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files, printers, applications and Internet connections."},{"text":"Process and store data independently.","correct":false,"explanation":"Processing data independently does not require a network. A network allows connected devices to communicate and share data or resources with one another."},{"text":"Disconnect and block all external access.","correct":false,"explanation":"Preventing all external access is not the purpose of a network and is not guaranteed by connecting devices. Networks enable communication and resource sharing."},{"text":"Upgrade and increase processing power automatically.","correct":false,"explanation":"A network does not automatically upgrade the hardware or processing capacity of connected devices. It allows them to communicate and share data or resources."}]},{"id":"b03c63a6-4823-4960-8c04-2112f0ea03ef","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which network disadvantage means a server or router failure can affect many users?","back":"Dependence on network services.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Dependence on network services.","correct":true,"explanation":"Networks depend on shared infrastructure and services, so the failure of a central server or router can disrupt access for many connected users simultaneously."},{"text":"Increased risk of hacking.","correct":false,"explanation":"Security threats concern unauthorised access or malware, not the widespread disruption caused directly by failed shared equipment. That disadvantage is dependence on network services."},{"text":"High initial installation costs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Installation cost concerns the expense of purchasing and configuring equipment. A server or router failure affecting many users demonstrates dependence on network services."},{"text":"Need for user management.","correct":false,"explanation":"Managing accounts requires administrative work, but it does not describe why one hardware failure disrupts many users. The relevant disadvantage is dependence on network services."}]},{"id":"43e21237-7f35-4028-b7bb-5fd5400379d0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Networks make sharing and communication easier, but increase the need for [ ], [ ] and reliable equipment.","back":"Networks make sharing and communication easier, but increase the need for security, management and reliable equipment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Networks make sharing and communication easier, but increase the need for security, management and reliable equipment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Shared access creates security risks and administrative responsibilities, so networks require effective security and management alongside reliable equipment."},{"text":"Networks make sharing and communication easier, but increase the need for security, portability and reliable equipment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Networks require security, but portability is not an administrative need created by networking. The two missing requirements are security and management."},{"text":"Networks make sharing and communication easier, but increase the need for speed, management and reliable equipment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater speed is not inherently required to address network risks and responsibilities. Networks increase the need for security as well as management."},{"text":"Networks make sharing and communication easier, but increase the need for independence, isolation and reliable equipment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Independence and isolation oppose the purpose of connecting devices and sharing resources. Networks instead create greater needs for security and management."}]},{"id":"dddd5d9f-1cb8-4395-97f4-89ebc1f30e53","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A phone sends audio to Bluetooth earbuds one metre away. 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What network type is this?","back":"WAN.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"WAN.","correct":true,"explanation":"A wide area network connects geographically separated sites, often using third-party telecommunications infrastructure or the Internet. Offices in different UK cities therefore form a WAN."},{"text":"LAN.","correct":false,"explanation":"A LAN is limited to a small area such as one building or site. Connecting offices in several distant cities requires a WAN."},{"text":"PAN.","correct":false,"explanation":"A PAN covers the short range around one person and their devices. A network joining company offices across several cities is a WAN."},{"text":"MAN.","correct":false,"explanation":"A MAN typically covers one metropolitan area, not several geographically separated cities. Linking Manchester, Cardiff and London requires a WAN."}]},{"id":"085a49d9-5b76-46e4-bc0f-aac40b01af86","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A LAN describes the network’s [ ] and [ ], not whether it is wired or wireless.","back":"A LAN describes the network’s area and ownership, not whether it is wired or wireless.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A LAN describes the network’s area and ownership, not whether it is wired or wireless.","correct":true,"explanation":"LAN classification concerns a network covering a limited geographical area under local organisational ownership. Either wired or wireless technologies can provide its connections."},{"text":"A LAN describes the network’s area and connection type, not whether it is wired or wireless.","correct":false,"explanation":"Connection type does not define a LAN because local networks may use Ethernet, Wi-Fi or both. A LAN is classified by area and ownership."},{"text":"A LAN describes the network’s protocol and ownership, not whether it is wired or wireless.","correct":false,"explanation":"The communication protocol does not determine whether a network is a LAN, since many network types use the same protocols. LAN classification concerns area and ownership."},{"text":"A LAN describes the network’s speed and topology, not whether it is wired or wireless.","correct":false,"explanation":"Speed and topology are design characteristics rather than the defining classification of a LAN. A LAN is identified by its limited area and local ownership."}]},{"id":"c6083ca0-b9d8-42b6-b0c1-6b365a5bcdc7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Tablets need to move between classrooms. Which connection type is most suitable?","back":"Wireless.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Wireless.","correct":true,"explanation":"A wireless connection allows tablets to remain connected without physical cables while being carried between classrooms, making it the most suitable option for mobile devices."},{"text":"Wired.","correct":false,"explanation":"A wired connection requires each tablet to remain physically attached to a network cable, preventing convenient movement. Mobile classroom devices are better suited to wireless connections."},{"text":"Fibre-optic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fibre-optic connections provide high speeds but still require physical cabling, making them unsuitable for tablets that must move between rooms. Wireless is appropriate."},{"text":"Ethernet.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethernet normally connects a device through a physical cable, restricting movement between classrooms. Tablets that need mobility should use a wireless connection."}]},{"id":"93da124d-973f-4c56-8472-2c35c5e2af93","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is copper cable suitable for desktop PCs in the same classroom?","back":"

Short cable runs.
Cost-effective compared with fibre.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Short cable runs.
Cost-effective compared with fibre.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Classroom desktop PCs are close together, so short copper cable runs are practical. Copper is also cheaper than fibre, making it a cost-effective choice."},{"text":"

Long cable runs.
More expensive compared with fibre.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Copper is not preferred for long runs and is generally cheaper than fibre. The correct reasons are short cable runs and being cost-effective compared with fibre."},{"text":"

Short cable runs.
Higher data speeds compared with fibre.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Although short runs suit a classroom, copper does not provide higher speeds than fibre. The correct second reason is that copper is cost-effective compared with fibre."},{"text":"

Long cable runs.
High resistance to interference.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Long runs are a reason to consider fibre, not copper, and interference resistance is not the stated advantage here. Copper suits classrooms because runs are short and it is cost-effective."}]},{"id":"c80bd415-968c-465d-a935-00110b1277cb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might fibre optic cable be chosen for a link between buildings?","back":"

Suitable for long distances.
Supports high data speeds.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Suitable for long distances.
Supports high data speeds.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Fibre optic cable is suitable between buildings because it carries data over long distances and supports high speeds, making it effective for fast inter-building links."},{"text":"

Suitable for short distances.
Supports low data speeds.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Those characteristics describe a less capable connection and do not justify fibre between buildings. Fibre is chosen because it supports long distances and high data speeds."},{"text":"

Suitable for long distances.
Supports low data speeds.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The distance is correct, but fibre is specifically valuable for its high data speeds, not low speeds. Both long-distance suitability and high speed are required."},{"text":"

Suitable for short distances.
Supports high data speeds.

","correct":false,"explanation":"High speed is a genuine fibre advantage, but short distances do not explain choosing it between buildings. Fibre is suitable for long distances as well as high speeds."}]},{"id":"5216a1bb-094a-4977-8224-e00d3706d32c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A wired network uses [ ]; a wireless network uses [ ].","back":"A wired network uses physical cables; a wireless network uses radio signals.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A wired network uses physical cables; a wireless network uses radio signals.","correct":true,"explanation":"Wired networks transmit data through physical cables, whereas wireless networks transmit data using radio signals through the air."},{"text":"A wired network uses radio signals; a wireless network uses physical cables.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two transmission methods have been reversed. Wired networks use physical cables, while wireless networks use radio signals."},{"text":"A wired network uses infrared signals; a wireless network uses radio signals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wireless networks commonly use radio signals, but wired networks do not use infrared signals. The wired method is transmission through physical cables."},{"text":"A wired network uses physical cables; a wireless network uses fibre optic signals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical cables correctly describe wired networking, but fibre optic signals still require a cable. Wireless networks transmit through the air using radio signals."}]},{"id":"be69fa2e-da54-446b-be5a-1b8b355326c0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which protocol should online banking use for a secure web transaction?","back":"HTTPS.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"HTTPS.","correct":true,"explanation":"HTTPS is the secure version of HTTP. It encrypts data between the browser and web server, protecting sensitive information during online banking."},{"text":"HTTP.","correct":false,"explanation":"HTTP transfers web pages but does not provide encryption for sensitive transactions. HTTPS is required because it encrypts communication between the browser and server."},{"text":"FTP.","correct":false,"explanation":"FTP is designed for transferring files, not securing web transactions. Online banking uses HTTPS because it encrypts data exchanged with the web server."},{"text":"SMTP.","correct":false,"explanation":"SMTP is used to send email messages, not to secure browser-based banking. HTTPS protects online banking data by encrypting the web connection."}]},{"id":"b420c705-ed6e-4621-91d6-4a832bc898e1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which protocol is used to send email messages?","back":"SMTP.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"SMTP.","correct":true,"explanation":"SMTP, the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, is used to send email messages from a client to a mail server or between mail servers."},{"text":"IMAP.","correct":false,"explanation":"IMAP retrieves and synchronises messages from a mail server rather than sending them. SMTP is the protocol used to send email messages."},{"text":"POP3.","correct":false,"explanation":"POP3 downloads email from a mail server and is not the sending protocol. SMTP sends messages from the email client or between mail servers."},{"text":"HTTP.","correct":false,"explanation":"HTTP transfers web pages between browsers and web servers, not email messages. SMTP is used when email messages are sent."}]},{"id":"79becffc-bec8-4283-a3d0-e6e8a513e5cd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which protocol retrieves and synchronises email from a mail server?","back":"IMAP.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"IMAP.","correct":true,"explanation":"IMAP retrieves email while keeping messages synchronised with the mail server, so the same mailbox state can be accessed from multiple devices."},{"text":"POP3.","correct":false,"explanation":"POP3 mainly downloads messages to a device and does not provide the same ongoing synchronisation as IMAP. IMAP keeps the mailbox aligned with the server."},{"text":"SMTP.","correct":false,"explanation":"SMTP sends email messages rather than retrieving and synchronising them. IMAP is the protocol that accesses messages while maintaining their server-side state."},{"text":"HTTP.","correct":false,"explanation":"HTTP is used to transfer web pages, not to manage email retrieval and synchronisation. IMAP performs those email functions through the mail server."}]},{"id":"22d94b20-d41b-45c6-81d3-e53721b1de24","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which protocol transfers web pages between a browser and web server?","back":"HTTP.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"HTTP.","correct":true,"explanation":"HTTP, the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, transfers web pages and related resources between a browser and a web server."},{"text":"HTTPS.","correct":false,"explanation":"HTTPS is the secure, encrypted version used for web communication, but the protocol named for transferring web pages is HTTP. HTTPS adds security to HTTP."},{"text":"FTP.","correct":false,"explanation":"FTP transfers files between computers and is not the standard protocol for browser requests and web pages. HTTP handles communication between browsers and web servers."},{"text":"IMAP.","correct":false,"explanation":"IMAP retrieves and synchronises email from a mail server, rather than transferring web pages. HTTP is the protocol used by browsers and web servers."}]},{"id":"b6a3d589-8e39-4bc0-9dfc-e2f29d101140","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the TCP/IP model, [ ] at the transport layer sets up communication between hosts; [ ] at the internet layer addresses and routes packets.","back":"In the TCP/IP model, TCP at the transport layer sets up communication between hosts; IP at the internet layer addresses and routes packets.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the TCP/IP model, TCP at the transport layer sets up communication between hosts; IP at the internet layer addresses and routes packets.","correct":true,"explanation":"TCP operates at the transport layer to establish reliable communication between hosts, while IP operates at the internet layer to address and route packets."},{"text":"In the TCP/IP model, IP at the transport layer sets up communication between hosts; TCP at the internet layer addresses and routes packets.","correct":false,"explanation":"The protocols have been assigned to the wrong layers and functions. TCP handles transport-layer communication, while IP addresses and routes packets at the internet layer."},{"text":"In the TCP/IP model, UDP at the transport layer sets up communication between hosts; IP at the internet layer addresses and routes packets.","correct":false,"explanation":"IP is correctly associated with addressing and routing, but UDP does not set up a reliable connection between hosts. TCP performs that transport-layer role."},{"text":"In the TCP/IP model, TCP at the transport layer sets up communication between hosts; ARP at the internet layer addresses and routes packets.","correct":false,"explanation":"TCP correctly provides the transport-layer function, but ARP resolves network addresses rather than addressing and routing packets across networks. IP performs that internet-layer role."}]},{"id":"67a1b643-518b-485d-8ea2-03ad7a175313","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does authentication check before allowing access?","back":"The user or device is who it claims to be.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The user or device is who it claims to be.","correct":true,"explanation":"Authentication verifies identity before access is granted, checking that a user or device really matches the identity it has presented."},{"text":"The user or device has permission to access the system.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses authentication with authorisation: authentication checks identity, while authorisation decides whether that identified user or device has permission to access something."},{"text":"The user or device is connected to the correct network.","correct":false,"explanation":"Network connection does not prove identity. Authentication checks who or what is requesting access, rather than which network connection it is using."},{"text":"The user or device has used the system before.","correct":false,"explanation":"Previous use is not evidence of identity. Authentication requires verification, such as a password, biometric feature or security token, before access is allowed."}]},{"id":"bcc31ec4-b902-4f75-8574-6448349e1cc1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If encrypted data is intercepted, what should it be to the attacker?","back":"Unreadable without the correct key.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Unreadable without the correct key.","correct":true,"explanation":"Encryption transforms data into ciphertext that should be unreadable to an interceptor. The correct key is needed to decrypt it and recover the original information."},{"text":"Readable without the correct key.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encryption is specifically intended to prevent intercepted data being understood. Without the correct key, the ciphertext should be unreadable, not readable."},{"text":"Unchanged without the correct key.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encryption changes the representation of data so it cannot be understood easily. The key is used to decrypt it, rather than simply to show that it was unchanged."},{"text":"Deleted without the correct key.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encryption does not normally remove intercepted data; it disguises its contents. Without the correct key, the data remains present but should be unreadable."}]},{"id":"1a92d2a5-0fae-46c8-bceb-5e16da0224a9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a firewall use to decide whether to allow or block traffic?","back":"A defined set of security rules.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A defined set of security rules.","correct":true,"explanation":"A firewall compares network traffic with configured security rules, such as permitted addresses, ports or protocols, then allows or blocks the traffic accordingly."},{"text":"A defined set of user passwords.","correct":false,"explanation":"Passwords authenticate users but do not normally determine whether network packets are allowed through. A firewall uses security rules to filter traffic."},{"text":"A defined set of encryption keys.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encryption keys decode or encode protected data, whereas firewall decisions concern whether traffic matches its configured security rules and should be allowed or blocked."},{"text":"A defined set of network cables.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cables provide physical connections but cannot decide which traffic is safe. The firewall makes its decision by applying security rules to network traffic."}]},{"id":"5edfd585-ff06-445f-b552-89916bcc6758","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"MAC address filtering allows or blocks devices based on a [ ], embedded in a device’s [ ].","back":"MAC address filtering allows or blocks devices based on a MAC address, embedded in a device’s network adapter.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"MAC address filtering allows or blocks devices based on a MAC address, embedded in a device’s network adapter.","correct":true,"explanation":"A MAC address is the hardware identifier used for filtering, and it is stored in or associated with the device’s network adapter."},{"text":"MAC address filtering allows or blocks devices based on a IP address, embedded in a device’s network adapter.","correct":false,"explanation":"An IP address identifies a device on a network and can change, whereas MAC filtering uses the hardware MAC address embedded in the network adapter."},{"text":"MAC address filtering allows or blocks devices based on a MAC address, embedded in a device’s hard drive.","correct":false,"explanation":"The identifier is correctly named, but the hardware location is wrong. A MAC address is associated with the network adapter, not the hard drive."},{"text":"MAC address filtering allows or blocks devices based on a username, embedded in a device’s network adapter.","correct":false,"explanation":"A username identifies an account rather than network hardware. MAC filtering checks the adapter’s MAC address, which is used to recognise the connecting device."}]},{"id":"7020fc9a-d036-41ae-8559-dd6e10e7b716","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which TCP/IP layer contains HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP and IMAP?","back":"The application layer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The application layer.","correct":true,"explanation":"HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP and IMAP are application-layer protocols because they provide services directly used by applications such as web browsers and email clients."},{"text":"The transport layer.","correct":false,"explanation":"The transport layer provides end-to-end delivery using protocols such as TCP and UDP. HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP and IMAP belong to the application layer."},{"text":"The internet layer.","correct":false,"explanation":"The internet layer handles addressing and routing, mainly using IP. The listed web and email protocols operate at the application layer."},{"text":"The link layer.","correct":false,"explanation":"The link layer handles communication across the local physical network, while HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP and IMAP provide higher-level application services."}]},{"id":"f992601e-574e-46f5-a86b-1a9960428196","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] deals with the physical network connection and includes the [ ].","back":"The link layer deals with the physical network connection and includes the NIC.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The link layer deals with the physical network connection and includes the NIC.","correct":true,"explanation":"In the TCP/IP model, the link layer handles the local physical connection and includes the network interface card, or NIC, that connects a device to the network."},{"text":"The network layer deals with the physical network connection and includes the NIC.","correct":false,"explanation":"The network layer is concerned mainly with logical addressing and routing. The link layer handles the physical connection and includes the NIC."},{"text":"The link layer deals with the physical network connection and includes the router.","correct":false,"explanation":"A router forwards packets between networks and is not the network interface included by this definition. The link layer includes the NIC, which provides the physical connection."},{"text":"The transport layer deals with the physical network connection and includes the modem.","correct":false,"explanation":"The transport layer manages end-to-end data delivery, not physical connections. The link layer deals with the physical network connection and includes the NIC."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Fundamentals of computer networks","title":"Fundamentals of computer networks Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/computer-science/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"ad1c7499-2dc6-584a-b2df-b1784bd74332","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]