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a chemical reaction changes them into new substances or uses them up as their atoms are rearranged."},{"text":"Products are changed or used up during a chemical reaction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Products are formed at the end of a reaction, so they are not the starting substances that are changed or used up. The correct answer is that reactants undergo this change."},{"text":"Catalysts are changed or used up during a chemical reaction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Catalysts speed up reactions without being used up, so they are not the substances transformed by the reaction. Reactants are changed or used up during a chemical reaction."},{"text":"Atoms are created or destroyed during a chemical reaction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical reactions rearrange atoms rather than creating or destroying them, and the starting substances are reactants. Reactants are changed or used up to form products."}]},{"id":"68fa50ee-7246-40a8-99b1-b0c7f7e03c07","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to atoms during a chemical reaction?","back":"Atoms are rearranged as old bonds break and new bonds form.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Atoms are rearranged as old bonds break and new bonds form.","correct":true,"explanation":"Atoms are conserved in a chemical reaction. Existing bonds break and new bonds form, changing how the same atoms are connected and producing different substances."},{"text":"Atoms are destroyed as old bonds break and new bonds form.","correct":false,"explanation":"Breaking bonds does not destroy atoms; it only separates them from neighbouring atoms. Atoms are rearranged as old bonds break and new bonds form."},{"text":"Atoms are created as old bonds break and new bonds form.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chemical reactions do not create new atoms. They conserve the original atoms and change their connections, so atoms are rearranged as bonds break and form."},{"text":"Atoms are unchanged as old bonds break and new bonds form.","correct":false,"explanation":"The atoms themselves remain present, but their bonding arrangement changes during the reaction. Therefore, atoms are rearranged rather than remaining unchanged in their original structure."}]},{"id":"030b2bff-552d-4232-a542-be78e96eb99f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is breaking covalent bonds endothermic?","back":"Bond breaking is endothermic because energy must be supplied.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Bond breaking is endothermic because energy must be supplied.","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy is needed to overcome the forces holding atoms together in a covalent bond. This energy input makes bond breaking an endothermic process."},{"text":"Bond breaking is exothermic because energy must be supplied.","correct":false,"explanation":"Supplying energy means energy enters the system, which is endothermic, not exothermic. Bond breaking is endothermic because energy must be supplied to overcome the bond."},{"text":"Bond breaking is endothermic because energy is released.","correct":false,"explanation":"An endothermic process requires energy rather than releasing it. Bond breaking is endothermic because energy must be supplied to separate the bonded atoms."},{"text":"Bond breaking is neutral because energy must be supplied.","correct":false,"explanation":"A process requiring an energy input is not energy-neutral. Breaking covalent bonds is endothermic because energy must be supplied to overcome the attraction between atoms."}]},{"id":"5ec036fa-d47d-4263-b724-0e16325c84fc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is making covalent bonds exothermic?","back":"Bond making is exothermic because energy is released.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Bond making is exothermic because energy is released.","correct":true,"explanation":"When a new covalent bond forms, the bonded system becomes more stable and releases energy to the surroundings. Therefore, bond making is exothermic."},{"text":"Bond making is endothermic because energy is released.","correct":false,"explanation":"Releasing energy to the surroundings is the defining feature of an exothermic change, not an endothermic one. Bond making is exothermic because energy is released."},{"text":"Bond making is exothermic because energy is absorbed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Absorbing energy would make the process endothermic. Forming covalent bonds releases energy, so bond making is exothermic because energy is released."},{"text":"Bond making is neutral because energy is released.","correct":false,"explanation":"A process that releases energy is not neutral in energy terms. Bond making is exothermic because energy is transferred from the forming bonds to the surroundings."}]},{"id":"7f1f1882-7569-41bb-b650-d69184503ec6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are products in a chemical reaction?","back":"Products are substances formed during a chemical reaction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Products are substances formed during a chemical reaction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Products are the new substances made by a chemical reaction. They form from the reactants when atoms become connected in new arrangements."},{"text":"Reactants are substances formed during a chemical reaction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reactants are present at the start and are changed or used up, rather than formed by the reaction. Substances formed during a reaction are products."},{"text":"Catalysts are substances formed during a chemical reaction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Catalysts increase reaction rate without being used up or formed as a product. The new substances formed during a chemical reaction are products."},{"text":"Bonds are substances formed during a chemical reaction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bonds are attractions between atoms, not substances. Chemical reactions form new substances called products as atoms become joined in different arrangements."}]},{"id":"c5d7ab80-45a8-4049-b72c-5089e6973f13","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a supplied bond energy measure?","back":"Bond energy is the energy required to break one mole of a particular covalent bond, measured in kJ/mol.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Bond energy is the energy required to break one mole of a particular covalent bond, measured in kJ/mol.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bond energy gives the energy needed to break one mole of a specified covalent bond. It is measured in kilojoules per mole, written kJ/mol."},{"text":"Bond energy is the energy released when one mole of a particular covalent bond forms, measured in kJ/mol.","correct":false,"explanation":"The definition refers to energy required to break bonds, not energy released when bonds form. Bond energy is measured for breaking one mole of a particular covalent bond."},{"text":"Bond energy is the energy required to break one mole of any covalent bond, measured in J/mol.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bond energy depends on the particular covalent bond, so it is not the same for every bond. It is conventionally measured in kJ/mol, not J/mol."},{"text":"Bond energy is the energy required to break one atom's covalent bonds, measured in kJ.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bond energy is defined for one mole of a particular bond, not for one atom, and the unit includes amount of substance. The correct unit is kJ/mol."}]},{"id":"fb79d2ff-6c7b-48e5-b583-69217e7914a6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why must you start with the balanced symbol equation in a bond-energy calculation?","back":"Use the balanced symbol equation to determine how many molecules of each substance react.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Use the balanced symbol equation to determine how many molecules of each substance react.","correct":true,"explanation":"The coefficients in a balanced symbol equation give the reacting ratio of each substance. This allows the correct numbers of each bond type to be counted."},{"text":"Use the word equation to determine how many molecules of each substance react.","correct":false,"explanation":"A word equation identifies substances but does not show their numerical reacting ratios. The balanced symbol equation provides the coefficients needed to count molecules and bonds."},{"text":"Use the unbalanced symbol equation to determine how many molecules of each substance react.","correct":false,"explanation":"An unbalanced equation gives incorrect reacting ratios, leading to incorrect bond counts and energy calculations. The equation must be balanced before using its coefficients."},{"text":"Use the periodic table to determine how many molecules of each substance react.","correct":false,"explanation":"The periodic table provides atomic information but not the reacting ratio of substances. A balanced symbol equation shows how many molecules of each substance react."}]},{"id":"4b82a60f-a28e-4c62-9b98-12cb4b08ecb3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How do you identify which bonds are present in the reacting molecules?","back":"Use displayed formulae or structures to identify the bonds in each molecule.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Use displayed formulae or structures to identify the bonds in each molecule.","correct":true,"explanation":"Displayed formulae and structures show which atoms are connected and the bonds between them. These bonds can then be counted for the energy calculation."},{"text":"Use displayed formulae or structures to identify the atoms in each molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although structures show atoms, the calculation requires counting bonds that break and form. The relevant information is the bonds in each molecule."},{"text":"Use the periodic table to identify the bonds in each molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"The periodic table lists elements but does not show how atoms are connected in a molecule. Displayed formulae or structures identify the bonds present."},{"text":"Use displayed formulae or structures to identify the charges in each molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Charges are not the information needed to count bond energies in this calculation. Displayed formulae or structures must be used to identify the bonds in each molecule."}]},{"id":"2522b04e-7ea7-47fd-bc80-196a8b55f230","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What bonds must be counted in the reactants?","back":"Count every bond in the reactants, including bonds in all molecules shown by the coefficients.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Count every bond in the reactants, including bonds in all molecules shown by the coefficients.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each coefficient shows how many molecules react, so every bond in every molecule represented by the coefficients must be included in the bonds-broken total."},{"text":"Count every bond in the products, including bonds in all molecules shown by the coefficients.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses reactants and products. Bonds in the reactants are broken and determine energy taken in; product bonds are counted separately as bonds made."},{"text":"Count one copy of each bond in the reactants, ignoring bonds in molecules shown by the coefficients.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ignoring coefficients undercounts repeated molecules and therefore misses their bonds. Every bond in all coefficient-multiplied reactant molecules must be included."},{"text":"Count every bond in the reactants, including bonds in all molecules shown by the subscripts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Subscripts show atoms within one molecule, whereas coefficients show repeated molecules. The reactant bond count must include every molecule represented by its coefficient."}]},{"id":"def23d86-87da-423c-acee-fcd414e83bad","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a number in front of a formula multiply?","back":"A coefficient multiplies every bond inside the molecule.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A coefficient multiplies every bond inside the molecule.","correct":true,"explanation":"A coefficient gives the number of molecules present, so each molecule contributes all its bonds and every bond count is multiplied by that coefficient."},{"text":"A coefficient multiplies only the first bond inside the molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"A coefficient applies to the whole molecule, not just its first bond. Every bond in each repeated molecule contributes to the total energy calculation."},{"text":"A coefficient multiplies only the atoms inside the molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the coefficient represents more atoms overall, the calculation counts bonds. Each bond inside every coefficient-multiplied molecule must be included."},{"text":"A coefficient multiplies only the final bond inside the molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"The coefficient does not select a particular bond. It repeats the entire molecule, so all of its bonds are multiplied equally."}]},{"id":"3a5a7184-102a-41b0-8e28-60d80bc59aee","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How is the total energy taken in calculated?","back":"Calculate the bonds-broken total by multiplying each bond count by its bond energy, then adding the results.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Calculate the bonds-broken total by multiplying each bond count by its bond energy, then adding the results.","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy taken in is found for each type of bond by multiplying its count by its bond energy, then adding all those contributions."},{"text":"Calculate the bonds-broken total by multiplying each bond count by its bond energy, then subtracting the results.","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting bond contributions incorrectly cancels energy taken in. The individual bond energies must be added because all broken bonds require energy."},{"text":"Calculate the bonds-broken total by adding each bond count to its bond energy, then multiplying the results.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bond count and bond energy are multiplied, not added. Each bond type contributes count times energy before the separate contributions are summed."},{"text":"Calculate the bonds-broken total by multiplying each bond count by its bond energy, then dividing the results.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing the contributions gives an incorrect average-like value and loses the energy from multiple bond types. The contributions must be added."}]},{"id":"bc90e4ac-c75a-4158-9586-7c864c6958ed","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How is the total energy released calculated?","back":"Calculate the bonds-made total by multiplying each product bond count by its bond energy, then adding the results.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Calculate the bonds-made total by multiplying each product bond count by its bond energy, then adding the results.","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy released is calculated for each product bond type by multiplying its count by bond energy, then adding all the contributions together."},{"text":"Calculate the bonds-made total by multiplying each product bond count by its bond energy, then subtracting the results.","correct":false,"explanation":"Product bond contributions represent energy released by bonds being made, so they are summed to find the total released energy before the final subtraction."},{"text":"Calculate the bonds-made total by adding each product bond count to its bond energy, then multiplying the results.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bond counts and bond energies must be multiplied for each bond type. Adding them first produces no valid energy contribution."},{"text":"Calculate the bonds-made total by multiplying each product bond count by its bond energy, then dividing the results.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing the product contributions underestimates the total energy released. Contributions from all types of bonds made must be added."}]},{"id":"74b4c06e-2fb9-4310-9a67-468ffbe7b249","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How should the two energy totals be handled during the calculation?","back":"Keep the bonds-broken and bonds-made totals separate until the final subtraction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Keep the bonds-broken and bonds-made totals separate until the final subtraction.","correct":true,"explanation":"The two totals represent different stages: energy taken in for breaking bonds and energy released when making bonds. They are subtracted only after both totals are calculated."},{"text":"Keep the bonds-broken and bonds-made totals combined until the final subtraction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Combining the totals early hides which energy was taken in and which was released. Calculate each total independently, then subtract released energy from energy taken in."},{"text":"Keep the bonds-broken and bonds-made totals equal until the final subtraction.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two totals are not generally equal; their difference determines the reaction's energy change. They must be calculated separately from their own bond counts."},{"text":"Keep the bonds-broken and bonds-made totals rounded until the final subtraction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rounding is not the required treatment and can change the final result. The important step is keeping the two independently calculated totals separate."}]},{"id":"aed211aa-9654-43f8-8a42-0585dd6171b9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What equation calculates the overall energy change?","back":"The overall energy change is calculated using energy to break bonds - energy released making bonds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The overall energy change is calculated using energy to break bonds - energy released making bonds.","correct":true,"explanation":"Breaking bonds requires energy, while making bonds releases energy. Subtracting the released amount from the energy taken in gives the overall change."},{"text":"The overall energy change is calculated using energy released making bonds - energy to break bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the required order and changes the sign of the result. Overall change is energy taken in minus energy released."},{"text":"The overall energy change is calculated using energy to break bonds + energy released making bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding both totals treats released energy as if it were absorbed. The released energy must be subtracted from the energy needed to break bonds."},{"text":"The overall energy change is calculated using energy to break bonds ÷ energy released making bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"The overall energy change is a difference between two energy totals, not a ratio. Divide neither total; subtract released energy from energy to break bonds."}]},{"id":"ff155dc2-8106-4731-922c-8a67ef3dcd94","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a negative overall energy change indicate?","back":"A negative overall energy change means the reaction is exothermic.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A negative overall energy change means the reaction is exothermic.","correct":true,"explanation":"A negative change means more energy is released when bonds form than is absorbed breaking bonds, so the reaction transfers energy to the surroundings."},{"text":"A negative overall energy change means the reaction is endothermic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Endothermic reactions have a positive overall energy change because they absorb more energy than they release. A negative value indicates energy release overall."},{"text":"A positive overall energy change means the reaction is exothermic.","correct":false,"explanation":"A positive value means energy taken in exceeds energy released, which describes an endothermic reaction. Exothermic reactions have negative overall changes."},{"text":"A zero overall energy change means the reaction is exothermic.","correct":false,"explanation":"A zero change means energy absorbed equals energy released, so neither process has an overall energy gain or loss. Exothermic reactions have negative changes."}]},{"id":"d4b8ca3d-0844-41c1-a220-847583289422","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a positive overall energy change indicate?","back":"A positive overall energy change means the reaction is endothermic.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A positive overall energy change means the reaction is endothermic.","correct":true,"explanation":"A positive change means more energy is needed to break bonds than is released when bonds form, so energy is absorbed overall."},{"text":"A positive overall energy change means the reaction is exothermic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Exothermic reactions release more energy than they absorb and therefore have negative overall changes. A positive value identifies an endothermic reaction."},{"text":"A negative overall energy change means the reaction is endothermic.","correct":false,"explanation":"A negative change means bond formation releases more energy than bond breaking absorbs, making the reaction exothermic rather than endothermic."},{"text":"A zero overall energy change means the reaction is endothermic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Zero means the energy absorbed and released are equal, so there is no overall energy change. Endothermic reactions have positive values."}]},{"id":"f8afa19a-396b-42c9-a160-1fc84d23333b","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What is the energy difference between bond breaking and bond making?","back":"Breaking bonds takes energy in, whereas making bonds gives energy out.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Breaking bonds takes energy in, whereas making bonds gives energy out.","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy is required to overcome the attractions holding bonded atoms together. When new bonds form, attractive interactions are established and energy is transferred to the surroundings."},{"text":"Breaking bonds gives energy out, whereas making bonds takes energy in.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two processes. Breaking bonds requires an energy input, whereas forming new bonds releases energy as the atoms move into a lower-energy arrangement."},{"text":"Breaking bonds takes energy in, whereas making bonds also takes energy in.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first statement is right, but bond formation does not require an overall energy input. Making bonds releases energy because the bonded arrangement is more stable."},{"text":"Breaking bonds gives energy out, whereas making bonds also gives energy out.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats both processes as energy-releasing. Breaking existing bonds requires energy, while only the formation of new bonds releases energy to the surroundings."}]},{"id":"3c5dd434-cc08-491f-86ee-27e2181b811e","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"A reaction takes in $920\\ \\text{kJ/mol}$ and releases $760\\ \\text{kJ/mol}$. What are the overall energy change and reaction type?","back":"The overall change is $920 - 760 = \\textbf{+160 kJ/mol}$, so the reaction is endothermic.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The overall change is $920 - 760 = \\textbf{+160 kJ/mol}$, so the reaction is endothermic.","correct":true,"explanation":"Subtracting the energy released from the energy taken in gives $+160\\ \\text{kJ/mol}$. The positive energy change means that the reaction is endothermic overall."},{"text":"The overall change is $760 - 920 = \\textbf{-160 kJ/mol}$, so the reaction is exothermic.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the required subtraction. Energy released must be subtracted from energy taken in, giving $920-760=+160\\ \\text{kJ/mol}$, so the reaction is endothermic."},{"text":"The overall change is $920 - 760 = \\textbf{+160 kJ/mol}$, so the reaction is exothermic.","correct":false,"explanation":"The numerical calculation is correct, but a positive energy change means energy is absorbed overall. Therefore, the reaction is endothermic rather than exothermic."},{"text":"The overall change is $760 - 920 = \\textbf{-160 kJ/mol}$, so the reaction is endothermic.","correct":false,"explanation":"The subtraction has been reversed, and a negative change would indicate an exothermic reaction. The correct calculation gives $+160\\ \\text{kJ/mol}$, making the reaction endothermic."}]},{"id":"4c6738bf-4bf7-45e3-b43d-485fc951b418","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"For $2\\text{H}_2 + \\text{O}_2 \\rightarrow 2\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$, bonds broken total $1370\\ \\text{kJ/mol}$ and bonds made total $1852\\ \\text{kJ/mol}$. What is the result?","back":"The calculation gives $1370 - 1852 = \\textbf{-482 kJ/mol}$, so the reaction is exothermic.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The calculation gives $1370 - 1852 = \\textbf{-482 kJ/mol}$, so the reaction is exothermic.","correct":true,"explanation":"Bond-making energy is subtracted from bond-breaking energy, giving $-482\\ \\text{kJ/mol}$. The negative result shows that more energy is released than absorbed, so the reaction is exothermic."},{"text":"The calculation gives $1852 - 1370 = \\textbf{+482 kJ/mol}$, so the reaction is endothermic.","correct":false,"explanation":"This subtracts in the wrong order. Bond energies give $1370-1852=-482\\ \\text{kJ/mol}$, and the negative result means the reaction is exothermic."},{"text":"The calculation gives $1370 - 1852 = \\textbf{-482 kJ/mol}$, so the reaction is endothermic.","correct":false,"explanation":"The calculated value is right, but its classification is reversed. A negative energy change means energy is released overall, so the reaction is exothermic."},{"text":"The calculation gives $1852 - 1370 = \\textbf{+482 kJ/mol}$, so the reaction is exothermic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing the subtraction produces the wrong positive sign, which would also indicate an endothermic reaction. The correct result is $-482\\ \\text{kJ/mol}$ and exothermic."}]},{"id":"399c926c-a278-424c-ae0d-9ff87bc8eba6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Energy must be supplied to break existing [ ].","back":"Energy must be supplied to break existing covalent bonds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"covalent bonds","correct":true,"explanation":"Covalent bonds are strong electrostatic attractions between shared electrons and atomic nuclei. Energy must be supplied to overcome these attractions and separate the bonded atoms."},{"text":"ionic bonds","correct":false,"explanation":"Ionic bonding is a different type of chemical bonding and is not the bonding specified here. The existing covalent bonds between atoms must be broken using energy."},{"text":"intermolecular forces","correct":false,"explanation":"Intermolecular forces act between separate molecules rather than joining atoms within a molecule. Bond-energy calculations concern the energy required to break existing covalent bonds."},{"text":"molecules","correct":false,"explanation":"Molecules are groups of bonded atoms, not the attractive links being broken. Energy is supplied to break the covalent bonds within the reacting molecules."}]},{"id":"adb3189e-b942-4795-b8c8-c0e3815c3c66","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Energy is released when new covalent bonds [ ].","back":"Energy is released when new covalent bonds form.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"form","correct":true,"explanation":"When atoms form new covalent bonds, they move into a more stable, lower-energy arrangement. The energy difference is released to the surroundings."},{"text":"break","correct":false,"explanation":"Breaking covalent bonds requires energy rather than releasing it. Energy is released when new covalent bonds form and the atoms enter a lower-energy arrangement."},{"text":"weaken","correct":false,"explanation":"Weakening a bond requires energy because the bonded atoms are being moved towards separation. Energy is released when new covalent bonds form, not when existing bonds weaken."},{"text":"disappear","correct":false,"explanation":"Bonds do not simply disappear during a reaction; existing bonds are broken using energy. Energy is released specifically when new covalent bonds form between atoms."}]},{"id":"dd030c48-31c3-4251-9e60-2c4815f2140e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The overall energy change equals $\\text{energy to break bonds} - \\text{energy released \\text{[...]}}$.","back":"The overall energy change equals $\\text{energy to break bonds} - \\text{energy released \\boxed{making bonds}}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"making bonds","correct":true,"explanation":"The overall change is calculated by subtracting the energy released during bond formation from the energy required to break the reactants’ bonds."},{"text":"breaking bonds","correct":false,"explanation":"Bond breaking absorbs energy rather than releasing it. The correct calculation subtracts the energy released when making bonds from the energy required to break bonds."},{"text":"heating products","correct":false,"explanation":"Bond-energy calculations compare energy absorbed during bond breaking with energy released during bond formation. Heating products is not the source of the released energy in this equation."},{"text":"cooling reactants","correct":false,"explanation":"Cooling reactants is unrelated to the bond-energy calculation. The subtracted quantity is the energy released when new bonds are made in the products."}]},{"id":"78d78eac-a04e-4fe9-84d5-a26c29178e0a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For $2\\text{H}_2 + \\text{O}_2 \\rightarrow 2\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$, the reactants contain [ ] and one O=O bond.","back":"For $2\\text{H}_2 + \\text{O}_2 \\rightarrow 2\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$, the reactants contain two H-H bonds and one O=O bond.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"two H-H bonds","correct":true,"explanation":"The coefficient 2 before $\\text{H}_2$ represents two hydrogen molecules. Each $\\text{H}_2$ molecule contains one H-H bond, giving two altogether."},{"text":"one H-H bond","correct":false,"explanation":"This counts the bond in only one $\\text{H}_2$ molecule and ignores the coefficient 2. Two hydrogen molecules contain two H-H bonds altogether."},{"text":"four H-H bonds","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly counts each hydrogen atom as a separate bond. Each of the two $\\text{H}_2$ molecules has one H-H bond, giving two bonds."},{"text":"two O-H bonds","correct":false,"explanation":"O-H bonds occur in the water products, not in the hydrogen and oxygen reactants. The two $\\text{H}_2$ molecules contain two H-H bonds."}]},{"id":"ff494fbb-64d0-45b8-83fc-39ff24ada2ef","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the same reaction, the two water molecules contain [ ].","back":"In the same reaction, the two water molecules contain four O-H bonds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"four O-H bonds","correct":true,"explanation":"Each water molecule has two O-H bonds. Since the equation produces two $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$ molecules, there are four O-H bonds in total."},{"text":"two O-H bonds","correct":false,"explanation":"This counts the bonds in only one water molecule. Each of the two water molecules contains two O-H bonds, giving four altogether."},{"text":"four H-H bonds","correct":false,"explanation":"Water contains O-H bonds rather than H-H bonds. Two water molecules each contain two O-H bonds, so four O-H bonds are formed."},{"text":"two O=O bonds","correct":false,"explanation":"O=O is the bond in an oxygen molecule and is broken during the reaction. The two water products instead contain four O-H bonds."}]},{"id":"9cc6fb2a-6cb5-4bc7-9926-00650478a3d5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The bond energies needed for calculations are [ ], so they do not need to be memorised.","back":"The bond energies needed for calculations are given in the question, so they do not need to be memorised.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"given in the question","correct":true,"explanation":"GCSE bond-energy questions provide the required mean bond energies in a table or within the question. These values are then selected and used in the calculation."},{"text":"memorised in advance","correct":false,"explanation":"Individual mean bond energies are not expected to be recalled from memory. The necessary values are given in the question for use in the calculation."},{"text":"calculated from masses","correct":false,"explanation":"Reactant masses do not directly provide bond energies. The required mean bond-energy values are supplied in the question and used to calculate the overall change."},{"text":"read from the equation","correct":false,"explanation":"A chemical equation shows the substances and their ratios, but not numerical bond energies. The required bond-energy values are given separately in the question."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-17","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"5.1.3 The energy change of reactions (HT only)","title":"5.1.3 The energy change of reactions (HT only) Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/chemistry/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"b9d58c23-15cb-5384-91f3-9a23a655dd45","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]