.","correct":true,"explanation":"A program containing a logic error can still be valid and run to completion, so Python may display no error message even though the output is incorrect."},{"text":"Python may show too many error messages.","correct":false,"explanation":"Logic errors are difficult because they often produce no exception or diagnostic message, not because they produce too many. The programmer must identify the incorrect behaviour manually."},{"text":"Python may show the correct output.","correct":false,"explanation":"If the output is correct for all relevant cases, there may be no observable logic error. Logic errors are hard to spot because Python may show no error message."},{"text":"Python may show the exact correction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Python does not identify or repair flawed program logic automatically. Logic errors are often difficult to locate because the program runs and may show no error message."}]},{"id":"2f76f2e8-c131-426b-9173-2c936702addd","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An [ ] is a logic error where a loop includes one extra value or misses one value.","back":"An off-by-one error is a logic error where a loop includes one extra value or misses one value.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"off-by-one error","correct":true,"explanation":"An off-by-one error occurs when a loop’s starting or stopping boundary is one position too early or too late, causing one extra or missing iteration."},{"text":"syntax error","correct":false,"explanation":"A syntax error means code breaks the language’s grammatical rules and usually cannot run. The described boundary mistake is an off-by-one error because one iteration is added or omitted."},{"text":"runtime error","correct":false,"explanation":"A runtime error occurs while a program is executing and may stop it. A loop that runs once too often or too few times contains an off-by-one error."},{"text":"type error","correct":false,"explanation":"A type error results from using a value with an unsuitable data type. The loop-boundary mistake described is instead called an off-by-one error."}]},{"id":"d99dffd1-e369-4c80-94af-824fca5fde3e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why does range(1, limit) miss the value limit?","back":"Python ranges stop before the end value.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Python ranges stop before the end value.","correct":true,"explanation":"Python’s range function includes its start value but excludes its end value. Therefore, range(1, limit) generates values only up to limit - 1."},{"text":"Python ranges start after the first value.","correct":false,"explanation":"The start value is included by Python’s range function, so beginning at 1 does not explain the missing limit. The value is missed because ranges stop before the end value."},{"text":"Python ranges ignore variables used as end values.","correct":false,"explanation":"Python does not skip the end value because it is stored in a variable. It misses limit because the range function always stops before its specified end value."},{"text":"Python ranges increase by two each time.","correct":false,"explanation":"The step defaults to 1, so values are not being skipped in pairs. The value limit is omitted because Python ranges stop before the end value."}]},{"id":"38f21152-3df6-4f8c-bc7b-8d8243658597","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How should range(1, limit) be changed to include limit?","back":"Use range(1, limit + 1).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Use range(1, limit + 1).","correct":true,"explanation":"Because Python excludes a range’s end value, increasing the end to limit + 1 makes limit the final generated value while retaining 1 as the start."},{"text":"Use range(1, limit - 1).","correct":false,"explanation":"Decreasing the end value makes the loop stop even earlier, with limit - 2 as its final value. The end should be limit + 1 to include limit."},{"text":"Use range(0, limit).","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing the start to 0 adds an unwanted initial value but still excludes limit because the end remains exclusive. Use range(1, limit + 1) instead."},{"text":"Use range(1, limit, 2).","correct":false,"explanation":"A step of 2 generates only every other number and still excludes the end value. Increasing the end to limit + 1 includes every value through limit."}]},{"id":"d23de356-acac-45f3-b57c-7bca7d591219","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] records variable values as each line of code is followed.","back":"A trace table records variable values as each line of code is followed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"trace table","correct":true,"explanation":"A trace table tracks variables step by step as instructions execute, making it easier to locate incorrect values and understand how a logic error develops."},{"text":"truth table","correct":false,"explanation":"A truth table lists the outputs of Boolean expressions for every input combination; it does not follow changing variable values line by line. That task uses a trace table."},{"text":"variable declaration","correct":false,"explanation":"A variable declaration creates or introduces a variable rather than tracking its value during execution. A trace table records variable values as each line is followed."},{"text":"flow diagram","correct":false,"explanation":"A flow diagram represents the sequence and decisions within an algorithm, but it does not normally record changing variable values. A trace table provides that record."}]},{"id":"a6ef548d-d897-40d4-85f0-24b9c6179e07","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is boundary data such as 0, 1, or a maximum value useful?","back":"It helps find > / >= and loop-limit mistakes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It helps find > / >= and loop-limit mistakes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Boundary values test behaviour where conditions change, revealing whether comparisons include equality and whether loops begin or end one iteration too early or late."},{"text":"It helps find spelling and indentation mistakes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Syntax and indentation problems are usually found by parsing or attempting to run the code, not by choosing boundary inputs. Boundary data exposes comparison and loop-limit mistakes."},{"text":"It helps find naming and commenting mistakes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Boundary testing does not primarily assess variable naming or code comments, which concern readability. It is useful for finding incorrect comparison operators and loop limits."},{"text":"It helps find hardware and network mistakes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Boundary data cannot directly reveal hardware faults or network failures because these are not determined by input limits. It targets comparison and loop-limit mistakes in program logic."}]},{"id":"4a75ed28-8778-424f-99e5-a0dbb3f5f28f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why avoid making lots of corrections at once?","back":"You can identify which change caused any new problem.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"You can identify which change caused any new problem.","correct":true,"explanation":"Applying and testing one correction at a time isolates its effect. If a new issue appears, the specific change responsible can be identified and reversed or revised."},{"text":"You can guarantee every change fixes the original problem.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing many parts together makes the program’s behaviour harder, not easier, to predict because the effects overlap. Separate corrections identify which change caused a new problem."},{"text":"You can compare all changes with the original program.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiple simultaneous edits make comparison with the original code more difficult because several differences must be considered. One-at-a-time corrections reveal which change caused a new problem."},{"text":"You can prevent every change causing a logic error.","correct":false,"explanation":"Making many corrections does not prevent logic errors and may introduce additional ones. Testing each correction separately helps identify exactly which change caused any new problem."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Identifying and correcting program errors","title":"Identifying and correcting program errors Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/computer-science/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"16e95d7b-cf03-5b09-a403-f588467cb727","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]