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Analogue sound must therefore be converted into digital binary data first."},{"text":"Computers store data as analogue waves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Analogue waves are continuous signals, not the binary format computers use for storage. The sound must be converted so computers can store it as binary data."},{"text":"Computers store data as decimal values.","correct":false,"explanation":"Decimal is a human-friendly number system, but computer storage represents data using binary digits. Analogue sound is converted into binary rather than stored directly as decimal values."},{"text":"Computers store data as electrical frequencies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrical frequency describes a signal characteristic, not the format used for computer data storage. Analogue sound is converted into binary so it can be stored and processed digitally."}]},{"id":"d8049c0e-a122-4111-8743-fb3543c2bd7e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An analogue signal changes [ ]; a digital signal uses [ ].","back":"An analogue signal changes continuously; a digital signal uses discrete values.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An analogue signal changes continuously; a digital signal uses discrete values.","correct":true,"explanation":"An analogue signal can take any value and changes continuously, whereas a digital signal represents information using separate, distinct values."},{"text":"An analogue signal changes discretely; a digital signal uses continuous values.","correct":false,"explanation":"These descriptions are reversed: analogue signals change continuously, while digital signals use discrete values. Confusing the two signal types reverses their defining characteristics."},{"text":"An analogue signal changes randomly; a digital signal uses binary waves.","correct":false,"explanation":"Analogue signals are not defined by random changes, and digital signals use discrete values rather than ‘binary waves’. The correct contrast is continuous change versus discrete values."},{"text":"An analogue signal changes in steps; a digital signal uses any value.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing in steps and using any value swaps the properties of digital and analogue signals. Analogue signals can vary continuously, while digital signals use separate values."}]},{"id":"298a7cc2-d03a-444e-aa51-b9a8dc138daa","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In sound sampling, which property of the wave is measured?","back":"Amplitude.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Amplitude.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sampling measures the amplitude of the sound wave at particular points in time. Amplitude represents the strength of the signal and is related to loudness."},{"text":"Frequency.","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequency describes how many cycles occur per second, but sampling records the wave’s amplitude at each sample point. The measured property is amplitude."},{"text":"Wavelength.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wavelength is the distance between matching points on successive waves, not the property recorded during ordinary sound sampling. Each sample measures amplitude."},{"text":"Period.","correct":false,"explanation":"The period is the time taken for one complete wave cycle. Sound sampling instead takes measurements of the wave’s amplitude at regular points in time."}]},{"id":"da1bf792-f2dc-4bdb-8943-8bb2b896e43e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A sample is a measurement of [ ] at a [ ].","back":"A sample is a measurement of amplitude at a point in time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A sample is a measurement of amplitude at a point in time.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each sample records the sound wave’s amplitude at one particular moment. Repeating these measurements at regular intervals allows the analogue wave to be represented digitally."},{"text":"A sample is a measurement of frequency at a point in time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequency is the number of wave cycles per second, not the value recorded by each sample. A sample measures amplitude at a particular point in time."},{"text":"A sample is a measurement of amplitude over a complete cycle.","correct":false,"explanation":"A sample is an instantaneous measurement rather than an average taken over a complete cycle. It records amplitude at one point in time."},{"text":"A sample is a measurement of wavelength at a fixed frequency.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wavelength and frequency describe properties of the wave, but a sample records amplitude. It is taken at a point in time, not at a fixed frequency."}]},{"id":"42d1fedd-629e-4c51-92fb-72a381d0b83d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"After a sound sample is taken, how is it stored?","back":"As a binary number.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"As a binary number.","correct":true,"explanation":"The measured amplitude is converted into a numerical value and stored as a binary number, because computers represent and store data using 0s and 1s."},{"text":"As an analogue waveform.","correct":false,"explanation":"An analogue waveform is the original continuous signal, not the digital representation stored after sampling. Each sample is converted into a binary number."},{"text":"As a decimal fraction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although amplitude may be described using decimal values during processing, computer storage uses binary numbers. The sample is stored digitally as binary data."},{"text":"As a sound frequency.","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequency describes the pitch-related rate of a wave and is not the stored form of an individual sample. The sample’s amplitude is stored as a binary number."}]},{"id":"8cc4ffe9-0e73-4490-8e16-2a017f18ded9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Sampling rate is measured in [ ], where 1 Hz means [ ].","back":"Sampling rate is measured in hertz (Hz), where 1 Hz means 1 sample per second.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sampling rate is measured in hertz (Hz), where 1 Hz means 1 sample per second.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sampling rate is the number of samples taken each second, measured in hertz. Therefore, 1 Hz means that one sample is taken per second."},{"text":"Sampling rate is measured in decibels (dB), where 1 Hz means 1 sample per minute.","correct":false,"explanation":"Decibels measure sound level, not sampling rate, and one hertz means one event per second. Sampling rate is measured in hertz, or samples per second."},{"text":"Sampling rate is measured in bits, where 1 Hz means 1 sample per minute.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bits measure digital data, while hertz measures events per second. The correct definition is hertz (Hz), with 1 Hz meaning one sample per second."},{"text":"Sampling rate is measured in hertz (Hz), where 1 Hz means 1 bit per second.","correct":false,"explanation":"The unit hertz does mean per second, but the event being counted here is a sample, not a bit. Thus 1 Hz means 1 sample per second."}]},{"id":"42ee7457-319d-406f-bbab-17c056b16b3e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How does increasing sampling rate affect how often samples are taken?","back":"Samples are taken more frequently.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Samples are taken more frequently.","correct":true,"explanation":"Increasing the sampling rate increases the number of samples taken each second, so the measurements occur more frequently and represent the wave at closer time intervals."},{"text":"Samples are taken less frequently.","correct":false,"explanation":"A higher sampling rate means more samples are taken in each second, not fewer. Less frequent sampling would result from decreasing the sampling rate."},{"text":"Samples are taken at greater amplitudes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sampling rate controls how often measurements occur, not the amplitude of the sound wave. Increasing it makes samples more frequent while their amplitudes depend on the signal."},{"text":"Samples are taken with fewer bits.","correct":false,"explanation":"The number of bits used for each sample is the bit depth, not the sampling rate. A higher sampling rate means samples are taken more frequently."}]},{"id":"df86dddf-3246-46e2-bcd1-deb8ef6c5f4c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a higher sampling rate improve sound accuracy?","back":"More samples follow the wave shape more closely.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"More samples follow the wave shape more closely.","correct":true,"explanation":"A higher sampling rate takes more measurements each second, so the digital representation captures changes in the analogue wave more closely and improves accuracy."},{"text":"Fewer samples follow the wave shape more closely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fewer samples leave larger gaps between measurements and usually represent the wave less accurately. A higher sampling rate provides more samples to follow its shape."},{"text":"More bits follow the wave shape more closely.","correct":false,"explanation":"More bits improve the precision of each amplitude measurement through greater bit depth, but the wave shape is followed more closely by taking more samples."},{"text":"Larger amplitudes follow the wave shape more closely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amplitude is the strength of the sound and does not determine how closely sampling follows the wave. More samples per second provide the improved accuracy."}]},{"id":"559dc59b-3493-4c27-81b1-41874b31429b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to file size when sampling rate increases?","back":"File size increases.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"File size increases.","correct":true,"explanation":"A higher sampling rate records more samples each second. Because every sample requires storage, increasing the number of samples increases the overall sound file size."},{"text":"File size decreases.","correct":false,"explanation":"A higher sampling rate does not reduce the stored data. It creates more samples each second, so the file size increases rather than decreases."},{"text":"File size stays the same.","correct":false,"explanation":"File size would stay unchanged only if the total data stored were unchanged. Raising the sampling rate stores more samples, so file size increases."},{"text":"File size doubles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing the sampling rate makes the file larger, but it only doubles the file size if the rate itself is doubled and other settings remain constant."}]},{"id":"f1b53d48-78b6-4478-ba16-b8722db471d3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"At 8000 Hz, how many samples are taken in 3 seconds?","back":"24,000 samples.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"24,000 samples.","correct":true,"explanation":"A sampling rate of 8000 Hz means 8000 samples per second. Multiplying by 3 seconds gives $8000 \\times 3 = 24{,}000$ samples."},{"text":"8,000 samples.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the number of samples taken in one second, not three seconds. Multiplying 8000 by 3 gives the correct total of 24,000 samples."},{"text":"2,667 samples.","correct":false,"explanation":"This results from dividing the sampling rate by the duration instead of multiplying. Samples per second must be multiplied by 3, producing 24,000 samples."},{"text":"11,000 samples.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly adds the three-second duration as though it contributed another 3000 samples. The correct calculation is $8000 \\times 3 = 24{,}000$ samples."}]},{"id":"c84156c9-2613-4314-b7cf-74175f5f53f1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which setting determines how many bits are stored for each sample?","back":"Sample resolution.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sample resolution.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sample resolution, also called bit depth, specifies the number of bits used to store each sample and therefore the number of available amplitude values."},{"text":"Sampling rate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sampling rate controls how many samples are taken each second, not the bits stored per sample. Sample resolution determines the number of bits per sample."},{"text":"Audio duration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Audio duration determines how long the recording lasts and therefore affects the total sample count. Sample resolution determines how many bits store each individual sample."},{"text":"File size.","correct":false,"explanation":"File size is an outcome of settings such as sampling rate, resolution and duration. The specific setting controlling bits per sample is sample resolution."}]},{"id":"757eca54-7cd0-483a-881b-72554d479496","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does higher sample resolution represent amplitude more accurately?","back":"More bits allow more possible amplitude values.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"More bits allow more possible amplitude values.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each additional bit doubles the number of binary combinations available. More combinations provide more possible amplitude values, allowing each measured amplitude to be represented more precisely."},{"text":"More bits allow fewer possible amplitude values.","correct":false,"explanation":"More bits increase rather than reduce the available binary combinations. This creates more possible amplitude values, so measured amplitudes can be represented more accurately."},{"text":"More bits allow more samples to be taken each second.","correct":false,"explanation":"The number of samples taken per second is controlled by sampling rate, not sample resolution. More bits improve accuracy by providing more possible amplitude values."},{"text":"More bits allow a longer recording duration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recording duration is independent of the number of bits used for each sample. Higher resolution provides more possible amplitude values instead of extending the recording."}]},{"id":"a2e5db94-6dc7-4e4c-b24b-12199fea02a3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to file size when sample resolution increases?","back":"File size increases.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"File size increases.","correct":true,"explanation":"Increasing sample resolution stores more bits for every sample. With the sampling rate and duration unchanged, this additional data makes the sound file larger."},{"text":"File size decreases.","correct":false,"explanation":"Higher sample resolution uses more bits per sample, not fewer. Storing extra bits for every sample causes the file size to increase rather than decrease."},{"text":"File size stays the same.","correct":false,"explanation":"File size would remain unchanged only if the bits stored per sample did not change. Increasing sample resolution adds data, so file size increases."},{"text":"File size doubles.","correct":false,"explanation":"File size increases with sample resolution, but it doubles only when the number of bits per sample is doubled while sampling rate and duration stay fixed."}]},{"id":"dd8c6f07-cb6d-4cb6-a748-799649e7fef2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] controls how often samples are taken; [ ] controls bits per sample.","back":"Sampling rate controls how often samples are taken; sample resolution controls bits per sample.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sampling rate controls how often samples are taken; sample resolution controls bits per sample.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sampling rate is the number of samples captured each second, while sample resolution is the number of bits used to represent each sample’s amplitude."},{"text":"Sample resolution controls how often samples are taken; sampling rate controls bits per sample.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two settings have been reversed. Sampling rate controls how often sampling occurs, while sample resolution controls the number of bits stored for each sample."},{"text":"Bit rate controls how often samples are taken; sample resolution controls bits per sample.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bit rate describes the overall number of bits processed per second, not how often samples are captured. Sampling rate controls sampling frequency, while sample resolution controls bits per sample."},{"text":"Sampling rate controls how often samples are taken; sampling rate controls bits per sample.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sampling rate correctly describes how frequently samples are taken, but it does not control bits per sample. That second property is controlled by sample resolution."}]},{"id":"67158c51-92b6-4adc-bb20-64dbeea9a733","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many possible values can $n$ bits represent?","back":"$2^n$ possible values.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$2^n$ possible values.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each bit has two possible states, 0 or 1. For $n$ independent bits, multiplying two choices $n$ times gives $2^n$ possible values."},{"text":"$n^2$ possible values.","correct":false,"explanation":"Squaring the number of bits does not count binary combinations. Since every bit has two states, $n$ bits represent $2^n$ possible values."},{"text":"$2n$ possible values.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying the number of bits by two ignores all the combinations between bit positions. Two choices for each of $n$ bits produce $2^n$ values."},{"text":"$n$ possible values.","correct":false,"explanation":"The number of values is not equal to the number of bits. Each bit doubles the available combinations, giving $2^n$ possible values in total."}]},{"id":"7d1ef81a-febb-4f32-9a5b-8614100256a1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many possible amplitude values can 8 bits represent?","back":"256.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"256.","correct":true,"explanation":"Eight bits provide two choices in each bit position, so the number of combinations is $2^8 = 256$. Each combination can represent one amplitude value."},{"text":"16.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sixteen is $2^4$, so it is the number of values represented by four bits. Eight bits provide $2^8 = 256$ possible amplitude values."},{"text":"64.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sixty-four is $2^6$, corresponding to six bits rather than eight. An 8-bit sample can represent $2^8 = 256$ amplitude values."},{"text":"255.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the highest unsigned 8-bit value with the number of available values. Values run from 0 to 255 inclusive, giving 256 possibilities."}]},{"id":"465f9204-5453-4cb7-8e70-1b82d549c7e0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many possible amplitude values can 4 bits represent?","back":"16.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"16.","correct":true,"explanation":"Four bits can form $2^4 = 16$ different binary combinations, so they can represent 16 distinct amplitude values."},{"text":"8.","correct":false,"explanation":"This multiplies the number of bits by 2 instead of using powers of 2. Four bits represent $2^4 = 16$ possible amplitude values."},{"text":"4.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the number of bits with the number of possible values. Four bits have $2^4 = 16$ different combinations."},{"text":"32.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the number of combinations represented by 5 bits, since $2^5 = 32$. Four bits represent $2^4 = 16$ values."}]},{"id":"02989c37-faa1-4cc0-a6f7-618c91cfb6fa","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"File size in bits = [ ] × [ ] × seconds.","back":"File size in bits = sampling rate × sample resolution × seconds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"File size in bits = sampling rate × sample resolution × seconds.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sampling rate gives the samples recorded each second, while sample resolution gives the bits used for each sample. Multiplying both by the duration gives the file size in bits."},{"text":"File size in bits = sound frequency × sample resolution × seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sound frequency describes the pitch of the recorded sound, not how many samples are stored. The correct factors are sampling rate, sample resolution and duration in seconds."},{"text":"File size in bits = sampling rate × maximum amplitude × seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Maximum amplitude does not state how many bits store each sample. Sample resolution must be multiplied by sampling rate and duration to calculate file size in bits."},{"text":"File size in bits = bit rate × number of samples × seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bit rate already measures bits per second, so multiplying it by the number of samples double-counts the sampling process. Use sampling rate multiplied by sample resolution and seconds."}]},{"id":"56898d8f-2975-454c-a384-4258f98eefa1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What unit does the sound file-size formula give before conversion?","back":"Bits.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Bits.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sampling rate is samples per second and sample resolution is bits per sample. After multiplying by time in seconds, the remaining unit is bits."},{"text":"Bytes.","correct":false,"explanation":"The formula uses sample resolution measured in bits, so its initial result is in bits. Divide that result by 8 to convert it into bytes."},{"text":"kB.","correct":false,"explanation":"The formula does not directly produce kilobytes because sample resolution is measured in bits. First obtain bits, then divide by 8 and by 1000."},{"text":"Hz.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hertz is the unit of sampling rate and means samples per second. After multiplying by resolution and duration, the resulting file size is measured in bits."}]},{"id":"b27de192-ca50-430e-938a-91eacf95cbd3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"1 byte = [ ], so bits to bytes means [ ].","back":"1 byte = 8 bits, so bits to bytes means divide by 8.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"1 byte = 8 bits, so bits to bytes means divide by 8.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each byte contains 8 bits, so the number of bytes is eight times smaller than the number of bits. Therefore, converting bits to bytes requires division by 8."},{"text":"1 byte = 8 bits, so bits to bytes means multiply by 8.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying by 8 converts bytes into bits, which reverses the required conversion. Since 1 byte contains 8 bits, converting bits to bytes requires division by 8."},{"text":"1 byte = 4 bits, so bits to bytes means divide by 8.","correct":false,"explanation":"Four bits make a nibble, not a byte. A byte contains 8 bits, so the correct conversion from bits to bytes is to divide by 8."},{"text":"1 byte = 4 bits, so bits to bytes means divide by 4.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses a nibble with a byte. A nibble contains 4 bits, but a byte contains 8 bits, so bits must be divided by 8."}]},{"id":"5fbda338-d56c-4cd4-a6d6-5e459f9842ee","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For decimal data sizes, 1 kB = [ ] and 1 MB = [ ].","back":"For decimal data sizes, 1 kB = 1000 B and 1 MB = 1000 kB.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For decimal data sizes, 1 kB = 1000 B and 1 MB = 1000 kB.","correct":true,"explanation":"Decimal data-size units increase in powers of 1000. Therefore, 1000 bytes make 1 kilobyte and 1000 kilobytes make 1 megabyte."},{"text":"For decimal data sizes, 1 kB = 1024 B and 1 MB = 1000 kB.","correct":false,"explanation":"This mixes binary and decimal conventions. For decimal data sizes, each step uses 1000, so 1 kB is 1000 B and 1 MB is 1000 kB."},{"text":"For decimal data sizes, 1 kB = 1000 B and 1 MB = 1024 kB.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using 1024 for the second conversion incorrectly switches to a binary convention. Decimal units use 1000 at every step, including from kB to MB."},{"text":"For decimal data sizes, 1 kB = 100 B and 1 MB = 100 kB.","correct":false,"explanation":"This drops a zero from both conversion factors. Decimal data-size units increase by a factor of 1000, not 100, at each step."}]},{"id":"31365ed1-6f27-472f-8e72-55f8ecbebd96","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What must you do before using the formula if duration is given in minutes?","back":"Convert it to seconds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Convert it to seconds.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sampling rate is measured in samples per second, so the duration must also be expressed in seconds before it is used in the file-size formula."},{"text":"Convert it to milliseconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Milliseconds do not match a sampling rate measured per second and would make the result 1000 times too large. The duration must be converted into seconds."},{"text":"Convert it to hours.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hours do not match the per-second unit used by sampling rate. Convert the duration from minutes into seconds before multiplying the values in the formula."},{"text":"Leave it in minutes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Leaving the duration in minutes causes a unit mismatch and makes the calculated size 60 times too small. The duration must first be converted into seconds."}]},{"id":"52286b33-bee6-4bc1-aedb-a72d23dcfaf9","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"A 10-second clip is sampled at 8000 Hz with 8-bit resolution. What is the file size in kB?","back":"

640000 bits
80000 B
80 kB

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

640000 bits
80000 B
80 kB

","correct":true,"explanation":"Multiplying $8000 \\times 8 \\times 10$ gives 640000 bits. Dividing by 8 gives 80000 bytes, and dividing by 1000 gives 80 kB."},{"text":"

64000 bits
8000 B
8 kB

","correct":false,"explanation":"This calculates the data stored in one second and forgets the 10-second duration. Including all 10 seconds gives 640000 bits, 80000 B and 80 kB."},{"text":"

640000 bits
640000 B
640 kB

","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats each bit as a byte and skips division by 8. Dividing 640000 bits by 8 gives 80000 B, which is 80 kB."},{"text":"

640000 bits
80000 B
78.125 kB

","correct":false,"explanation":"This divides by 1024, using a binary conversion instead of the stated decimal convention. Dividing 80000 B by 1000 gives a file size of 80 kB."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Representing sound","title":"Representing sound Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/computer-science/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"dec7024a-6bc6-5fba-9412-c541e91e27ed","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]