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allowing the program to call and reuse those instructions when required."},{"text":"named collection of data","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses executable instructions with stored data. The correct term is named block of code because a subprogram contains code that performs a specific task."},{"text":"single line of code","correct":false,"explanation":"A subprogram can contain many lines, so it is not limited to one instruction. The correct term is named block of code."},{"text":"reusable data value","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes a stored value rather than a set of executable instructions. A subprogram is a named block of code designed to perform a task."}]},{"id":"2b696887-2864-447d-b5dd-e427d501ff23","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens when a program calls a subprogram?","back":"The subprogram's named block of code runs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The subprogram's named block of code runs.","correct":true,"explanation":"Calling a subprogram transfers control to its named block of code, causing those instructions to execute before the program continues from the appropriate point."},{"text":"The subprogram's named block of code is copied.","correct":false,"explanation":"A call does not duplicate the subprogram's source code. The named block of code runs, allowing the same instructions to be reused without copying."},{"text":"The subprogram's name is displayed as output.","correct":false,"explanation":"A call uses the subprogram's name to identify which code should execute; it does not display that name. The named block of code runs."},{"text":"The subprogram's code is converted into data.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calling does not turn instructions into stored data. It causes the subprogram's named block of code to run and perform its specified task."}]},{"id":"e9849a49-8a79-43b7-9717-64d48bd9b5c6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If the same logic is needed more than once, what should you do instead of copying it?","back":"Put it in a subprogram and call it when needed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Put it in a subprogram and call it when needed.","correct":true,"explanation":"Placing repeated logic in a subprogram avoids duplication. Each required part of the program can call the same named block of code."},{"text":"Put it in a variable and access it when needed.","correct":false,"explanation":"A variable stores a value rather than a reusable sequence of instructions. Repeated logic should be placed in a subprogram and called when needed."},{"text":"Put it in a loop and repeat it when needed.","correct":false,"explanation":"A loop repeats code at one point during execution but does not make it callable from different places. Reusable logic belongs in a subprogram."},{"text":"Copy it into each location where it is needed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Copying creates duplicated code that is harder to maintain because every copy may need changing. Put the logic in a subprogram and call it instead."}]},{"id":"b57d5966-2f26-4ce7-a105-307771ad9102","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A built-in subprogram is available without [ ] first.","back":"A built-in subprogram is available without importing anything first.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"importing anything","correct":true,"explanation":"Built-in subprograms are provided automatically by the programming language, so they can be called directly without importing a module or library first."},{"text":"being included in the language","correct":false,"explanation":"A subprogram must be included in the language to count as built-in. The intended completion is importing anything because built-ins require no import."},{"text":"having a predefined implementation","correct":false,"explanation":"Built-ins necessarily have implementations already provided by the language. What is unnecessary is importing anything before using one in a program."},{"text":"being supplied by Python","correct":false,"explanation":"A Python built-in must be supplied by Python; otherwise it is not built-in. It is available without importing anything first."}]},{"id":"84e240eb-bbee-4f5e-88de-e94c912d6cdb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which Python built-in displays output?","back":"print()","mcqOptions":[{"text":"print()","correct":true,"explanation":"The print() built-in sends values or text to the program's output, normally displaying them in the console."},{"text":"input()","correct":false,"explanation":"The input() built-in receives text entered by the user rather than displaying output. Python uses print() to display output."},{"text":"len()","correct":false,"explanation":"The len() built-in returns the number of items in an object rather than displaying output. Output is displayed using print()."},{"text":"str()","correct":false,"explanation":"The str() built-in converts a suitable value to a string but does not display it. The print() built-in displays output."}]},{"id":"4e6d9a89-a80f-43d7-9213-8a7862b4a46c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which Python built-in gets text input from the user?","back":"input()","mcqOptions":[{"text":"input()","correct":true,"explanation":"The input() built-in pauses the program for user entry and returns the entered characters as a string of text."},{"text":"print()","correct":false,"explanation":"The print() built-in displays output rather than receiving user input. Text entered by the user is obtained with input()."},{"text":"int()","correct":false,"explanation":"The int() built-in converts a suitable value to an integer but does not request user entry. Python gets text input using input()."},{"text":"len()","correct":false,"explanation":"The len() built-in counts items in a sequence rather than receiving text. The input() built-in gets text from the user."}]},{"id":"b774296d-c223-4472-b60f-43f872d57f77","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which Python built-in converts a suitable value to an integer?","back":"int()","mcqOptions":[{"text":"int()","correct":true,"explanation":"The int() built-in converts a suitable number or numeric string to an integer, provided the supplied value can validly be converted."},{"text":"float()","correct":false,"explanation":"The float() built-in converts a suitable value to a floating-point number, not an integer. Integer conversion uses int()."},{"text":"str()","correct":false,"explanation":"The str() built-in produces a text string rather than an integer. A suitable value is converted to an integer using int()."},{"text":"bool()","correct":false,"explanation":"The bool() built-in converts a value to either True or False. Conversion to an integer is performed by int()."}]},{"id":"8df46abd-1431-4d96-bc1e-c9d381d2f225","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which Python built-in returns the number of items in a sequence?","back":"len()","mcqOptions":[{"text":"len()","correct":true,"explanation":"The len() built-in returns the total number of items in a sequence, such as the number of characters in a string."},{"text":"count()","correct":false,"explanation":"The count() method counts occurrences of a specified value, not every item in the sequence. The total number of items is returned by len()."},{"text":"sum()","correct":false,"explanation":"The sum() built-in adds numeric items together rather than counting them. The number of items in a sequence is returned by len()."},{"text":"max()","correct":false,"explanation":"The max() built-in returns the largest item rather than the number of items. Sequence length is obtained using len()."}]},{"id":"05b83057-830b-4869-9e84-bb65cca907c3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A library subprogram is pre-written code stored in a [ ].","back":"A library subprogram is pre-written code stored in a library or module.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"library or module","correct":true,"explanation":"Library subprograms are reusable pieces of pre-written code collected in a library or module, from which a program can import and use them."},{"text":"variable or constant","correct":false,"explanation":"Variables and constants store data rather than collections of pre-written subprograms. A library subprogram is stored in a library or module so it can be reused."},{"text":"parameter or argument","correct":false,"explanation":"Parameters and arguments pass data into subprograms; they do not store code. Pre-written reusable code is stored in a library or module."},{"text":"stack or queue","correct":false,"explanation":"Stacks and queues are data structures used to organise data, not repositories for reusable subprograms. A library subprogram is stored in a library or module."}]},{"id":"5cba5865-616f-4512-bd22-de74841e3c70","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What line is needed before using random.randint(1, 6)?","back":"import random","mcqOptions":[{"text":"import random","correct":true,"explanation":"The statement imports the complete random module, allowing its randint() function to be accessed using the qualified name random.randint()."},{"text":"import randint","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats randint as a module, but it is a function inside random. Use import random before calling random.randint()."},{"text":"from random import randint","correct":false,"explanation":"This imports the function directly, so it would be called as randint(), not random.randint(). The stated call requires import random."},{"text":"random.import()","correct":false,"explanation":"Python uses the import keyword rather than an import() method. The required statement is import random, which makes the module available."}]},{"id":"87a0875f-7246-41ae-a153-b61cd3d4eaf7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does random.randint(1, 6) return?","back":"A random integer from 1 to 6 inclusive.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A random integer from 1 to 6 inclusive.","correct":true,"explanation":"The two arguments give the lower and upper bounds, and randint() includes both. It can therefore return any whole number from 1 through 6."},{"text":"A random integer from 0 to 6 inclusive.","correct":false,"explanation":"The lower bound is the first argument, which is 1 rather than 0. The function returns an integer from 1 to 6 inclusive."},{"text":"A random integer from 1 to 5 inclusive.","correct":false,"explanation":"This mistakenly treats the upper bound as excluded. Unlike range(), randint() includes its upper bound, so 6 is a possible result."},{"text":"A random decimal from 1 to 6 inclusive.","correct":false,"explanation":"The name randint indicates a random integer, so it does not produce decimal values. It returns a whole number from 1 to 6 inclusive."}]},{"id":"e6264ec2-991d-47d1-b3dc-f0f421b010f3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why convert a dice guess from input() using int()?","back":"input() returns text, but the dice roll is an integer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"input() returns text, but the dice roll is an integer.","correct":true,"explanation":"Python’s input() always returns a string. Converting the guess with int() gives it the same numeric type as the integer dice roll."},{"text":"input() returns an integer, but the dice roll is text.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the data types: input() returns text, while random.randint() returns an integer. The entered guess must therefore be converted using int()."},{"text":"input() returns a decimal, but the dice roll is an integer.","correct":false,"explanation":"The common mistake is assuming entered digits are automatically numeric. input() actually returns text, which must be converted to an integer for comparison."},{"text":"input() returns text, but the dice roll is a Boolean value.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although input() does return text, a dice roll from randint() is an integer, not a Boolean. int() converts the guess to that type."}]},{"id":"2f380e57-61d9-459c-8244-fd8767c221a7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In Python, a user-devised subprogram is defined using [ ].","back":"In Python, a user-devised subprogram is defined using def.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"def","correct":true,"explanation":"The Python keyword def begins a user-defined subprogram definition, followed by its name, parentheses, a colon and an indented body."},{"text":"function","correct":false,"explanation":"Some languages use a function keyword, but Python does not use it to define subprograms. Python begins a user-devised subprogram with def."},{"text":"return","correct":false,"explanation":"The return keyword sends a result back from an existing function; it does not begin the definition. Python defines a subprogram using def."},{"text":"call","correct":false,"explanation":"Calling executes a subprogram that has already been defined, and call is not Python’s definition keyword. A definition begins with def."}]},{"id":"b045eb09-6c74-418c-afaa-45015fe8d629","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How do you call a no-parameter subprogram named display_welcome?","back":"display_welcome()","mcqOptions":[{"text":"display_welcome()","correct":true,"explanation":"A subprogram is called by writing its name followed by parentheses. Because it has no parameters, nothing is placed between the parentheses."},{"text":"display_welcome","correct":false,"explanation":"Writing only the name refers to the subprogram object rather than executing it. Parentheses are required, so the call is display_welcome()."},{"text":"def display_welcome()","correct":false,"explanation":"The def keyword is used when defining a subprogram, not when calling it. Once defined, it is called using display_welcome()."},{"text":"display_welcome[]","correct":false,"explanation":"Square brackets are used for indexing collections, not calling subprograms. A no-parameter call uses empty round parentheses: display_welcome()."}]},{"id":"7e890a1e-14f4-4cd3-8823-581ce961e5f1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A procedure performs an action but does not [ ].","back":"A procedure performs an action but does not return a value.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"return a value","correct":true,"explanation":"A procedure carries out one or more actions but does not send a result back to the calling code, unlike a function that returns a value."},{"text":"accept parameters","correct":false,"explanation":"Procedures can accept parameters to receive data, so this is not their defining limitation. A procedure performs an action but does not return a value."},{"text":"perform an action","correct":false,"explanation":"Performing an action is precisely the purpose of a procedure, so the sentence would contradict itself. The missing phrase is return a value."},{"text":"contain instructions","correct":false,"explanation":"A procedure must contain instructions in its body to perform its action. What distinguishes it from a function is that it does not return a value."}]},{"id":"d371f660-4ad6-41d8-8134-2255af79be9f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A function returns a value to the [ ].","back":"A function returns a value to the calling code.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"calling code","correct":true,"explanation":"When a function executes a return statement, its result is passed back to the part of the program that called the function."},{"text":"function definition","correct":false,"explanation":"The definition specifies what the function does, but it does not receive the returned result during a call. The value goes back to the calling code."},{"text":"computer’s memory","correct":false,"explanation":"A returned value may be stored in memory later, but its immediate destination is the expression or statement that called the function - the calling code."},{"text":"output screen","correct":false,"explanation":"Returning and displaying are different operations. A function sends its value to the calling code; only an explicit output command such as print() displays it."}]},{"id":"30f7179c-f9b9-40e1-a16b-7e2f523ce789","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"display_menu() only shows options to the user. Is it a procedure or function?","back":"A procedure.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A procedure.","correct":true,"explanation":"A procedure performs a task without returning a value to the calling program. Showing menu options is an action, so display_menu() is a procedure."},{"text":"A function.","correct":false,"explanation":"A function returns a value for the calling program to use. Since display_menu() only displays options and returns no result, it is a procedure."},{"text":"A parameter.","correct":false,"explanation":"A parameter is a named variable listed in a subprogram definition, not a type of subprogram. Because this subprogram only performs an action, it is a procedure."},{"text":"An argument.","correct":false,"explanation":"An argument is a value supplied when calling a subprogram, not the subprogram itself. A subprogram that only displays information is a procedure."}]},{"id":"488be5b4-10ca-413f-a4cf-1d5838e82c01","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"calculate_total() works out a value used later. Is it a procedure or function?","back":"A function.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A function.","correct":true,"explanation":"A function calculates and returns a value that the main program can store, compare or otherwise use. Therefore, calculate_total() is a function."},{"text":"A procedure.","correct":false,"explanation":"A procedure performs an action without returning a result. Since calculate_total() produces a value needed later, it is a function rather than a procedure."},{"text":"A parameter.","correct":false,"explanation":"A parameter is a variable named in a subprogram definition, not a kind of subprogram. A subprogram that supplies a calculated value is a function."},{"text":"An argument.","correct":false,"explanation":"An argument is a value passed into a subprogram when it is called. Because calculate_total() produces a value for later use, it is a function."}]},{"id":"089e2cc9-0706-41f3-8fc0-6f337c85713f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If the main program must store or compare a result, should the subprogram print it or return it?","back":"Return it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Return it.","correct":true,"explanation":"Returning sends the result back to the calling program, allowing that result to be assigned to a variable, compared in a condition or used in another calculation."},{"text":"Print it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Printing only displays the result on the screen and does not supply it to the calling program. The subprogram must return the result so it can be stored or compared."},{"text":"Store it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Storing a value only inside the subprogram does not make it available to the main program. The subprogram must return the result to its caller."},{"text":"Compare it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Comparing the result inside the subprogram does not pass that result back to the main program. It must return the value so the caller can perform the comparison."}]},{"id":"65f35996-abe2-4876-bea0-60295e248586","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] is listed in a subprogram definition; an [ ] is passed in a call.","back":"A parameter is listed in a subprogram definition; an argument is passed in a call.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A parameter is listed in a subprogram definition; an argument is passed in a call.","correct":true,"explanation":"A parameter is the named placeholder written in a subprogram’s definition. An argument is the actual value or expression supplied to that parameter when the subprogram is called."},{"text":"A argument is listed in a subprogram definition; an parameter is passed in a call.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two terms. A parameter is listed in the subprogram definition, while an argument is the actual value passed when the subprogram is called."},{"text":"A variable is listed in a subprogram definition; an argument is passed in a call.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although a parameter acts like a local variable, the specific term for a placeholder listed in a subprogram definition is parameter. The supplied value is an argument."},{"text":"A parameter is listed in a subprogram definition; an operator is passed in a call.","correct":false,"explanation":"An operator performs an operation such as addition or comparison; it is not the name for a supplied input. A parameter is defined, and an argument is passed."}]},{"id":"e24e9352-40af-4a33-b4f3-56c9534a8458","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In amount_to_pay = calculate_total(120, 3), what value is stored if the function returns price_pence * quantity?","back":"360","mcqOptions":[{"text":"360","correct":true,"explanation":"The function receives 120 as price_pence and 3 as quantity. Multiplying them gives 120 * 3 = 360, which is returned and stored."},{"text":"123","correct":false,"explanation":"This results from adding the two arguments instead of following the function’s multiplication expression. The calculation is 120 * 3, so the stored value is 360."},{"text":"40","correct":false,"explanation":"This results from dividing 120 by 3 instead of multiplying price by quantity. The function returns 120 * 3, which is 360."},{"text":"36000","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly applies an extra factor of 100, as though converting pounds to pence again. The inputs are multiplied directly, giving 120 * 3 = 360."}]},{"id":"ee189dd7-7de4-4671-948a-6e09e828d903","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Python, what must happen before a user-devised subprogram is called?","back":"Its def statement must be executed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its def statement must be executed.","correct":true,"explanation":"Executing the def statement creates the subprogram and binds its name. Python must therefore reach that definition before execution reaches a call to the subprogram."},{"text":"Its def statement must be written after the call.","correct":false,"explanation":"Python executes instructions in order, so a call cannot use a name that has not yet been defined. The def statement must be executed before the call."},{"text":"Its return statement must be executed.","correct":false,"explanation":"A return statement runs only after a function has been called and its body is executing. Before the call, the subprogram’s def statement must be executed."},{"text":"Its arguments must be declared as global variables.","correct":false,"explanation":"Arguments are supplied during a call and do not need to be global variables. The essential requirement is that the subprogram’s def statement has already been executed."}]},{"id":"1278b74a-c8c9-484d-bf3e-c3b6c76060fe","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why choose a name like calculate_score() rather than do_stuff()?","back":"A meaningful name describes the task and improves readability.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A meaningful name describes the task and improves readability.","correct":true,"explanation":"A descriptive name communicates the subprogram’s purpose wherever it is called. This makes the program easier to read, understand, test and maintain."},{"text":"A short name uses less memory and improves execution speed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shortening an identifier does not meaningfully improve memory use or execution speed. A meaningful name such as calculate_score is preferred because it describes the task and improves readability."},{"text":"A generic name allows the subprogram to perform any task.","correct":false,"explanation":"A subprogram’s behaviour is determined by its code, not by how generic its name is. A meaningful name should describe its task and make the program easier to read."},{"text":"A reserved name makes Python recognise it as a built-in.","correct":false,"explanation":"Choosing a particular name does not turn a user-devised subprogram into a built-in, and reserved words cannot be identifiers. Meaningful names are used to describe tasks and improve readability."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Built-in and user-devised subprograms","title":"Built-in and user-devised subprograms Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/computer-science/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"26ff06e6-9d6f-5ba9-be58-4e4ab8cf6259","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]