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as the binary instructions understood by that processor’s instruction set."},{"text":"Assembly language.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assembly language uses human-readable mnemonics and must be assembled first. The processor directly executes machine code, not the assembly instructions themselves."},{"text":"High-level code.","correct":false,"explanation":"High-level code is designed for people and must be translated before execution. The processor directly executes machine code, which matches its instruction set."},{"text":"Source code.","correct":false,"explanation":"Source code is the original program text before translation and is not normally directly executable by the processor. The directly executable form is machine code."}]},{"id":"24b273bd-60dc-47d3-90b1-9f6d1b20944b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If code is not already machine code for the target processor, what is needed before execution?","back":"A translator.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A translator.","correct":true,"explanation":"A translator converts source code or another non-machine-code program into machine code or an executable form that the target processor can use."},{"text":"A text editor.","correct":false,"explanation":"A text editor creates or changes program text but does not convert it into processor instructions. The required software is a translator."},{"text":"A debugger.","correct":false,"explanation":"A debugger helps find and investigate errors, but it does not translate code for execution. Code that is not machine code needs a translator."},{"text":"A database.","correct":false,"explanation":"A database stores and manages data rather than converting program code into executable instructions. The necessary component is a translator."}]},{"id":"21b3abb3-a47a-4f86-a81b-d2fc893c3c50","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Source code is program text written before it has been [ ] into a form the processor can [ ].","back":"Source code is program text written before it has been translated into a form the processor can execute.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Source code is program text written before it has been translated into a form the processor can execute.","correct":true,"explanation":"Source code must be translated into machine code or another executable form before the processor can carry out its instructions."},{"text":"Source code is program text written before it has been compiled into a form the processor can store.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compilation can be one translation method, but storing is not the processor’s execution function. The completed statement should use translated and execute."},{"text":"Source code is program text written before it has been assembled into a form the processor can interpret.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assembly applies specifically to assembly language, while interpretation is not the general process described here. The correct terms are translated and execute."},{"text":"Source code is program text written before it has been translated into a form the processor can read.","correct":false,"explanation":"The processor does not merely read the translated form in the sense intended; it carries out its instructions. The statement should end with execute."}]},{"id":"1022b81a-bcc2-43bf-b8e1-0012873baea6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Python, C#, Java and VB.NET are examples of which language level?","back":"High-level languages.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"High-level languages.","correct":true,"explanation":"Python, C#, Java and VB.NET use abstractions and syntax designed to be easier for people to read and write, so they are high-level languages."},{"text":"Low-level languages.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low-level languages are close to the processor’s instruction set, such as machine code and assembly language. Python, C#, Java and VB.NET are high-level languages."},{"text":"Assembly languages.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assembly languages use mnemonics that represent processor instructions. The listed languages provide much greater abstraction and are classified as high-level languages."},{"text":"Machine languages.","correct":false,"explanation":"Machine language consists of binary instructions executed directly by a processor. Python, C#, Java and VB.NET are instead examples of high-level languages."}]},{"id":"16767646-ba0b-416a-a51f-94965bdedc22","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Machine code and assembly language are both [ ] languages.","back":"Machine code and assembly language are both low-level languages.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"low-level","correct":true,"explanation":"Machine code is the processor’s instructions, while assembly language uses mnemonics closely related to those instructions. Both are therefore classified as low-level languages."},{"text":"high-level","correct":false,"explanation":"High-level languages are more abstract and further from the processor’s instruction set, unlike machine code and assembly language. Both of those are low-level languages."},{"text":"object-oriented","correct":false,"explanation":"Object-oriented describes a programming paradigm, not the language level shared by machine code and assembly language. Their shared classification is low-level."},{"text":"interpreted","correct":false,"explanation":"Interpreted describes one way some programs are translated and run, rather than the language level here. Machine code and assembly language are both low-level."}]},{"id":"680ba573-6780-4692-adf7-a860f7351c0e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Machine code is written in [ ], using only [ ].","back":"Machine code is written in binary, using only 0 and 1.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Machine code is written in binary, using only 0 and 1.","correct":true,"explanation":"Machine code represents instructions using binary digits. Binary has only two possible values, 0 and 1, which correspond to the processor’s low and high states."},{"text":"Machine code is written in decimal, using only 0 and 9.","correct":false,"explanation":"Decimal uses ten digits, 0 to 9, rather than just two. Machine code is written in binary, using only 0 and 1."},{"text":"Machine code is written in hexadecimal, using only 0 to 9.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hexadecimal uses sixteen symbols, including A to F, so it is not limited to 0 to 9. Machine code is written in binary, using only 0 and 1."},{"text":"Machine code is written in binary, using only 1 and 2.","correct":false,"explanation":"Binary uses the digits 0 and 1; 2 is not a binary digit. Machine code is written in binary, using only 0 and 1."}]},{"id":"7dafbfe3-0258-4f31-919a-b77d032f5316","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which language level is usually quicker to develop in?","back":"High-level languages.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"High-level languages.","correct":true,"explanation":"High-level languages usually provide abstractions, readable syntax and built-in features, allowing programmers to create working programs more quickly than in low-level languages."},{"text":"Low-level languages.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low-level languages usually require more detailed processor-specific instructions, making development slower. The language level usually quicker to develop in is high-level."},{"text":"Machine code languages.","correct":false,"explanation":"Machine code is difficult and time-consuming for humans to write because it uses processor instructions directly. Development is usually quicker in high-level languages."},{"text":"Assembly languages.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assembly language is closer to machine code and requires detailed hardware-specific instructions. Programmers can usually develop more quickly using high-level languages."}]},{"id":"56cc0dd5-69f6-4fb4-afe3-eb798d296e61","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which language level gives more direct control over hardware?","back":"Low-level languages.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Low-level languages.","correct":true,"explanation":"Low-level languages closely reflect the processor’s instruction set and memory operations, giving programmers more direct control over hardware than high-level languages."},{"text":"High-level languages.","correct":false,"explanation":"High-level languages hide many hardware details behind abstractions, which improves usability but reduces direct control. Low-level languages provide the more direct control."},{"text":"Interpreted languages.","correct":false,"explanation":"Interpreted describes how code is translated and run, not how close it is to hardware. The language level giving more direct hardware control is low-level."},{"text":"Natural languages.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural languages are human communication systems and are not a programming language level for controlling processor hardware. That direct control comes from low-level languages."}]},{"id":"41ca38d4-5f72-4e15-b7e3-d1188e86c9f5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Portability is how easily a program can be [ ] different [ ].","back":"Portability is how easily a program can be moved to and run on different computer systems.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Portability is how easily a program can be moved to and run on different computer systems.","correct":true,"explanation":"Portability describes how readily software can be transferred to and executed on other computer systems without extensive modification."},{"text":"Portability is how easily a program can be translated into different programming languages.","correct":false,"explanation":"Translation between languages concerns how source code is represented, not portability. Portability is how easily a program can be moved to and run on different computer systems."},{"text":"Portability is how easily a program can be shared with and edited by different computer programmers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sharing code between programmers describes collaboration rather than portability. Portability concerns moving a program to and running it on different computer systems."},{"text":"Portability is how easily a program can be installed for and accessed by different computer users.","correct":false,"explanation":"Installing software for users does not establish whether it works across system types. Portability means being easily moved to and run on different computer systems."}]},{"id":"e29854ff-d196-47f3-a4e8-3ae215105293","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is high-level code generally more portable than low-level code?","back":"It is less tied to a particular processor.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is less tied to a particular processor.","correct":true,"explanation":"High-level languages abstract away processor-specific instructions. A suitable translator can therefore convert the same source code for different processors, usually with few or no changes."},{"text":"It uses binary instructions directly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Direct use of binary instructions is a feature of machine code and makes code processor-specific. High-level code is more portable because it is less tied to a particular processor."},{"text":"It requires the same processor everywhere.","correct":false,"explanation":"Requiring one processor would reduce portability because the code could not readily run on other architectures. High-level code is portable because it is less processor-dependent."},{"text":"It is more tied to a particular processor.","correct":false,"explanation":"Closer correspondence with processor instructions characterises low-level code and reduces portability. High-level code is generally portable because it is less tied to a particular processor."}]},{"id":"c227b675-c7d6-4236-8a24-0f8791cf159b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is machine code not universal across all computers?","back":"Processors have different instruction sets.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Processors have different instruction sets.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each processor architecture recognises its own set of binary operations and encodings. Machine code written for one instruction set may therefore be meaningless to another processor."},{"text":"Computers use different number systems.","correct":false,"explanation":"Computers represent machine code in binary regardless of how values may be displayed to users. Incompatibility arises because processors have different instruction sets."},{"text":"Operating systems define different binary meanings.","correct":false,"explanation":"The processor, not the operating system, decodes and executes machine-code instructions. Machine code is not universal because processor architectures have different instruction sets."},{"text":"Computers support different programming languages.","correct":false,"explanation":"Programming languages are translated before the processor executes their instructions, so their variety is not the direct cause. Machine code differs because processors have different instruction sets."}]},{"id":"e7cc42cc-a27c-44c6-850a-2fdd4983bc01","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What do mnemonics such as ADD, MOV and SUB represent?","back":"Machine-code instructions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Machine-code instructions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Assembly mnemonics are readable symbolic names for the operations encoded as machine code. An assembler converts each mnemonic instruction into the corresponding binary instruction."},{"text":"Assembly variable names.","correct":false,"explanation":"Variable names identify stored data rather than processor operations. Mnemonics such as ADD, MOV and SUB symbolically represent machine-code instructions."},{"text":"High-level language commands.","correct":false,"explanation":"High-level commands are designed to hide processor details and may require many machine instructions. These mnemonics instead represent individual machine-code instructions."},{"text":"Computer memory addresses.","correct":false,"explanation":"Memory addresses identify locations, whereas these mnemonics specify operations to perform. ADD, MOV and SUB are symbolic representations of machine-code instructions."}]},{"id":"f192aa36-a9f4-4339-bc22-3c4b5aff9ece","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Assembly language has a [ ] with machine code: each assembly instruction becomes [ ].","back":"Assembly language has a one-to-one correspondence with machine code: each assembly instruction becomes one machine-code instruction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Assembly language has a one-to-one correspondence with machine code: each assembly instruction becomes one machine-code instruction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Assembly language closely mirrors machine code: under the GCSE model, every assembly instruction is translated by an assembler into one corresponding machine-code instruction."},{"text":"Assembly language has a one-to-many correspondence with machine code: each assembly instruction becomes many machine-code instructions.","correct":false,"explanation":"One-to-many translation is typical of a high-level statement that requires several processor operations. Assembly has a one-to-one correspondence, with each instruction becoming one machine-code instruction."},{"text":"Assembly language has a many-to-one correspondence with machine code: each assembly instruction becomes part of one machine-code instruction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Many-to-one would mean several assembly instructions collapse into one processor instruction, which is not the GCSE assembly model. Each assembly instruction corresponds to one machine-code instruction."},{"text":"Assembly language has a no direct correspondence with machine code: each assembly instruction becomes a high-level language statement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assembly and machine code are directly related rather than independent. An assembler uses their one-to-one correspondence to turn each assembly instruction into one machine-code instruction."}]},{"id":"dd4876de-16ee-4ba5-b7f8-ebe1002cf7cf","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is assembly language classed as low-level despite using readable mnemonics?","back":"It closely matches the processor’s actual instructions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It closely matches the processor’s actual instructions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Although mnemonics are easier for humans to read than binary, they correspond closely to operations available in a specific processor’s instruction set, making assembly low-level."},{"text":"It closely matches the programmer’s natural language.","correct":false,"explanation":"Readable English-like syntax is associated more strongly with high-level languages and does not explain assembly’s classification. Assembly is low-level because it closely matches the processor’s actual instructions."},{"text":"It closely matches the program’s overall algorithm.","correct":false,"explanation":"Algorithms describe general solutions and can be implemented in many languages. Assembly is classed as low-level because its commands closely match the processor’s actual instructions."},{"text":"It closely matches the user’s interface commands.","correct":false,"explanation":"User interface commands operate at a much higher level of abstraction than processor operations. Assembly is low-level because it closely matches the processor’s actual instructions."}]},{"id":"87293e6d-50b9-4fa9-ad9b-f7764bd53a60","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which translator is used for assembly language code?","back":"An assembler.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An assembler.","correct":true,"explanation":"An assembler translates assembly mnemonics and operands into the binary machine-code instructions that the target processor can execute."},{"text":"A compiler.","correct":false,"explanation":"A compiler generally translates high-level source code into lower-level or machine code. Assembly language specifically requires an assembler."},{"text":"An interpreter.","correct":false,"explanation":"An interpreter translates and executes high-level code statement by statement. Assembly language is instead converted into machine code by an assembler."},{"text":"A linker.","correct":false,"explanation":"A linker combines compiled or assembled object-code modules and resolves references; it does not translate assembly instructions. That translation is performed by an assembler."}]},{"id":"fd916366-91d4-4243-9692-64f67c45baad","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When does a compiler translate a high-level program?","back":"Before the program is run.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Before the program is run.","correct":true,"explanation":"A compiler translates the complete high-level source program before execution, normally producing executable or object code that can subsequently be run."},{"text":"While the program is run.","correct":false,"explanation":"Translating code as it runs describes an interpreter rather than a compiler. A compiler translates the high-level program before it is run."},{"text":"After the program is run.","correct":false,"explanation":"Translation must occur before the processor can execute the resulting machine code. A compiler therefore translates the program before, not after, it is run."},{"text":"When an error occurs as the program is run.","correct":false,"explanation":"A compiler does not wait for an execution error before translating source code. It translates the program before execution and may report errors during compilation."}]},{"id":"2a9e0810-c653-4fc6-abf4-61ff91edb363","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A compiled program can run quickly because it is already in [ ].","back":"A compiled program can run quickly because it is already in machine code.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"machine code","correct":true,"explanation":"Machine code is the binary instruction format that the processor can execute directly, so a compiled program does not need translation each time it runs."},{"text":"source code","correct":false,"explanation":"Source code is the human-readable program written by the programmer and still needs translating. The correct answer is machine code, which the processor can execute directly."},{"text":"assembly language","correct":false,"explanation":"Assembly language is a low-level language using mnemonics, but it still requires an assembler. The correct answer is machine code, which is directly executable by the processor."},{"text":"pseudocode","correct":false,"explanation":"Pseudocode describes an algorithm in an informal, human-readable way and cannot be executed directly. The correct answer is machine code, produced after compilation."}]},{"id":"a2bae8f6-bfa3-4c0a-8e6a-1c70a0f277e1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What must happen after changing source code that was compiled?","back":"It must be compiled again.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It must be compiled again.","correct":true,"explanation":"Changing the source code makes the existing machine-code version out of date, so the modified source must be compiled again before the changes can run."},{"text":"It must be interpreted line by line.","correct":false,"explanation":"Compilation and interpretation are different translation methods; interpreting does not update a compiled executable. The correct answer is that the changed source must be compiled again."},{"text":"It must be assembled into source code.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assembly converts assembly language into machine code, not changed high-level source into an updated program. The correct process here is to compile the source code again."},{"text":"It must be copied into the executable.","correct":false,"explanation":"A compiled executable does not automatically contain later source-code edits. The correct answer is that the modified source must be compiled again to create updated machine code."}]},{"id":"b58f54d9-8d63-4491-a9b2-168b50191b19","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How does an interpreter run high-level code?","back":"Statement by statement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Statement by statement.","correct":true,"explanation":"An interpreter translates and executes one statement at a time while the program runs, rather than translating the entire program into a separate executable beforehand."},{"text":"Whole program at once.","correct":false,"explanation":"Translating the whole program before execution describes a compiler. The correct answer is statement by statement, because an interpreter processes code during execution."},{"text":"Character by character.","correct":false,"explanation":"Interpreters recognise and execute program statements, not individual characters. The correct answer is statement by statement, although one statement may contain many characters."},{"text":"Only after assembly.","correct":false,"explanation":"An interpreter works directly with high-level code and does not require the program to be assembled first. It runs the code statement by statement."}]},{"id":"b75be1b4-5691-4a8d-94ff-e3f949ce7fe6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An interpreter does not produce a [ ]; it calls machine-code [ ] inside itself.","back":"An interpreter does not produce a separate machine-code program; it calls machine-code subroutines inside itself.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An interpreter does not produce a separate machine-code program; it calls machine-code subroutines inside itself.","correct":true,"explanation":"An interpreter translates and executes statements as needed, using machine-code subroutines within the interpreter rather than creating a separate machine-code program."},{"text":"An interpreter does not produce a separate source-code program; it calls machine-code subroutines inside itself.","correct":false,"explanation":"The interpreter does not produce a separate machine-code program, not a separate source-code program. It uses machine-code subroutines within itself while executing the source."},{"text":"An interpreter does not produce a separate machine-code program; it calls machine-code instructions inside itself.","correct":false,"explanation":"The usual description is that an interpreter calls machine-code subroutines inside itself. The term instructions is too general here and does not identify the reusable routines being called."},{"text":"An interpreter does not produce a separate machine-code program; it calls source-code subroutines inside itself.","correct":false,"explanation":"The routines inside the interpreter are already machine-code routines, not source-code subroutines. It also avoids producing a separate machine-code program for the interpreted application."}]},{"id":"4be1d2cd-4d2b-4669-9043-1f7f2cbaab82","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why may an interpreted program run more slowly than a compiled program?","back":"Translation/execution happens as the program runs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Translation/execution happens as the program runs.","correct":true,"explanation":"An interpreter repeatedly translates and executes statements during program execution, adding processing time. A compiled program has already been translated into machine code."},{"text":"Translation/execution happens before the program runs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Translation before execution describes compilation, not interpretation. The correct answer is that translation and execution happen as the program runs, which can make it slower."},{"text":"Translation/execution happens only after the program ends.","correct":false,"explanation":"A program cannot execute if its statements are translated only after it finishes. Interpreters translate and execute code as the program runs, causing additional overhead."},{"text":"Translation/execution happens inside the processor only.","correct":false,"explanation":"The interpreter, rather than the processor alone, performs the translation during execution. The correct explanation is that translation and execution happen as the program runs."}]},{"id":"845e7e59-0a1e-4728-b3da-5314242c1a91","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Which translator suits a finished high-level program run many times without showing source code?","back":"A compiler - it produces machine code in advance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A compiler - it produces machine code in advance.","correct":true,"explanation":"A compiler translates the finished high-level program into machine code before repeated use, allowing fast execution and avoiding the need to reveal the source code."},{"text":"An interpreter - it translates each statement during execution.","correct":false,"explanation":"An interpreter translates code while it runs, which adds overhead and generally requires the source program. A compiler is more suitable because it produces machine code in advance."},{"text":"An assembler - it converts high-level code directly into source code.","correct":false,"explanation":"An assembler translates assembly language into machine code; it does not normally translate high-level code into source code. A compiler produces the required machine code in advance."},{"text":"A linker - it hides the source code without translating it.","correct":false,"explanation":"A linker combines compiled code and libraries, but it is not the translator for a high-level program. A compiler translates the program and produces machine code in advance."}]},{"id":"9c18119b-6943-47e6-8550-fec186f56da9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might low-level language be chosen for an embedded system?","back":"It gives precise hardware control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It gives precise hardware control.","correct":true,"explanation":"Low-level languages provide close control over processor instructions, memory and hardware resources, which is useful when an embedded system has limited or specialised hardware."},{"text":"It gives automatic hardware independence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low-level code is usually hardware-specific rather than hardware-independent. The correct reason is that it gives precise hardware control in an embedded system."},{"text":"It gives simpler graphical interfaces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Graphical interface design is not the main advantage of low-level languages. They may be chosen for embedded systems because they provide precise control over hardware resources."},{"text":"It gives greater portability between processors.","correct":false,"explanation":"Portability is generally associated with high-level languages, while low-level code often depends on a particular processor. Its advantage here is precise hardware control."}]},{"id":"19247ad6-4aea-4447-92c7-736116890466","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are most programs written in high-level languages?","back":"Readability, maintainability and portability usually matter more than hardware control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Readability, maintainability and portability usually matter more than hardware control.","correct":true,"explanation":"High-level languages use abstractions that make programs easier to understand, modify and move between systems, so these benefits usually outweigh the need for direct hardware control."},{"text":"Execution speed, machine dependence and hardware control usually matter more than readability.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are typical advantages of low-level languages, not the main reasons most programs use high-level languages. High-level languages prioritise readability, maintainability and portability."},{"text":"Shorter machine instructions, smaller memory use and direct addressing usually matter more than portability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Those features are associated with low-level programming and specialised hardware control. Most programs instead favour high-level readability, maintainability and portability."},{"text":"Automatic compilation, faster processors and larger files usually matter more than maintainability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Faster processors and file size do not explain why high-level languages are widely used. Their key advantages are readability, maintainability and portability."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Classification of programming languages and translators","title":"Classification of programming languages and translators Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/computer-science/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L39"}]}],"topicId":"27fc87f2-8b2b-5f6b-acf3-d68d1deebaab","walled":"$L3a"}],"$L3b","$L3c"]