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use, replacement and disposal."},{"text":"Product lifespan.","correct":false,"explanation":"A product lifespan means how long a device remains usable, not all stages from raw-material extraction to disposal. The complete process is called its life cycle."},{"text":"Energy consumption.","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy consumption describes the electrical energy a device or service uses. It does not cover manufacture, transport, use and disposal together; that complete view is the life cycle."},{"text":"Carbon footprint.","correct":false,"explanation":"A carbon footprint measures greenhouse gas emissions associated with an activity or product. Considering a device from raw materials through disposal is its life cycle."}]},{"id":"e78ccf78-c64e-4340-9177-906799e7c99f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A digital device's [ ] includes raw materials, manufacture, transport, use, replacement and disposal.","back":"A digital device's life cycle includes raw materials, manufacture, transport, use, replacement and disposal.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"life cycle","correct":true,"explanation":"The life cycle includes every major stage of a device’s existence, including obtaining raw materials, manufacturing, transport, use, replacement and disposal."},{"text":"energy consumption","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy consumption is the electrical energy used by a device or service, not the sequence of stages from raw materials through disposal. The correct term is life cycle."},{"text":"carbon footprint","correct":false,"explanation":"A carbon footprint measures greenhouse gas emissions, whereas the sentence lists the complete stages of a device’s existence. The missing term is life cycle."},{"text":"product lifespan","correct":false,"explanation":"Product lifespan refers mainly to how long a device is usable. The listed stages before and after use are included in its life cycle."}]},{"id":"26fa4a1c-f6d9-408e-9d85-54bc8a9ca466","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a device affect the environment even when it is not switched on?","back":"Manufacture, replacement and disposal can still cause harm.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Manufacture, replacement and disposal can still cause harm.","correct":true,"explanation":"A device can affect the environment while switched off because manufacturing and replacing it use resources, while disposal can create waste and pollution."},{"text":"Screen brightness, processing and storage can still cause harm.","correct":false,"explanation":"These activities may use electricity while the device is operating, but they do not explain harm when it is switched off. Manufacture, replacement and disposal can still cause harm."},{"text":"Internet browsing, downloads and gaming can still cause harm.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are activities performed while a device or service is being used, so they do not explain effects when the device is switched off. Manufacture, replacement and disposal remain relevant."},{"text":"Cooling, charging and displaying can still cause harm.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cooling, charging and displaying generally require an operating or connected device, so they do not answer the question about being switched off. Manufacture, replacement and disposal can still cause harm."}]},{"id":"ba317be5-1e28-4781-81c0-1cca3a7c325a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] means the electrical energy used by a device or digital service.","back":"Energy consumption means the electrical energy used by a device or digital service.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"energy consumption","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy consumption is the amount of electrical energy used by a device or digital service, including electricity used during operation."},{"text":"carbon emissions","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon emissions are released gases, often from generating electricity, rather than the electrical energy used by a device or service. The correct term is energy consumption."},{"text":"data transmission","correct":false,"explanation":"Data transmission is the movement of data across a network. It may require energy, but it does not mean the electrical energy used by a device or service."},{"text":"power generation","correct":false,"explanation":"Power generation is the production of electricity, commonly at a power station. The electrical energy used by a device or service is called energy consumption."}]},{"id":"4bf4c3a9-9df1-4c70-a834-9c78f838b239","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"If device electricity comes from fossil fuels, what environmental consequence can result?","back":"Greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change.","correct":true,"explanation":"Burning fossil fuels to generate electricity releases greenhouse gases. These trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to climate change."},{"text":"Ozone layer depletion, preventing climate change.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fossil-fuel electricity primarily produces greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change. Ozone depletion is a different environmental issue and does not prevent climate change."},{"text":"Increased biodiversity, protecting natural habitats.","correct":false,"explanation":"Generating electricity from fossil fuels does not increase biodiversity or protect habitats. It releases greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change."},{"text":"Reduced air pollution, improving climate stability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fossil fuels generally increase pollution rather than reduce it. Their use for electricity can produce greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change."}]},{"id":"e7e8e07a-52fc-40dd-902d-c789f1563861","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can online services use energy beyond the user's device?","back":"Network equipment also uses electricity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Network equipment also uses electricity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Online services depend on equipment such as routers, switches and transmission systems. This network equipment consumes electricity in addition to the user’s device."},{"text":"Keyboard software also uses electricity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Keyboard software runs on the user’s device and is not the wider infrastructure that carries online data. Network equipment also consumes electricity beyond the user’s device."},{"text":"Offline storage also uses electricity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Offline storage does not explain the energy used to deliver an online service. Network equipment, such as routers and switches, also uses electricity."},{"text":"Screen resolution also uses electricity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Screen resolution can affect the user device’s processing or display demands, but it is not the external infrastructure using energy. Network equipment also uses electricity."}]},{"id":"fbb12a07-a1c5-43d8-8544-9fb0e74daa6f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What large-scale system stores files and runs online services using electricity?","back":"Data centres.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Data centres.","correct":true,"explanation":"Data centres are large facilities containing computers and storage systems that store files and run online services. They require substantial electricity for operation and cooling."},{"text":"Network cables.","correct":false,"explanation":"Network cables carry data between locations but do not generally store files or run online services. Those tasks are performed by computers and storage systems in data centres."},{"text":"Search engines.","correct":false,"explanation":"A search engine is an online service that helps find information, not the large-scale physical system that stores files and runs services. That system is data centres."},{"text":"Cloud accounts.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cloud account provides access to online storage or services, but it is not the physical infrastructure itself. Data centres contain the equipment that performs these tasks."}]},{"id":"70e913ad-4104-4c1a-8836-f621dcd4613f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does a high-powered gaming PC usually use more energy than a smartphone?","back":"More powerful components require more electricity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"More powerful components require more electricity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gaming PCs commonly contain powerful processors, graphics cards and cooling systems. These components perform more demanding work and therefore usually require more electricity than smartphone components."},{"text":"Smaller components require more electricity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Small physical size does not generally make components use more energy. Gaming PCs usually use more electricity because their more powerful processors and graphics cards handle demanding tasks."},{"text":"Touchscreen components require more electricity.","correct":false,"explanation":"A touchscreen is not the main reason for the difference in energy use. Gaming PCs usually consume more because their powerful components require more electricity."},{"text":"Portable components require more electricity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Portability does not determine how much electricity components require. Smartphones are designed for low-power operation, while gaming PCs use more energy because their components are more powerful."}]},{"id":"6a53c7aa-c2ae-401a-a764-1af530ffe017","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Switching devices off instead of using standby reduces [ ].","back":"Switching devices off instead of using standby reduces energy consumption.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"energy consumption","correct":true,"explanation":"Devices on standby continue to draw electricity. Switching them off stops most of this standby power use, reducing their overall energy consumption."},{"text":"manufacturing waste","correct":false,"explanation":"Manufacturing waste is created when devices are produced, not while they are left on standby. Switching devices off instead reduces energy consumption by preventing standby power use."},{"text":"mining activity","correct":false,"explanation":"Mining activity supplies raw materials for manufacturing and is not directly reduced by switching off an existing device. The immediate reduction is in energy consumption."},{"text":"packaging waste","correct":false,"explanation":"Packaging waste is associated with purchasing and transporting devices, so the power setting does not affect it. Switching off instead of using standby reduces energy consumption."}]},{"id":"bdf89866-7fca-4f49-9d59-3204c3d5a93e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What manufacturing activity can damage habitats and landscapes?","back":"Mining raw materials.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mining raw materials.","correct":true,"explanation":"Extracting metals and other raw materials can destroy vegetation, disturb wildlife and alter landscapes, so mining for device components can cause significant habitat damage."},{"text":"Testing finished devices.","correct":false,"explanation":"Testing may consume electricity, but it is not the manufacturing activity chiefly associated with damaging habitats and landscapes. Mining raw materials causes this damage through land clearance and excavation."},{"text":"Installing system software.","correct":false,"explanation":"Installing software does not physically excavate land or destroy natural habitats. Mining raw materials damages habitats and landscapes when materials for device components are extracted."},{"text":"Labelling completed products.","correct":false,"explanation":"Labelling products has little direct effect on habitats and landscapes. Mining raw materials is the damaging activity because extraction can remove vegetation and disrupt ecosystems."}]},{"id":"0c21ff01-37ac-406e-aad2-a25dba89ae10","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can factories for digital devices harm the environment?","back":"They use large amounts of electricity and water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They use large amounts of electricity and water.","correct":true,"explanation":"Device factories need substantial electricity to power machinery and large quantities of water for manufacturing and cooling, increasing resource use and environmental impact."},{"text":"They use large amounts of electricity but no water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Focusing only on machinery overlooks the water required for manufacturing and cooling. Digital device factories can harm the environment because they use large amounts of electricity and water."},{"text":"They use large amounts of water but no electricity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Manufacturing equipment cannot operate without substantial electrical power, so considering only water is incomplete. Factories use large amounts of electricity and water."},{"text":"They use large amounts of paper and ink.","correct":false,"explanation":"Paper and ink are not the main resources responsible for the environmental impact of device factories. Their major demands include large amounts of electricity and water."}]},{"id":"165af279-80cc-4171-a9f8-8dd2176e12d1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What environmental issue is added by device transport and packaging?","back":"Further emissions and waste.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Further emissions and waste.","correct":true,"explanation":"Transport burns fuel and releases greenhouse gases, while protective and shipping materials are often discarded. These stages therefore create further emissions and waste."},{"text":"Further electricity and water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electricity and water are major concerns during manufacturing, but transport and packaging mainly add emissions from fuel use and waste from discarded packaging materials."},{"text":"Further mining and habitat loss.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mining and habitat loss are linked mainly to raw-material extraction rather than delivering and wrapping finished devices. Transport and packaging add further emissions and waste."},{"text":"Further noise and light.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transport can create some noise, but this misses the main combined environmental issue. Fuel use and discarded packaging add further emissions and waste."}]},{"id":"d1fb4a24-7c01-4eb7-959a-74a2b5f680b7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For many devices, a large part of environmental impact happens before first [ ].","back":"For many devices, a large part of environmental impact happens before first use.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"use","correct":true,"explanation":"Raw-material extraction, component production, assembly, packaging and transport all occur before a device is first used, so much of its environmental impact has already happened."},{"text":"manufacture","correct":false,"explanation":"Most of the pre-use impact occurs through manufacturing and its supply chain, rather than entirely before manufacture begins. The intended point is that impact occurs before first use."},{"text":"design","correct":false,"explanation":"Environmental impact is generally produced after design, during extraction, manufacture and transport. A large part has occurred before first use, not before the device is designed."},{"text":"extraction","correct":false,"explanation":"Raw-material extraction is itself an early source of environmental damage, so the impact does not mainly precede it. Much of the total impact occurs before first use."}]},{"id":"2c3acae3-7efb-4df0-80f5-01c350de0bf0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to environmental impact when the replacement cycle is short?","back":"It increases because more devices are made and discarded.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It increases because more devices are made and discarded.","correct":true,"explanation":"Short replacement cycles create demand for more manufacturing and cause working or repairable devices to be discarded sooner, increasing resource use, emissions and electronic waste."},{"text":"It decreases because fewer devices are made and discarded.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship: replacing devices frequently means more, not fewer, must be manufactured and discarded. Environmental impact therefore increases when the replacement cycle is short."},{"text":"It stays the same because replacement does not affect production.","correct":false,"explanation":"Replacement directly creates demand for additional production and leads to more disposal. A short replacement cycle therefore increases environmental impact because more devices are made and discarded."},{"text":"It decreases because newer devices always use less energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy savings during use do not automatically outweigh the impact of manufacturing and disposal, and newer devices are not always more efficient. Short replacement cycles increase environmental impact."}]},{"id":"86fdddcd-ec7e-415a-a2bc-876e752ab055","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] means a device becomes outdated or unsuitable even if it has not completely stopped working.","back":"Obsolescence means a device becomes outdated or unsuitable even if it has not completely stopped working.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Obsolescence","correct":true,"explanation":"Obsolescence occurs when a device is no longer current or suitable, perhaps because of unsupported software or changing requirements, even though its hardware may still function."},{"text":"Depreciation","correct":false,"explanation":"Depreciation means a device loses financial value over time, not necessarily that it becomes outdated or unsuitable. The correct term for becoming outdated is obsolescence."},{"text":"Malfunction","correct":false,"explanation":"A malfunction is a fault that prevents a device or feature from working correctly. Obsolescence instead means the device becomes outdated or unsuitable while it may still work."},{"text":"Recycling","correct":false,"explanation":"Recycling is the recovery and reuse of materials from unwanted devices. Obsolescence is the term for a working device becoming outdated or no longer suitable."}]},{"id":"070c993e-eb8a-48fb-b93f-2a3d0f721bb1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can replacing a battery reduce environmental harm?","back":"It extends device life and delays replacement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It extends device life and delays replacement.","correct":true,"explanation":"A worn battery can make an otherwise functional device unusable. Replacing only the battery extends the device’s life and postpones the environmental costs of full replacement."},{"text":"It shortens device life and speeds up replacement.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the benefit of battery replacement. A new battery can keep an otherwise functional device operating, so it extends device life and delays replacement."},{"text":"It increases processing power and prevents obsolescence.","correct":false,"explanation":"A battery replacement restores power capacity but does not upgrade the processor or prevent software obsolescence. Its environmental benefit is extending device life and delaying replacement."},{"text":"It increases device weight and delays recycling.","correct":false,"explanation":"Replacing a battery does not normally increase the device’s weight, and delaying recycling is not the main aim. It reduces harm by extending device life and delaying replacement."}]},{"id":"302f28bb-3ae9-45a9-80e7-2abbf308508e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What update-related reason may make an old device unsuitable?","back":"The operating system stops receiving updates.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The operating system stops receiving updates.","correct":true,"explanation":"Without operating system updates, the device may no longer receive security patches, bug fixes or support for newer applications, making continued use insecure or impractical."},{"text":"The operating system receives too many updates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Receiving frequent updates generally keeps a device secure and compatible rather than making it unsuitable. The problem occurs when the operating system stops receiving updates."},{"text":"The operating system updates itself automatically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Automatic updating is normally beneficial because it installs security fixes promptly. An old device becomes unsuitable when its operating system stops receiving updates altogether."},{"text":"The operating system receives optional updates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Optional updates do not make a device obsolete, as users can choose whether to install them. Unsuitability arises when the operating system stops receiving updates."}]},{"id":"641edb18-4ea1-4ae9-90c6-fa5c64f23724","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Broken phones, computers, monitors, batteries, cables and circuit boards are examples of [ ].","back":"Broken phones, computers, monitors, batteries, cables and circuit boards are examples of e-waste.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"e-waste","correct":true,"explanation":"E-waste is discarded electrical or electronic equipment and its components, including broken phones, computers, monitors, batteries, cables and circuit boards."},{"text":"digital waste","correct":false,"explanation":"Digital waste usually refers to unnecessary stored data, emails or files rather than physical equipment. Discarded electronic devices and components are classified as e-waste."},{"text":"plastic waste","correct":false,"explanation":"Some electronic devices contain plastic, but they also contain metals, glass and electronic components. The complete discarded products are classified as e-waste."},{"text":"organic waste","correct":false,"explanation":"Organic waste comes from biodegradable plant or animal material, such as food and garden cuttings. Broken electronic equipment and components are examples of e-waste."}]},{"id":"ac5ce2a1-c38f-4fad-bd24-626f39c7766b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What can leak into soil or water from poorly disposed e-waste?","back":"Toxic substances.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Toxic substances.","correct":true,"explanation":"E-waste can contain toxic substances such as lead and mercury. If disposal is poorly managed, these chemicals may leak into soil or water and harm ecosystems."},{"text":"Useful materials.","correct":false,"explanation":"Useful materials such as valuable metals should be recovered through recycling, not described as environmental contaminants. Toxic substances can leak from poorly disposed e-waste."},{"text":"Renewable energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Renewable energy is produced from replenishable sources and does not leak from discarded electronics. Poorly disposed e-waste can release toxic substances into soil or water."},{"text":"Harmless substances.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calling the leaked substances harmless overlooks chemicals such as lead and mercury, which can damage health and ecosystems. Poorly disposed e-waste may release toxic substances."}]},{"id":"310a6530-47a5-4a99-8ef0-efe69aa6b51d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is e-waste recycling better than landfill?","back":"It recovers useful materials, reducing new mining.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It recovers useful materials, reducing new mining.","correct":true,"explanation":"Recycling can recover valuable materials such as copper, gold and aluminium for reuse. This reduces demand for mining new raw materials and its associated environmental damage."},{"text":"It sends useful materials safely into landfill.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sending useful materials to landfill wastes finite resources and can allow harmful chemicals to escape. Recycling is better because it recovers useful materials, reducing new mining."},{"text":"It creates new raw materials, eliminating all mining.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recycling does not create new raw materials or eliminate mining completely. It recovers useful materials from discarded devices, which reduces the need for new mining."},{"text":"It recovers all materials, completely preventing mining.","correct":false,"explanation":"Not every material in e-waste can be recovered, so some new mining remains necessary. Recycling is better because it recovers useful materials and reduces mining."}]},{"id":"86a8e763-969d-4493-a80c-c1b4f12af8d4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is recycling e-waste not a perfect solution?","back":"It uses energy and cannot recover all materials.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It uses energy and cannot recover all materials.","correct":true,"explanation":"Recycling facilities need energy to transport, dismantle and process e-waste. Some mixed or damaged materials cannot be recovered, so recycling still has an environmental impact."},{"text":"It generates energy and recovers all materials.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recycling consumes energy rather than simply generating it, and current processes cannot recover every material. These limitations mean e-waste recycling is not a perfect solution."},{"text":"It uses no resources and recovers all materials.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recycling requires energy, machinery and transport, and some materials remain unrecoverable. Assuming it uses no resources and achieves total recovery ignores its environmental costs."},{"text":"It avoids landfill and prevents all new mining.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although recycling reduces landfill and demand for mining, it cannot prevent either completely. It also uses energy and cannot recover all the materials in e-waste."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Environmental issues of digital devices","title":"Environmental issues of digital devices Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/computer-science/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"b50ad7de-d25e-539c-aeb9-a37cac9294c2","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]