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22:[["$","$L31",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L32",["$","$L33",null,{"href":"/gcse/chemistry/aqa/state-symbols/flashcards","label":"2.2.2 State symbols","subjectCode":"gcse_chemistry__aqa","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L34",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L35",null,{"decks":[{"id":"4b3e5ca0-4b2a-4830-8ed7-b7f2a3f0a42e","title":"2.2.2 State symbols Flashcards","topicId":"28036a8d-0f7c-52e7-8c07-8450f222eed7","topicSlug":"state-symbols","cards":[{"id":"e2a41f13-afa0-4ce5-9044-d02aca6e5d11","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What information does a state symbol give in a chemical equation?","back":"It shows a substance's physical state in an equation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It shows a substance's physical state in an equation.","correct":true,"explanation":"The state symbol identifies whether the substance is solid, liquid, aqueous, or gaseous under the conditions represented by the equation."},{"text":"It shows a substance's chemical formula in an equation.","correct":false,"explanation":"The formula already identifies a substance's chemical composition; the state symbol instead shows its physical state, such as solid, liquid, aqueous, or gas."},{"text":"It shows a substance's relative formula mass in an equation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Relative formula mass is calculated from atomic masses and is not represented by a state symbol. The symbol indicates the substance's physical state."},{"text":"It shows a substance's reaction condition in an equation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reaction conditions include factors such as temperature or pressure, whereas a state symbol identifies whether the substance is solid, liquid, aqueous, or gaseous."}]},{"id":"956d7dfe-4b05-460d-a545-ad269f08388b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"State symbols are [ ].","back":"State symbols are lower-case letters in round brackets.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"lower-case letters in round brackets","correct":true,"explanation":"State symbols use lower-case letters inside round brackets, for example (s), (l), (g), and (aq), to show a substance's physical state."},{"text":"upper-case letters in square brackets","correct":false,"explanation":"Square brackets and capital letters are not the convention for state symbols. The correct notation uses lower-case letters enclosed in round brackets."},{"text":"lower-case letters in square brackets","correct":false,"explanation":"The letters are correctly identified as lower-case, but state symbols are enclosed in round brackets rather than square brackets."},{"text":"chemical formulas in round brackets","correct":false,"explanation":"Round brackets are used, but state symbols contain short lower-case labels for physical states, not complete chemical formulas."}]},{"id":"1ce55bc3-e819-4473-80d7-13cf2c6c02d7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is a state symbol written?","back":"Immediately after the formula it describes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Immediately after the formula it describes.","correct":true,"explanation":"A state symbol is placed directly after the chemical formula so that it clearly identifies the physical state of that particular substance."},{"text":"Immediately before the formula it describes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Placing the symbol before the formula reverses the standard notation. It should follow directly after the formula whose physical state it identifies."},{"text":"At the beginning of the chemical equation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A state symbol applies to one substance, not to the entire equation, so it must be written beside that substance's formula."},{"text":"After the coefficient before the formula it describes.","correct":false,"explanation":"The state symbol follows the complete formula, including any subscripts; a coefficient comes before the formula and does not separate it from its state symbol."}]},{"id":"5b1f26af-bb99-4a1f-ade5-6b2ed9c57d6c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Are state symbols part of a substance's chemical formula?","back":"They are not part of the chemical formula.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are not part of the chemical formula.","correct":true,"explanation":"State symbols give physical-state information alongside a formula. They do not alter the chemical formula or the identity and composition of the substance."},{"text":"They are an essential part of the chemical formula.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding a state symbol does not change the substance's chemical formula. It is separate information showing physical state, so it is not part of the formula."},{"text":"They are a replacement for the chemical formula.","correct":false,"explanation":"A state symbol cannot identify the substance's composition and therefore cannot replace its formula. It only states whether the substance is solid, liquid, aqueous, or gaseous."},{"text":"They are a coefficient in the chemical formula.","correct":false,"explanation":"Coefficients show the relative amounts of substances, while state symbols show physical state. A state symbol is separate from both the coefficient and the formula."}]},{"id":"27b61fa3-408e-467a-8635-984de89de766","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which state symbol is used for a solid?","back":"$(\\text{s})$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$(\\text{s})$","correct":true,"explanation":"The lower-case letter s in round brackets is the state symbol for a solid substance, such as iron(s) or sodium chloride(s)."},{"text":"$(\\text{l})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The letter l denotes a pure liquid, not a solid. A solid is represented by the lower-case letter s in round brackets."},{"text":"$(\\text{g})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The letter g denotes a gas, so it cannot represent a solid. The solid state uses the lower-case letter s in round brackets."},{"text":"$(\\text{aq})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The label aq means dissolved in water, not solid. A solid substance is represented by (s), using a lower-case s in round brackets."}]},{"id":"8a3b3adc-b011-4c4c-804b-80bfe18b2114","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which state symbol is used for a pure liquid?","back":"$(\\text{l})$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$(\\text{l})$","correct":true,"explanation":"The lower-case letter l in round brackets represents a pure liquid, such as liquid water or liquid bromine."},{"text":"$(\\text{s})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The letter s represents a solid, not a pure liquid. A pure liquid is shown using the lower-case letter l in round brackets."},{"text":"$(\\text{g})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The letter g represents a gas, so it is not suitable for a pure liquid. Liquids use the state symbol (l)."},{"text":"$(\\text{aq})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The symbol aq means a substance is dissolved in water, which is different from a pure liquid. A pure liquid uses (l)."}]},{"id":"d6bdf525-e143-49b8-99ce-42ba81d5dffb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which state symbol is used for a gas?","back":"$(\\text{g})$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$(\\text{g})$","correct":true,"explanation":"The lower-case letter g in round brackets is the state symbol for a gas, such as oxygen(g) or carbon dioxide(g)."},{"text":"$(\\text{s})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The letter s identifies a solid rather than a gas. Gaseous substances are represented by the lower-case letter g in round brackets."},{"text":"$(\\text{l})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The letter l identifies a pure liquid, not a gas. The gas state is shown using the lower-case letter g in round brackets."},{"text":"$(\\text{aq})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The symbol aq identifies a substance dissolved in water. It does not mean gas; gaseous substances use the symbol (g)."}]},{"id":"ac533e6c-9fc7-4d2d-8c6a-a3e34bd6ef64","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which state symbol is used for a substance dissolved in water?","back":"$(\\text{aq})$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$(\\text{aq})$","correct":true,"explanation":"The state symbol aq means aqueous, indicating that the substance is dissolved in water rather than present as a pure solid, liquid, or gas."},{"text":"$(\\text{s})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The symbol s means solid and does not indicate dissolving in water. A substance dissolved in water is represented by the aqueous symbol (aq)."},{"text":"$(\\text{l})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The symbol l means a pure liquid. A solution is not represented as a pure liquid; it uses (aq) to show dissolution in water."},{"text":"$(\\text{g})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The symbol g means gas and gives no indication that a substance is dissolved in water. Dissolved substances are labelled aqueous, (aq)."}]},{"id":"cc284bd9-8189-41f8-96d2-cb4e6e642896","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An aqueous solution is a substance [ ].","back":"An aqueous solution is a substance dissolved in water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"dissolved in water","correct":true,"explanation":"An aqueous solution contains a substance that has dissolved in water. The word aqueous means water-based, so this describes the solution rather than merely saying that water is present."},{"text":"mixed with water but still separate","correct":false,"explanation":"A physical mixture can contain water without the other substance dissolving. The correct description is dissolved in water, because an aqueous solution requires the solute to form a solution."},{"text":"solidified by cooling","correct":false,"explanation":"Cooling may change a substance into a solid, but it does not define an aqueous solution. The correct description is dissolved in water, which identifies a water-based solution."},{"text":"evaporated from water","correct":false,"explanation":"Evaporation removes water from a solution rather than defining an aqueous solution. The correct description is dissolved in water, meaning the substance is the solute within the water-based solution."}]},{"id":"d9fc730b-02c3-491b-86b5-3fa65a2a9669","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which symbol is used for sodium chloride dissolved in water?","back":"Use $(\\text{aq})$, because it is dissolved in water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Use $(\\text{aq})$, because it is dissolved in water.","correct":true,"explanation":"The state symbol $(\\text{aq})$ means aqueous and is used when a substance is dissolved in water. Sodium chloride forms an aqueous solution when dissolved."},{"text":"Use $(\\text{l})$, because it is a pure liquid.","correct":false,"explanation":"The symbol $(\\text{l})$ describes a pure liquid state, not a substance dissolved in water. Sodium chloride in solution must be labelled $(\\text{aq})$."},{"text":"Use $(\\text{g})$, because it spreads through the water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spreading through water does not make a solute a gas; the particles are dissolved in the liquid. The correct symbol is $(\\text{aq})$ for an aqueous solution."},{"text":"Use $(\\text{s})$, because sodium chloride is normally a solid.","correct":false,"explanation":"The symbol $(\\text{s})$ describes undissolved solid sodium chloride. Once it dissolves in water, its state symbol changes to $(\\text{aq})$, regardless of its usual state."}]},{"id":"78fc916a-8ef0-4589-bd97-f0e557862dc4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which symbol is used for a pure liquid not dissolved in water?","back":"Use $(\\text{l})$, because it is a pure liquid.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Use $(\\text{l})$, because it is a pure liquid.","correct":true,"explanation":"The symbol $(\\text{l})$ represents a pure substance in the liquid state. It is used when the liquid itself is not being described as dissolved in water."},{"text":"Use $(\\text{aq})$, because all liquids contain water.","correct":false,"explanation":"A liquid does not necessarily contain water, and $(\\text{aq})$ specifically means dissolved in water. A pure liquid not dissolved in water uses $(\\text{l})$."},{"text":"Use $(\\text{s})$, because the particles are close together.","correct":false,"explanation":"Particles being close together also occurs in liquids, so that does not make the substance solid. A pure liquid is represented by $(\\text{l})$, not $(\\text{s})$."},{"text":"Use $(\\text{g})$, because liquids can flow and spread.","correct":false,"explanation":"Flowing and spreading are properties of liquids, not evidence that a substance is gaseous. The correct state symbol for a pure liquid is $(\\text{l})$."}]},{"id":"dd02facd-541d-484b-a421-f0ec4f1230b5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is a substance containing water not necessarily labelled $(\\text{aq})$?","back":"$(\\text{aq})$ means dissolved in water; water-containing substances are not automatically aqueous.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$(\\text{aq})$ means dissolved in water; water-containing substances are not automatically aqueous.","correct":true,"explanation":"Aqueous describes a substance that has dissolved in water, not simply any substance that contains water. Water may be present without acting as the solvent for a dissolved substance."},{"text":"$(\\text{aq})$ means contains water; every substance with water is automatically aqueous.","correct":false,"explanation":"Containing water is broader than being aqueous: the substance must be dissolved in the water. A water-containing material is not automatically labelled $(\\text{aq})$."},{"text":"$(\\text{aq})$ means a pure liquid; only substances without water are aqueous.","correct":false,"explanation":"The symbol $(\\text{aq})$ does not mean pure liquid; $(\\text{l})$ represents that state. Aqueous specifically means dissolved in water, so water is required."},{"text":"$(\\text{aq})$ means heated water; any substance at high temperature is automatically aqueous.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperature does not define an aqueous substance. The symbol $(\\text{aq})$ is used when a substance is dissolved in water, whether or not the solution is heated."}]},{"id":"a24f2bea-e676-4ae1-838d-569c5cdd5d36","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A substance described as molten has state symbol $\\text{[...]}$.","back":"A substance described as molten has state symbol $\\boxed{(\\text{l})}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$(\\text{l})$","correct":true,"explanation":"Molten means melted, so the substance is in the liquid state. The correct state symbol for a molten substance is $(\\text{l})$."},{"text":"$$(\\text{s})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The symbol $(\\text{s})$ represents a solid, whereas molten means the substance has melted and is liquid. The correct symbol is $(\\text{l})$."},{"text":"$$(\\text{aq})$","correct":false,"explanation":"Molten describes a liquid formed by melting, not a substance dissolved in water. The correct state symbol is $(\\text{l})$; $(\\text{aq})$ would indicate an aqueous solution."},{"text":"$$(\\text{g})$","correct":false,"explanation":"Melting changes a solid into a liquid rather than directly into a gas. Therefore molten substances use $(\\text{l})$, while $(\\text{g})$ represents the gaseous state."}]},{"id":"8dcab47c-0e02-427f-9fff-c597924ff948","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the state-symbol difference between $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{l})$ and $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{g})$?","back":"$(\\text{l})$ is liquid water; $(\\text{g})$ is steam.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$(\\text{l})$ is liquid water; $(\\text{g})$ is steam.","correct":true,"explanation":"The symbol $(\\text{l})$ identifies water in the liquid state, while $(\\text{g})$ identifies water vapour or steam in the gaseous state."},{"text":"$(\\text{l})$ is steam; $(\\text{g})$ is liquid water.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two state symbols have been reversed. $(\\text{l})$ means liquid water, whereas $(\\text{g})$ means steam or water vapour."},{"text":"$(\\text{l})$ is dissolved water; $(\\text{g})$ is solid ice.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dissolving is represented by $(\\text{aq})$, and solid ice is represented by $(\\text{s})$. The symbols here distinguish liquid water, $(\\text{l})$, from steam, $(\\text{g})$."},{"text":"$(\\text{l})$ is solid ice; $(\\text{g})$ is dissolved water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solid ice requires $(\\text{s})$, while dissolved water would involve $(\\text{aq})$ in an appropriate solution. The correct meanings are liquid water for $(\\text{l})$ and steam for $(\\text{g})$."}]},{"id":"3cd6d9ee-aa87-4bf8-9d05-486fc227e21f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What determines the correct state symbol for a substance?","back":"The substance and the reaction conditions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The substance and the reaction conditions.","correct":true,"explanation":"The substance matters because different substances have different physical properties, while reaction conditions such as temperature and pressure can change its state. Both determine the correct symbol."},{"text":"The colour and the reaction conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Colour does not determine whether a substance is solid, liquid, gas, or aqueous. The correct factors are the substance itself and the reaction conditions affecting its state."},{"text":"The substance and the equation length.","correct":false,"explanation":"The number of terms or symbols in an equation has no effect on physical state. The correct state symbol depends on the substance and the reaction conditions."},{"text":"The mass and the container shape.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass and container shape do not generally determine the state symbol used in a chemical equation. It is determined by the substance and the reaction conditions."}]},{"id":"8f6d6e7b-bb5e-41fb-8591-77a04385e8e8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The same substance can have different state symbols under different [ ].","back":"The same substance can have different state symbols under different conditions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"conditions","correct":true,"explanation":"Temperature and pressure are conditions that can change a substance's physical state. Consequently, the same substance may require different state symbols under different conditions."},{"text":"colours","correct":false,"explanation":"Colour does not normally cause a substance to change between solid, liquid, gas, or aqueous descriptions. The correct term is conditions, especially temperature and pressure."},{"text":"equations","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing the equation does not itself change the physical state of a substance. The correct term is conditions, because temperature and pressure can alter its state."},{"text":"containers","correct":false,"explanation":"A container may hold a substance but does not usually determine its physical state. The correct term is conditions, such as temperature and pressure, which can change the state symbol."}]},{"id":"624b7f0a-e770-47c7-80c8-a3b68bdcf190","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a coefficient show in a balanced equation?","back":"A large whole number before a formula showing relative particles or moles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A large whole number before a formula showing relative particles or moles.","correct":true,"explanation":"A coefficient is the large whole number placed before a chemical formula. It gives the ratio of particles or moles involved in the balanced reaction."},{"text":"A small decimal number after a formula showing relative masses or volumes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Decimals are not used as coefficients in the balanced equation format, and the position is wrong. The correct description refers to a large whole number before a formula showing particles or moles."},{"text":"A large whole number after a formula showing the element’s atomic number.","correct":false,"explanation":"The position is reversed, and atomic number is not represented by a coefficient. The correct answer is a large whole number before a formula showing relative particles or moles."},{"text":"A small whole number before a formula showing relative charges or masses.","correct":false,"explanation":"A coefficient represents relative particles or moles, not charges or masses, and it is described as a large whole number in an equation. Charges are shown separately in chemical formulae."}]},{"id":"18a06c65-1d41-4fe2-be22-3d45527e733b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is a coefficient placed in a chemical equation?","back":"Before the formula.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Before the formula.","correct":true,"explanation":"A coefficient is written immediately before the chemical formula it multiplies, such as the 2 in $2\\text{Mg}$. It applies to every particle represented by that formula."},{"text":"After the formula.","correct":false,"explanation":"Placing a number after the formula would usually indicate a subscript or charge rather than a coefficient. The correct position is before the formula, where it multiplies the substance."},{"text":"Above the formula.","correct":false,"explanation":"Numbers written above a formula can represent charges or other information, but they do not show how many particles or moles are involved. A coefficient is placed before the formula."},{"text":"Below the formula.","correct":false,"explanation":"A number below the formula is not the standard position for a coefficient and could be confused with a subscript. The coefficient belongs before the chemical formula."}]},{"id":"66ce8ba7-f997-4878-9ec4-cac7252854aa","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In $2\\text{Mg}(\\text{s})$, the coefficient is $\\text{[...]}$ and the state symbol is $(\\text{s})$.","back":"In $2\\text{Mg}(\\text{s})$, the coefficient is $\\boxed{2}$ and the state symbol is $(\\text{s})$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$2$","correct":true,"explanation":"The coefficient is the number placed before the formula, so the 2 indicates two magnesium particles or moles. The bracketed $(\\text{s})$ separately identifies the solid state."},{"text":"$$1$","correct":false,"explanation":"A missing coefficient is understood as 1, but the displayed equation explicitly has two magnesium units. Therefore the coefficient is $2$, while $(\\text{s})$ is the state symbol."},{"text":"$$\\text{s}$","correct":false,"explanation":"The letter s describes the solid state and is part of the state symbol, not the coefficient. The coefficient is the number before magnesium, namely $2$."},{"text":"$$\\text{Mg}$","correct":false,"explanation":"The chemical symbol identifies magnesium rather than showing its amount. The coefficient is the number immediately before it, which is $2$."}]},{"id":"5247d2fc-1094-4bef-bf4c-ec54c07a41b4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In $2\\text{Mg}(\\text{s})$, the coefficient is $2$ and the state symbol is $\\text{[...]}$.","back":"In $2\\text{Mg}(\\text{s})$, the coefficient is $2$ and the state symbol is $\\boxed{(\\text{s})}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$(\\text{s})$","correct":true,"explanation":"The state symbol appears in brackets after the formula and $(\\text{s})$ means magnesium is solid. The number before the formula is the separate coefficient $2$."},{"text":"$$(\\text{l})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The letter l means liquid, but magnesium is shown as a solid in this equation. The correct state symbol is $(\\text{s})$, written after the formula."},{"text":"$$(\\text{g})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The letter g denotes a gas, which does not describe the physical state of magnesium in this equation. The correct symbol is $(\\text{s})$ for solid."},{"text":"$$(\\text{aq})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The symbol aq means dissolved in water, whereas the magnesium here is present as a solid element. Its state symbol is $(\\text{s})$."}]},{"id":"8dd92ea9-5d8e-43a8-85e1-9d9a99ce151c","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Write the state-symbol equation for burning magnesium.","back":"$$2\\text{Mg}(\\text{s}) + \\text{O}_2(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow 2\\text{MgO}(\\text{s})$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$2\\text{Mg}(\\text{s}) + \\text{O}_2(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow 2\\text{MgO}(\\text{s})$","correct":true,"explanation":"Magnesium burns in oxygen to form solid magnesium oxide. The coefficients balance two magnesium atoms and two oxygen atoms, while the state symbols show solid magnesium, gaseous oxygen, and solid product."},{"text":"$$\\text{Mg}(\\text{s}) + \\text{O}_2(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow \\text{MgO}(\\text{s})$","correct":false,"explanation":"This omits the coefficient needed to balance oxygen and magnesium atoms: two oxygen atoms enter as $\\text{O}_2$. The balanced equation therefore uses 2Mg and 2MgO."},{"text":"$$2\\text{Mg}(\\text{s}) + \\text{O}_2(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow \\text{MgO}_2(\\text{s})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The product formula has been incorrectly changed to magnesium peroxide. Burning magnesium produces magnesium oxide, $\\text{MgO}$, and balancing then requires the coefficient 2 before it."},{"text":"$$\\text{Mg}(\\text{s}) + \\text{O}_2(\\text{l}) \\rightarrow \\text{MgO}(\\text{aq})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The equation has both an incorrect balance and incorrect states: oxygen is a gas and magnesium oxide is solid. The correct balanced form uses 2Mg, gaseous oxygen, and 2MgO(s)."}]},{"id":"bc9c97d1-68c7-49e8-9776-1e818c58dc4f","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Write the state-symbol equation for hydrochloric acid reacting with sodium hydroxide.","back":"$$\\text{HCl}(\\text{aq}) + \\text{NaOH}(\\text{aq}) \\rightarrow \\text{NaCl}(\\text{aq}) + \\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{l})$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$\\text{HCl}(\\text{aq}) + \\text{NaOH}(\\text{aq}) \\rightarrow \\text{NaCl}(\\text{aq}) + \\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{l})$","correct":true,"explanation":"Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide are aqueous reactants, producing aqueous sodium chloride and liquid water. Each formula is balanced and every substance has the appropriate state symbol."},{"text":"$$\\text{HCl}(\\text{l}) + \\text{NaOH}(\\text{l}) \\rightarrow \\text{NaCl}(\\text{s}) + \\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{g})$","correct":false,"explanation":"The substances are incorrectly labelled as pure liquids, solid salt, and steam. In the usual neutralisation equation, the solutions are aqueous, sodium chloride remains aqueous, and water is liquid."},{"text":"$$\\text{HCl}(\\text{aq}) + \\text{NaOH}(\\text{aq}) \\rightarrow \\text{NaCl}(\\text{s}) + \\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{l})$","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the reactant states and water state are correct, sodium chloride is dissolved in the solution rather than shown as a solid precipitate. Its state symbol should be $(\\text{aq})$."},{"text":"$$2\\text{HCl}(\\text{aq}) + \\text{NaOH}(\\text{aq}) \\rightarrow \\text{NaCl}(\\text{aq}) + \\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{l})$","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding 2 before hydrochloric acid creates unequal hydrogen and chlorine totals, so the equation is no longer balanced. The neutralisation occurs in a 1:1 ratio, with no coefficient before HCl."}]},{"id":"7d96b83a-f0a1-48a8-a96d-1ac42cb3cb97","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What two checks ensure an equation has complete state symbols?","back":"

Every reactant and product has a symbol
Symbols match the stated conditions

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Every reactant and product has a symbol
Symbols match the stated conditions

","correct":true,"explanation":"A complete state-symbol equation labels every reactant and product, and each label must agree with the conditions described. This prevents substances being assigned the wrong physical state."},{"text":"

Every formula has a coefficient
Symbols match the stated elements

","correct":false,"explanation":"Coefficients are needed for balancing, but they do not make state symbols complete. The correct checks are that every reactant and product has a symbol and that symbols match the conditions."},{"text":"

Every reactant has a symbol
Products match the stated coefficients

","correct":false,"explanation":"Products also require state symbols, and coefficients describe quantities rather than physical conditions. The correct checks cover every reactant and product and agreement with the stated conditions."},{"text":"

Every product has a symbol
Symbols match the stated temperatures

","correct":false,"explanation":"Reactants need state symbols as well as products, while conditions include more than temperature alone. The correct test requires all substances to be labelled and symbols to match the stated conditions."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-17","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"2.2.2 State symbols","title":"2.2.2 State symbols Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/chemistry/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L36"}]}],"topicId":"28036a8d-0f7c-52e7-8c07-8450f222eed7","walled":"$L37"}],"$L38","$L39"]