A student investigates how the surface area of a solid manganese(IV) oxide catalyst, MnO2(s)\text{MnO}_2(\text{s})MnO2(s), affects the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2(aq)\text{H}_2\text{O}_2(\text{aq})H2O2(aq):
2H2O2(aq)→2H2O(l)+O2(g) 2\text{H}_2\text{O}_2(\text{aq}) \rightarrow 2\text{H}_2\text{O}(\text{l}) + \text{O}_2(\text{g}) 2H2O2(aq)→2H2O(l)+O2(g)The student compares different physical forms of the catalyst (powder, granules, and large lumps) and measures the volume of oxygen gas produced in the first 60 s of the reaction using the apparatus shown below.

Which two variables must the student keep constant to ensure a fair test?
temperature, mass of MnO2\text{MnO}_2MnO2 catalyst
volume of oxygen gas collected, concentration of H2O2\text{H}_2\text{O}_2H2O2
particle size of MnO2\text{MnO}_2MnO2 catalyst, temperature
concentration of H2O2\text{H}_2\text{O}_2H2O2, volume of oxygen gas collected