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The correct construct is Selection, where a condition determines which branch runs."},{"text":"Recursion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recursion involves a subroutine calling itself and is not the general name for an IF choice. The correct construct is Selection."}]},{"id":"1af4a678-cec4-414d-8210-56d31bf1a831","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A program repeats instructions in a loop. Which construct is this?","back":"Iteration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Iteration.","correct":true,"explanation":"Iteration is the repetition of instructions, usually controlled by a loop that continues while a condition is true or for a set number of repetitions."},{"text":"Sequence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sequence executes instructions once in their written order, without describing repetition. The correct construct is Iteration, which uses a loop to repeat instructions."},{"text":"Selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Selection chooses between alternative paths using a condition such as IF. The correct construct is Iteration, where instructions are repeated in a loop."},{"text":"Recursion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recursion is a specific technique in which a subroutine calls itself, not the general construct for every loop. The correct construct is Iteration."}]},{"id":"e86c5035-6627-46e4-9edc-748705651abb","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A subroutine is a [ ] that only runs when it is [ ].","back":"A subroutine is a named block of code that only runs when it is called.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A subroutine is a named block of code that only runs when it is called.","correct":true,"explanation":"A subroutine is a named, reusable block of code. Defining it does not run it immediately; execution begins when another part of the program calls it."},{"text":"A subroutine is a named variable that only runs when it is called.","correct":false,"explanation":"A variable stores data and cannot itself contain executable instructions. The correct description is a named block of code that runs when it is called."},{"text":"A subroutine is a named block of code that only runs when it is defined.","correct":false,"explanation":"Defining a subroutine makes it available but does not execute its instructions. The correct term is called, because execution starts when another part of the program invokes it."},{"text":"A subroutine is a repeated loop that only runs when it is called.","correct":false,"explanation":"A subroutine may contain a loop, but it is not itself necessarily a repeated loop. It is a named block of code that runs when it is called."}]},{"id":"d5fe6818-1c97-45b4-9646-dab26241b236","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How does another part of a program call a subroutine?","back":"By writing its name in a statement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"By writing its name in a statement.","correct":true,"explanation":"A subroutine is called by writing its name in a program statement, optionally followed by any required arguments or parameters."},{"text":"By writing its output in a statement.","correct":false,"explanation":"An output is a result produced by a subroutine, not the instruction that invokes it. The correct method is writing the subroutine's name in a statement."},{"text":"By writing its variable in a statement.","correct":false,"explanation":"A variable stores a value and does not identify the code to execute. The correct method is writing the subroutine's name in a statement."},{"text":"By writing its return value in a statement.","correct":false,"explanation":"A return value is produced after a function runs, so it cannot be used to call the subroutine. The correct method is writing its name in a statement."}]},{"id":"cca6f4dc-3c1d-439d-aa35-a1bcf4c42d1c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do subroutines reduce repeated code?","back":"The same subroutine can be reused.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The same subroutine can be reused.","correct":true,"explanation":"A subroutine stores instructions in one place and can be called whenever those instructions are needed, avoiding repeated copies of the same code."},{"text":"The same variable can be reused.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reusing a variable reduces storage needs but does not remove duplicated instructions. The correct reason is that the same subroutine can be reused."},{"text":"The same loop can be unrolled.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unrolling a loop expands repetition into separate instructions, which can increase duplicated code. The correct reason is that the same subroutine can be reused."},{"text":"The same condition can be inverted.","correct":false,"explanation":"Inverting a condition changes a decision and does not provide reusable instructions. The correct reason is that one subroutine can be called from multiple places."}]},{"id":"e8934ddc-c444-4792-aed3-ca0f052066e5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do subroutines make testing easier?","back":"Each part can be checked separately.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each part can be checked separately.","correct":true,"explanation":"Subroutines divide a program into smaller units, allowing each unit to be tested independently before testing how the whole program works together."},{"text":"Each part can be run automatically.","correct":false,"explanation":"A subroutine does not normally run automatically; it must be called. Testing is easier because each part can be checked separately."},{"text":"Each part can be hidden permanently.","correct":false,"explanation":"Subroutines organise code but do not permanently hide it from testing or execution. Testing is easier because each part can be checked separately."},{"text":"Each part can be removed completely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing program parts would lose functionality rather than improve testing. Subroutines help because each part can be checked separately."}]},{"id":"10cd30d5-7283-4f60-8b21-fc93e909319e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can subroutines make later updates easier?","back":"Changes can be made in one named block.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Changes can be made in one named block.","correct":true,"explanation":"When shared instructions are stored in one named subroutine, updating that block changes every call to it, rather than requiring edits in many duplicated locations."},{"text":"Changes can be made in every repeated statement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Editing every repeated statement is slower and risks missing one copy. The correct advantage is making changes in one named block used by the program."},{"text":"Changes can be made in the program’s output.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing output may alter displayed results but does not update the instructions that produce them. The correct advantage is editing one named block."},{"text":"Changes can be made in the input data.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing input data affects what the program processes, not how its instructions work. Subroutines make updates easier because one named block can be changed."}]},{"id":"e4436b59-0304-40db-b3f4-1a36d0ea075a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] carries out a task and does not return a value; a [ ] returns a value.","back":"A procedure carries out a task and does not return a value; a function returns a value.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A procedure carries out a task and does not return a value; a function returns a value.","correct":true,"explanation":"A procedure performs an action without returning a value, whereas a function calculates or produces a value that can be used by the calling routine."},{"text":"A function carries out a task and does not return a value; a procedure returns a value.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two subroutine types have been reversed. A procedure does not return a value, while a function returns a value to the calling routine."},{"text":"A procedure carries out a task and does not return a value; a function does not return a value.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first classification is correct, but the second confuses functions with procedures. A function is specifically the subroutine that returns a value."},{"text":"A function carries out a task and returns a value; a procedure does not return a value.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the descriptions match the individual types, their positions are reversed. The first blank must be procedure and the second must be function."}]},{"id":"52829fa2-3a72-4480-808a-1c6981074d34","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If the main program calls CalculateTotal, which routine is the calling routine?","back":"The main program.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The main program.","correct":true,"explanation":"The routine that calls another routine is the calling routine. Here, the main program calls CalculateTotal, so the main program is the calling routine."},{"text":"The CalculateTotal subroutine.","correct":false,"explanation":"CalculateTotal is the called routine because it is being invoked by the main program. The calling routine is the main program that makes the call."},{"text":"The function.","correct":false,"explanation":"The function is the routine being called, not the routine making the call. Since the main program invokes CalculateTotal, the main program is the calling routine."},{"text":"The called routine.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes CalculateTotal, which receives the call. The routine that makes the call is called the calling routine, namely the main program."}]},{"id":"7e2a61b6-ee8f-4cd0-92d1-0bab34fd8360","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"CalculateTotal(price, quantity) returns price × quantity. What does CalculateTotal(3, 4) return?","back":"12.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"12.","correct":true,"explanation":"CalculateTotal multiplies price by quantity, so $3 \\times 4 = 12$. The function therefore returns 12."},{"text":"7.","correct":false,"explanation":"This results from adding the arguments instead of multiplying them. CalculateTotal uses price × quantity, so the correct result is $3 \\times 4 = 12$."},{"text":"34.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats the arguments as text and joins them together, rather than carrying out multiplication. The numeric calculation $3 \\times 4$ returns 12."},{"text":"1.","correct":false,"explanation":"This can result from subtracting the smaller argument from the larger one. The routine specifies multiplication, so $3 \\times 4$ gives 12."}]},{"id":"97095bd4-3870-4609-9897-2fe326d5541c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In amountToPay ← CalculateTotal(3, 4), where is the returned value stored?","back":"In amountToPay.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In amountToPay.","correct":true,"explanation":"The assignment arrow stores the value returned by CalculateTotal in the variable on its left-hand side, which is amountToPay."},{"text":"In price.","correct":false,"explanation":"Price is an input argument passed into the function, not the destination of the returned value. The assignment stores the result in amountToPay."},{"text":"In quantity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Quantity is another input argument and is not changed by this assignment. The variable receiving the returned result is amountToPay."},{"text":"In CalculateTotal.","correct":false,"explanation":"CalculateTotal is the function producing the value, not a storage variable. The assignment arrow places that returned value into amountToPay."}]},{"id":"e2d69309-bbe9-46f6-b270-9ca0ccabd4b4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What can happen if a function's return value is not stored or used?","back":"The result is lost.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The result is lost.","correct":true,"explanation":"A returned value must be assigned to a variable, displayed, or otherwise used. If the program does none of these, the result is discarded and lost."},{"text":"The result is stored automatically.","correct":false,"explanation":"A function does not automatically preserve a returned value for later use. The result must be assigned or used explicitly; otherwise, it is lost."},{"text":"The result is displayed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Returning a value does not send it automatically to the screen. Without an output instruction or another use, the result is lost."},{"text":"The result is sent back to the main program.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although a function returns a value to its caller, the caller must store or use it. If it does neither, the result is lost rather than usefully retained."}]},{"id":"b2eb90b7-77fc-491d-95e7-7829808b7a41","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A parameter passes data [ ] a subroutine; a return value passes data [ ] to the calling routine.","back":"A parameter passes data into a subroutine; a return value passes data back out to the calling routine.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A parameter passes data into a subroutine; a return value passes data back out to the calling routine.","correct":true,"explanation":"Parameters provide input values to a subroutine. A return value carries the result from that subroutine back to the routine that called it."},{"text":"A parameter passes data out of a subroutine; a return value passes data back out to the calling routine.","correct":false,"explanation":"The direction of parameter data is reversed here. Parameters pass values into a subroutine, while a return value passes the result back out."},{"text":"A parameter passes data into a subroutine; a return value passes data into to the calling routine.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first direction is correct, but a return value travels out of the subroutine to its caller. It does not pass data into the calling routine."},{"text":"A parameter passes data back out a subroutine; a return value passes data into to the calling routine.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both data directions are reversed. Parameters pass data into the subroutine, and the return value passes the result back out to the caller."}]},{"id":"16f527f3-66aa-4aab-8c50-4b55aabb5b66","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do parameters make subroutines more flexible?","back":"One subroutine works with different values.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"One subroutine works with different values.","correct":true,"explanation":"Parameters allow the same instructions to receive different inputs each time it is called. This avoids writing a separate subroutine for every possible set of values."},{"text":"One subroutine works with different tasks.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parameters change the data supplied to a subroutine, not the task defined by its instructions. The same subroutine can therefore work with different values."},{"text":"One subroutine works with the same values.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using the same fixed values would make a subroutine less flexible. Parameters increase flexibility by allowing different values to be supplied on different calls."},{"text":"One subroutine works with different routines.","correct":false,"explanation":"A parameter is data passed to a subroutine, not another routine. Its purpose is to let one subroutine process different values."}]},{"id":"7f755ace-bb7b-4901-9b11-6faf799796b6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For SUBROUTINE ShowLogin(username, attemptsLeft), what does ShowLogin(\"student1\", 2) put in attemptsLeft?","back":"2.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"2.","correct":true,"explanation":"Arguments are matched with parameters in order. The second argument, 2, is assigned to the second parameter, attemptsLeft."},{"text":"1.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the first argument with the second parameter. The first argument, student1, goes into username, while the second argument, 2, goes into attemptsLeft."},{"text":"0.","correct":false,"explanation":"No default value is used here because an argument is supplied for attemptsLeft. Positional matching assigns the second argument, 2, to that parameter."},{"text":"student1.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first argument is assigned to username, not attemptsLeft. The second argument is matched with the second parameter, so attemptsLeft receives 2."}]},{"id":"8cce501f-211f-49ff-aebe-b203c21e5893","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does parameter order matter in a subroutine call?","back":"Values match parameter names by position.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Values match parameter names by position.","correct":true,"explanation":"Positional parameter passing matches the first supplied value with the first parameter, the second with the second, and so on. Reordering arguments can therefore give parameters the wrong values."},{"text":"Values match parameter names by data type.","correct":false,"explanation":"Values are not matched by their data types: two parameters may have the same type but different meanings. The correct rule is that supplied values match parameters by their position."},{"text":"Values match parameter names alphabetically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parameter names do not automatically determine matching in a positional call. The first argument goes to the first parameter, so values match parameter names by position."},{"text":"Values match parameter names by value.","correct":false,"explanation":"Values are not matched according to their size or magnitude. The order of the arguments determines which parameter receives each value, so they match by position."}]},{"id":"247d865b-3757-424b-b507-f5330dada07a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"IsAdult(age) returns true when age >= 18. What does IsAdult(19) return?","back":"true.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"true.","correct":true,"explanation":"The condition checks whether age is at least 18. Since 19 is greater than 18, IsAdult(19) returns the Boolean value true."},{"text":"false.","correct":false,"explanation":"The condition is age >= 18, so an age of 19 satisfies it. The procedure therefore returns true, not false; false would apply to an age below 18."},{"text":"19.","correct":false,"explanation":"The returned value is Boolean rather than the person’s numerical age. Because 19 meets the minimum age, the result is true."},{"text":"18.","correct":false,"explanation":"The boundary value 18 is only the minimum accepted age. The function tests the condition and returns true for 19, rather than returning the threshold itself."}]},{"id":"c141eab8-069c-4d36-836e-a9baff5b8e9b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A local variable belongs to a [ ] and usually only exists while that subroutine is [ ].","back":"A local variable belongs to a subroutine and usually only exists while that subroutine is running.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A local variable belongs to a subroutine and usually only exists while that subroutine is running.","correct":true,"explanation":"A local variable is associated with the subroutine that declares it and normally exists only during that subroutine’s execution. It is unavailable outside that scope."},{"text":"A local variable belongs to a program and usually only exists while that subroutine is running.","correct":false,"explanation":"A local variable is not available throughout the entire program. It belongs to a subroutine and usually exists only while that subroutine is running."},{"text":"A local variable belongs to a subroutine and usually only exists while that subroutine is finished.","correct":false,"explanation":"A local variable does not normally persist after execution finishes. It belongs to a subroutine and usually exists only while that subroutine is running."},{"text":"A local variable belongs to a subroutine and usually only exists while that subroutine is waiting.","correct":false,"explanation":"A local variable is tied to the subroutine, not to the whole program. It normally exists during execution, rather than only before the subroutine starts running."}]},{"id":"c5f3a8db-11b7-407f-8d6f-2955a29df75f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The area of a program where a variable can be used is its [ ].","back":"The area of a program where a variable can be used is its scope.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"scope","correct":true,"explanation":"Scope is the part of a program in which a variable is visible and can be referenced. A local variable’s scope is usually limited to its subroutine."},{"text":"lifetime","correct":false,"explanation":"Lifetime describes how long a variable exists, not where it can be used. The area in which a variable is accessible is called its scope."},{"text":"visibility","correct":false,"explanation":"Visibility may describe whether something can be accessed, but the formal programming term for the area where a variable can be used is scope."},{"text":"parameter","correct":false,"explanation":"A parameter is a value supplied to a subroutine, not the region where a variable can be used. That region is called the variable’s scope."}]},{"id":"c2b8baa7-021e-4fc0-81fc-c283c471a535","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why should the main program use the returned result instead of reading local variable average directly?","back":"average is only accessible inside the subroutine.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"average is only accessible inside the subroutine.","correct":true,"explanation":"A local variable is declared within the subroutine, so code in the main program cannot access it directly. The returned result provides the value outside that scope."},{"text":"average is only accessible outside the subroutine.","correct":false,"explanation":"The main program can use a returned result even after the subroutine finishes. The problem with reading average directly is that it is only accessible inside the subroutine."},{"text":"average is accessible everywhere in the program.","correct":false,"explanation":"Local variables are not automatically accessible everywhere in a program. The returned result must be used because average is only accessible inside the subroutine."},{"text":"average cannot store a numerical result.","correct":false,"explanation":"Returning a value is precisely how a subroutine communicates a result to its caller. Direct access fails because average is only accessible inside the subroutine."}]},{"id":"eb562d93-da4d-4e37-bf51-8aa067f8453e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Structured programming splits a program into [ ] and uses clear [ ] between them.","back":"Structured programming splits a program into modules or subroutines and uses clear interfaces between them.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Structured programming splits a program into modules or subroutines and uses clear interfaces between them.","correct":true,"explanation":"Modules or subroutines divide a program into manageable parts, while interfaces define how those parts communicate. This supports readability, testing, maintenance, and reuse."},{"text":"Structured programming splits a program into variables and uses clear interfaces between them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Variables store data but do not represent the program’s main structural units. Structured programming uses modules or subroutines and clear interfaces between them."},{"text":"Structured programming splits a program into modules or subroutines and uses clear loops between them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Loops are control structures within a program, not the separate components described here. The intended components are modules or subroutines, connected through interfaces."},{"text":"Structured programming splits a program into operators and uses clear interfaces between them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Operators perform calculations or comparisons rather than forming independent program components. Structured programming divides code into modules or subroutines with clear interfaces between them."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Structured programming and subroutines (procedures and functions)","title":"Structured programming and subroutines (procedures and functions) Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/computer-science/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"652a0690-956f-5083-bec6-23d9da75c210","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]