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The two Boolean values are True and False."},{"text":"A Boolean value can only be On or Off.","correct":false,"explanation":"On and Off can represent physical states, but they are not the Boolean values themselves. Boolean variables hold True or False."},{"text":"A Boolean value can only be True or Null.","correct":false,"explanation":"Null represents the absence of a value rather than a Boolean state. The only Boolean values are True and False."}]},{"id":"c3fa565b-7077-43a8-b6ed-8a92c2b44d9b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a comparison such as score >= 50 produce?","back":"A Boolean result.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A Boolean result.","correct":true,"explanation":"The comparison tests whether the score is greater than or equal to 50, producing one of the Boolean values True or False."},{"text":"An integer result.","correct":false,"explanation":"Comparisons do not return the numerical values being compared. They test a relationship and therefore produce a Boolean result: either True or False."},{"text":"A string result.","correct":false,"explanation":"A string contains text, whereas this comparison tests a numerical relationship. It produces a Boolean result, either True or False."},{"text":"An assignment result.","correct":false,"explanation":"The operator >= performs a comparison rather than assigning a value. The comparison produces a Boolean result indicating whether the condition holds."}]},{"id":"52db0898-de8b-49ca-89dd-72d8afe6de27","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If score ← 42, what is score >= 50?","back":"False.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"False.","correct":true,"explanation":"The value 42 is not greater than or equal to 50, so the comparison evaluates to the Boolean value False."},{"text":"True.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the comparison outcome. Since 42 is less than 50, the condition score >= 50 evaluates to False."},{"text":"42.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the stored value with the comparison’s result. The expression compares 42 with 50 and produces the Boolean value False."},{"text":"50.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats the comparison value as its output. Comparisons return Boolean values, and because 42 is below 50, the result is False."}]},{"id":"3be968e8-95ac-4995-9d09-543f099602b4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A Boolean expression evaluates to [ ] or [ ].","back":"A Boolean expression evaluates to True or False.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A Boolean expression evaluates to True or False.","correct":true,"explanation":"A Boolean expression tests a logical condition, so evaluation always produces one of the two Boolean values: True or False."},{"text":"A Boolean expression evaluates to 1 or 0.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some systems internally represent Boolean states using 1 and 0, but a Boolean expression conceptually evaluates to True or False."},{"text":"A Boolean expression evaluates to Yes or No.","correct":false,"explanation":"Yes and No are informal responses rather than Boolean values used by expressions. A Boolean expression evaluates to True or False."},{"text":"A Boolean expression evaluates to True or Null.","correct":false,"explanation":"Null means that no value is present; it is not the opposite Boolean state. Boolean expressions evaluate to either True or False."}]},{"id":"dd3dcaf3-f3bd-485f-be90-74ea8dbb1338","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which Boolean operator gives the opposite of a condition?","back":"NOT.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"NOT.","correct":true,"explanation":"NOT negates a Boolean condition, changing True to False and False to True."},{"text":"AND.","correct":false,"explanation":"AND combines two conditions and is True only when both are True. NOT is the operator that reverses a condition’s Boolean value."},{"text":"OR.","correct":false,"explanation":"OR combines conditions and is True when at least one condition is True. NOT gives the opposite of a single condition."},{"text":"XOR.","correct":false,"explanation":"XOR compares two conditions and is True when exactly one is True. NOT is used to reverse the value of one condition."}]},{"id":"8b67feed-48db-4bc8-a793-421d7c70fdcb","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"NOT True becomes [ ]; NOT False becomes [ ].","back":"NOT True becomes False; NOT False becomes True.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"NOT True becomes False; NOT False becomes True.","correct":true,"explanation":"The NOT operator reverses a Boolean value, so it changes True to False and False to True."},{"text":"NOT True becomes True; NOT False becomes False.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly leaves both values unchanged. NOT reverses each Boolean value, making NOT True equal False and NOT False equal True."},{"text":"NOT True becomes False; NOT False becomes False.","correct":false,"explanation":"This correctly negates True but incorrectly leaves False unchanged. NOT reverses both values, so NOT False must become True."},{"text":"NOT True becomes True; NOT False becomes True.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly makes both results True. NOT reverses its input, so NOT True becomes False while NOT False becomes True."}]},{"id":"6006ff1e-a689-4132-93b0-0156362524f6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How should NOT score >= 50 be written to make the order clear?","back":"NOT (score >= 50).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"NOT (score >= 50).","correct":true,"explanation":"The brackets show that the comparison is evaluated first and that NOT then reverses the resulting Boolean value."},{"text":"(NOT score) >= 50.","correct":false,"explanation":"This applies NOT to the numerical variable rather than to the comparison result, creating a type error. The entire comparison should be bracketed after NOT."},{"text":"NOT score = 50.","correct":false,"explanation":"This changes the comparison from greater than or equal to equality and still leaves the grouping unclear. The intended form is NOT (score >= 50)."},{"text":"score >= (NOT 50).","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly attempts to apply NOT to the number 50. NOT must act on the Boolean result of the complete comparison."}]},{"id":"26fba1f9-85ed-41fb-8db9-cbfae421443b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When is A AND B True?","back":"Only when A and B are both True.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Only when A and B are both True.","correct":true,"explanation":"AND requires every joined condition to be True, so A AND B is True only when both A and B are True."},{"text":"Only when A and B are both False.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses AND with a condition involving negated inputs. AND produces True only when both A and B are True."},{"text":"Only when A or B is True.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes the OR operator, which needs at least one True input. AND requires A and B both to be True."},{"text":"Only when A and B are different.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes XOR, which is True when exactly one input is True. AND is True only when both inputs are True."}]},{"id":"57a75016-df41-47cd-90c6-1c9bc0174e52","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which operator should join conditions when all requirements must be met?","back":"AND.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"AND.","correct":true,"explanation":"AND produces True only when every joined condition is True, so it is used when all stated requirements must be satisfied simultaneously."},{"text":"OR.","correct":false,"explanation":"OR requires only one of the joined conditions to be True. When every requirement must be met, the conditions must instead be joined using AND."},{"text":"NOT.","correct":false,"explanation":"NOT reverses the truth value of one condition rather than joining multiple requirements. AND is the operator that requires all conditions to be True."},{"text":"XOR.","correct":false,"explanation":"XOR is True when exactly one of two conditions is True, not when all requirements are met. The appropriate operator is AND."}]},{"id":"9bf2537a-ea4f-45ce-8d61-5d07ee662ba0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When is A OR B True?","back":"When at least one condition is True.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When at least one condition is True.","correct":true,"explanation":"Inclusive OR evaluates to True when A is True, B is True, or both are True. It is False only when both conditions are False."},{"text":"When both conditions are True.","correct":false,"explanation":"Requiring both conditions to be True describes AND rather than OR. A OR B is True whenever at least one of the conditions is True."},{"text":"When exactly one condition is True.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes exclusive OR, which excludes the case where both conditions are True. Programming OR is normally inclusive, requiring at least one True condition."},{"text":"When neither condition is True.","correct":false,"explanation":"If neither condition is True, both are False and A OR B evaluates to False. OR becomes True when at least one condition is True."}]},{"id":"ae0f5464-65c7-4395-93ac-860fa43a68f4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Programming OR is usually [ ], so True OR True is [ ].","back":"Programming OR is usually inclusive, so True OR True is True.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Programming OR is usually inclusive, so True OR True is True.","correct":true,"explanation":"Inclusive OR accepts either or both True inputs. Therefore, when both operands are True, the overall Boolean expression also evaluates to True."},{"text":"Programming OR is usually exclusive, so True OR True is False.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses inclusive OR with exclusive OR. Programming OR normally includes the case where both operands are True, so True OR True evaluates to True."},{"text":"Programming OR is usually inclusive, so True OR True is False.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although programming OR is normally inclusive, its result is not False when both operands are True. At least one True operand makes the result True."},{"text":"Programming OR is usually exclusive, so True OR True is True.","correct":false,"explanation":"Programming OR is generally inclusive, not exclusive. Consequently, two True operands produce True rather than being rejected as the exclusive interpretation would suggest."}]},{"id":"99c99d15-4dfd-4709-94d8-fba1142a55b1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If lives ← 0 and extraChance ← True, what is lives > 0 OR extraChance?","back":"True.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"True.","correct":true,"explanation":"The comparison lives > 0 is False, but extraChance is True. OR needs only one True operand, so the complete expression is True."},{"text":"False.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating OR like AND leads to this result. Although lives > 0 is False, extraChance is True, so the OR expression evaluates to True."},{"text":"A syntax error.","correct":false,"explanation":"The operands form a valid Boolean expression, so no syntax error occurs. Because extraChance is True, the OR expression evaluates to True."},{"text":"0.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses a Boolean result with a numeric representation. The expression is evaluated as a Boolean and is True because extraChance is True."}]},{"id":"7dee3f27-afc3-4684-9487-6d3f55350998","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Selection chooses between routes depending on whether a condition is [ ] or [ ].","back":"Selection chooses between routes depending on whether a condition is True or False.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Selection chooses between routes depending on whether a condition is True or False.","correct":true,"explanation":"A selection statement evaluates a Boolean condition, which has one of two possible values: True or False. That result determines which route is followed."},{"text":"Selection chooses between routes depending on whether a condition is valid or invalid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Valid and invalid describe whether an input or expression meets rules, not the two outcomes of a Boolean condition. Selection branches according to True or False."},{"text":"Selection chooses between routes depending on whether a condition is empty or full.","correct":false,"explanation":"Empty and full describe data structures or storage, not Boolean truth values. A selection statement chooses its route according to whether its condition is True or False."},{"text":"Selection chooses between routes depending on whether a condition is 1 or 0.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although some systems internally represent Booleans using numbers, selection conditions are conceptually evaluated as True or False, not simply as 1 or 0."}]},{"id":"f59b2439-e66f-4127-9591-f6348837ff7b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a WHILE loop, when does the loop repeat?","back":"While its condition is True.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"While its condition is True.","correct":true,"explanation":"A WHILE loop checks its condition before each iteration and executes the body whenever that condition is True. It stops once the condition becomes False."},{"text":"While its condition is False.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the control rule for a WHILE loop. The loop repeats while its condition is True and terminates when that condition becomes False."},{"text":"Until its condition is True.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses WHILE with REPEAT...UNTIL. A WHILE loop continues while its condition is True, rather than waiting until the condition becomes True."},{"text":"After running exactly once.","correct":false,"explanation":"A WHILE loop may execute zero, one, or many times depending on its condition. It repeats whenever the condition remains True."}]},{"id":"8d783b3d-d041-4720-b979-6ea69b991e80","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a REPEAT...UNTIL loop, when does the loop stop?","back":"When its condition becomes True.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When its condition becomes True.","correct":true,"explanation":"A REPEAT...UNTIL loop executes its body and then checks the condition. It continues while that condition is False and stops when it becomes True."},{"text":"When its condition becomes False.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the meaning of UNTIL. The loop continues while its stopping condition is False and terminates when that condition becomes True."},{"text":"Before its condition is tested.","correct":false,"explanation":"A REPEAT...UNTIL loop checks its condition after executing the body, so it cannot stop before the first iteration. It stops when its condition becomes True."},{"text":"After a fixed number of repetitions.","correct":false,"explanation":"REPEAT...UNTIL is condition-controlled rather than count-controlled, so it has no predetermined number of iterations. It stops when its condition becomes True."}]},{"id":"7272edab-d577-4ad2-a5e5-54549198d8a7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A bracketed condition is evaluated as a [ ] [ ].","back":"A bracketed condition is evaluated as a group first.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A bracketed condition is evaluated as a group first.","correct":true,"explanation":"Brackets override the normal order of evaluation by grouping an expression. The bracketed condition is therefore evaluated first and treated as one grouped result."},{"text":"A bracketed condition is evaluated as a group last.","correct":false,"explanation":"Brackets give an expression priority rather than delaying it. The bracketed condition is treated as a group and evaluated first before surrounding operations."},{"text":"A bracketed condition is evaluated as a sequence first.","correct":false,"explanation":"Brackets make the enclosed condition a single group, not an ungrouped sequence. That complete group is evaluated first before the rest of the expression."},{"text":"A bracketed condition is evaluated as a operator last.","correct":false,"explanation":"The brackets enclose a group rather than identifying one operator, and they increase its priority. The entire bracketed group is evaluated first."}]},{"id":"a38b80e2-be39-4765-8e72-f4ebd0c90e07","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"If age ← 12 and teacherOverride ← True, does IF (age >= 13 AND age <= 16) OR teacherOverride run its output?","back":"Yes - teacherOverride makes the OR True.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Yes - teacherOverride makes the OR True.","correct":true,"explanation":"The age range test is False because 12 is below 13, but teacherOverride is True. An OR expression is True when at least one side is True."},{"text":"No - age is outside the required range.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although 12 is outside the specified age range, the entire condition is still True because teacherOverride is True and the two parts are joined by OR."},{"text":"No - both sides of the OR must be True.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses OR with AND. OR requires only one side to be True, so the True value of teacherOverride makes the output run."},{"text":"No - teacherOverride cannot change the age check.","correct":false,"explanation":"The override is a separate Boolean condition joined to the age check by OR. It does not need to change the age result; being True is enough."}]},{"id":"fcc768cc-c705-4b16-a141-f744e3306dfa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Which condition checks that a percentage mark is valid from 0 to 100 inclusive?","back":"mark >= 0 AND mark <= 100.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"mark >= 0 AND mark <= 100.","correct":true,"explanation":"A valid percentage may equal either boundary, so the comparisons must include 0 and 100. AND ensures that both the lower and upper limits are satisfied."},{"text":"mark > 0 AND mark < 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using strict inequalities excludes marks of exactly 0 and exactly 100, even though both endpoints are valid because the required range is inclusive."},{"text":"mark >= 0 OR mark <= 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using OR makes this condition True for every numerical mark: values below 0 still satisfy the upper comparison, while values above 100 satisfy the lower comparison."},{"text":"mark < 0 OR mark > 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"This tests for values outside the permitted range, so it identifies invalid marks rather than valid ones. Validity requires both boundary checks joined by AND."}]},{"id":"264fbd6a-63b6-4424-ae74-7565bb11d8ed","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Which condition checks that a percentage mark is invalid?","back":"mark < 0 OR mark > 100.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"mark < 0 OR mark > 100.","correct":true,"explanation":"A percentage is invalid when it falls below 0 or exceeds 100. The OR operator is needed because either condition alone is sufficient to make the mark invalid."},{"text":"mark < 0 AND mark > 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses AND, but a mark cannot be below 0 and above 100 simultaneously. The correct test uses OR because either being below 0 or above 100 makes the percentage invalid."},{"text":"mark > 0 OR mark < 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"This condition is true for almost every valid percentage, so it does not identify invalid values. The correct test checks for a mark below 0 or above 100 using OR."},{"text":"mark >= 0 AND mark <= 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"This checks whether the mark is within the valid range, rather than outside it. An invalid percentage requires testing for below 0 or above 100 with OR."}]},{"id":"c87315e2-aec6-4a30-8aa3-10c04d42d956","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can mark < 0 AND mark > 100 never be True?","back":"One value cannot be below 0 and above 100.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"One value cannot be below 0 and above 100.","correct":true,"explanation":"The two comparisons demand mutually exclusive values: a number less than 0 cannot also be greater than 100. AND therefore can never receive two True operands."},{"text":"One value cannot be equal to 0 and equal to 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"The condition does not test equality with either boundary. It is impossible because its two strict comparisons require the same mark to lie beyond opposite ends simultaneously."},{"text":"One value cannot be below 0 or above 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"A value can certainly be below 0 or above 100, and either case represents an invalid mark. The impossibility comes from requiring both cases with AND."},{"text":"One value cannot be between 0 and 100.","correct":false,"explanation":"Many values, such as 50, are between 0 and 100. The original expression is never True because it requires one value to be below and above the range simultaneously."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Boolean operations in a programming language","title":"Boolean operations in a programming language Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/computer-science/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"fc02e99e-6417-5255-b2e5-17a0fd68c277","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]