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and water to make glucose, releasing oxygen. As algae and plants photosynthesised, carbon dioxide was removed from the early atmosphere."},{"text":"Respiration removed carbon dioxide from the air and added oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, so it would increase atmospheric carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis removed carbon dioxide while producing oxygen."},{"text":"Combustion removed carbon dioxide from the air and added oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Combustion uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, rather than removing it. Photosynthesis was the process that reduced carbon dioxide and added oxygen."},{"text":"Decomposition removed carbon dioxide from the air and added oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Decomposition of dead material generally releases carbon dioxide as microorganisms respire. Photosynthesis removed atmospheric carbon dioxide and released oxygen."}]},{"id":"60c8df62-16ac-4418-b50c-3cd1152823f5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which organisms carried out the photosynthesis that reduced atmospheric carbon dioxide?","back":"Algae and plants.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Algae and plants.","correct":true,"explanation":"Algae and plants contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis, taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. Their activity reduced the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere."},{"text":"Animals and fungi.","correct":false,"explanation":"Animals and fungi do not carry out photosynthesis; they obtain energy from organic material and usually release carbon dioxide. Algae and plants carried out the relevant photosynthesis."},{"text":"Bacteria and viruses.","correct":false,"explanation":"Viruses cannot carry out photosynthesis, and bacteria are not the organisms identified here as the main photosynthesising life. Algae and plants reduced atmospheric carbon dioxide."},{"text":"Mammals and insects.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mammals and insects respire and release carbon dioxide rather than removing it through photosynthesis. Algae and plants carried out the photosynthesis that reduced atmospheric carbon dioxide."}]},{"id":"6f9cf79f-643c-49a0-abc3-3115623e1846","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happened to the proportion of carbon dioxide in the early atmosphere?","back":"The proportion of carbon dioxide fell steeply over time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The proportion of carbon dioxide fell steeply over time.","correct":true,"explanation":"Photosynthesis removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, while dissolution into oceans and carbonate formation stored more carbon. Consequently, the atmospheric proportion fell steeply over time."},{"text":"The proportion of carbon dioxide rose steeply over time.","correct":false,"explanation":"The early atmosphere lost carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, ocean dissolution and carbonate formation. Its proportion therefore fell steeply rather than rising."},{"text":"The proportion of carbon dioxide stayed constant over time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Several processes progressively removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, so its proportion did not remain constant. It fell steeply over time."},{"text":"The proportion of carbon dioxide fluctuated without changing overall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although individual processes could vary, the overall effect was substantial carbon dioxide removal. The proportion fell steeply over time rather than showing no net change."}]},{"id":"de2c325e-9fda-410b-b2c5-796233aa2892","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where was the carbon taken in during photosynthesis stored?","back":"Biomass as the organisms grew.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Biomass as the organisms grew.","correct":true,"explanation":"Photosynthesis converted carbon dioxide into carbon compounds such as glucose. These compounds became part of the organisms' biomass as algae and plants grew."},{"text":"Oxygen as the organisms respired.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is released during photosynthesis and is not where the absorbed carbon is stored. The carbon became part of the organisms' biomass as they grew."},{"text":"Water in the organisms' cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water is a reactant in photosynthesis but does not store the carbon taken from carbon dioxide. That carbon was incorporated into biomass."},{"text":"Nitrogen in the atmosphere.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrogen is not the carbon-containing product formed from absorbed carbon dioxide. The carbon was stored in biomass as the photosynthesising organisms grew."}]},{"id":"d6c6e73b-fcf8-4715-af50-2b6a5136c7d1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What products form when carbon dioxide and water react in photosynthesis?","back":"Glucose and oxygen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Glucose and oxygen.","correct":true,"explanation":"Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen. Light energy drives the reaction, with glucose storing chemical energy for the organism."},{"text":"Carbon monoxide and hydrogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are not the products of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide and water react to form glucose and oxygen, with the glucose containing the captured carbon."},{"text":"Ethane and oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis does release oxygen, but its carbon-containing product is glucose, not ethane. The balanced reaction produces glucose and oxygen."},{"text":"Glucose and carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is a reactant in photosynthesis, not a product. The process forms glucose and releases oxygen."}]},{"id":"977e1b8e-d18c-478d-8694-4890f99835a9","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which reactants are used in photosynthesis?","back":"Carbon dioxide and water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Carbon dioxide and water.","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide supplies carbon and water supplies hydrogen and oxygen for photosynthesis. Light energy is also required, but it is not a reactant."},{"text":"Glucose and oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose and oxygen are the products of photosynthesis, not its reactants. The reactants are carbon dioxide and water."},{"text":"Carbon monoxide and hydrogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"These substances are not the reactants used in the photosynthesis equation. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water."},{"text":"Calcium carbonate and oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calcium carbonate is associated with carbonate rocks and shells, not the photosynthesis reaction. The reactants are carbon dioxide and water."}]},{"id":"fdc11a98-3be5-47e4-8d31-dccf39a09c71","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis?","back":"$$6\\text{CO}_2 + 6\\text{H}_2\\text{O} \\rightarrow \\text{C}_6\\text{H}_{12}\\text{O}_6 + 6\\text{O}_2$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$6\\text{CO}_2 + 6\\text{H}_2\\text{O} \\rightarrow \\text{C}_6\\text{H}_{12}\\text{O}_6 + 6\\text{O}_2$","correct":true,"explanation":"Six carbon dioxide molecules and six water molecules provide the atoms needed for one glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules. Each element is balanced on both sides."},{"text":"$$\\text{CO}_2 + \\text{H}_2\\text{O} \\rightarrow \\text{C}_6\\text{H}_{12}\\text{O}_6 + \\text{O}_2$","correct":false,"explanation":"Using coefficients of one does not balance the carbon, hydrogen or oxygen atoms. The correct equation uses six carbon dioxide, six water and six oxygen molecules."},{"text":"$$6\\text{CO}_2 + 6\\text{H}_2\\text{O} \\rightarrow 6\\text{C}_6\\text{H}_{12}\\text{O}_6 + \\text{O}_2$","correct":false,"explanation":"The coefficient has been placed on glucose instead of oxygen, giving incorrect atom totals. One glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules are formed."},{"text":"$$6\\text{CO}_2 + \\text{H}_2\\text{O} \\rightarrow \\text{C}_6\\text{H}_{12}\\text{O}_6 + 6\\text{O}_2$","correct":false,"explanation":"Six water molecules are needed to balance hydrogen and oxygen; using one leaves the equation unbalanced. The balanced equation has a coefficient of six before water."}]},{"id":"c0eacb64-7997-4672-b4e3-1e76b1612005","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did the oceans remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?","back":"Carbon dioxide is soluble, so large amounts dissolved into the oceans.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Carbon dioxide is soluble, so large amounts dissolved into the oceans.","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is soluble in water, so the oceans absorbed and stored large amounts from the atmosphere. This reduced the atmospheric concentration."},{"text":"Oxygen is soluble, so large amounts dissolved into the oceans.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen can dissolve in seawater, but it was not the atmospheric gas whose removal explains the falling carbon dioxide proportion. Carbon dioxide is soluble and dissolved in the oceans."},{"text":"Nitrogen is reactive, so large amounts dissolved into the oceans.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrogen is relatively unreactive and this does not explain the removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide dissolved because it is soluble in water."},{"text":"Carbon dioxide is insoluble, so large amounts sank into the oceans.","correct":false,"explanation":"The misconception reverses the relevant property: carbon dioxide is soluble, allowing it to dissolve in seawater. Insolubility would not explain ocean uptake."}]},{"id":"56e1090e-cb55-4a32-82b5-e3b0355d7619","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What substances formed when carbon dioxide dissolved in the oceans?","back":"They formed carbonates, including calcium carbonate, $\\text{CaCO}_3$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They formed carbonates, including calcium carbonate, $\\text{CaCO}_3$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dissolved carbon dioxide reacted in seawater and ultimately formed carbonate substances. Calcium carbonate was an important example, later used by sea creatures."},{"text":"They formed hydrocarbons, including calcium carbonate, $\\text{CaCO}_3$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calcium carbonate is a carbonate, not a hydrocarbon, because it contains calcium, carbon and oxygen. The substances formed were carbonates."},{"text":"They formed nitrates, including calcium carbonate, $\\text{CaCO}_3$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrates contain nitrogen and are not represented by calcium carbonate. Dissolved carbon dioxide led to the formation of carbonates."},{"text":"They formed carbonates, including calcium oxide, $\\text{CaO}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calcium oxide is not the carbonate compound formed from dissolved carbon dioxide in this context. Calcium carbonate, $\\text{CaCO}_3$, is the relevant example."}]},{"id":"da4df4e8-9cd0-4e05-bb31-30ade20bc621","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How did sea creatures use carbonate dissolved in the oceans?","back":"Many sea creatures used calcium carbonate to build their shells and skeletons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Many sea creatures used calcium carbonate to build their shells and skeletons.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sea creatures extracted calcium carbonate from seawater and used it as a hard structural material. Their shells and skeletons stored carbon that had originated as atmospheric carbon dioxide."},{"text":"Many sea creatures used calcium carbonate to build their leaves and roots.","correct":false,"explanation":"Leaves and roots are plant structures, not the structures built by sea creatures from calcium carbonate. Sea creatures used it for shells and skeletons."},{"text":"Many sea creatures used calcium carbonate to build their muscles and tissues.","correct":false,"explanation":"Muscles and soft tissues are not formed as calcium carbonate structures. Calcium carbonate was used to make hard shells and skeletons."},{"text":"Many sea creatures used calcium carbonate to build their stems and seeds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stems and seeds are plant structures and are not the carbonate-containing structures made by sea creatures. The relevant structures were shells and skeletons."}]},{"id":"22e40052-c39c-4ed0-95df-b878776be7bf","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happened to the carbonate-containing remains of dead sea creatures?","back":"Their remains sank and were compacted into sedimentary rock.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Their remains sank and were compacted into sedimentary rock.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dead sea creatures' carbonate-containing remains accumulated on the seabed. Burial, compaction and cementation eventually formed sedimentary rock, storing the carbon for long periods."},{"text":"Their remains sank and were melted into igneous rock.","correct":false,"explanation":"Igneous rock forms when molten rock cools, whereas these remains were buried and compacted. They became sedimentary rock."},{"text":"Their remains floated and were compacted into metamorphic rock.","correct":false,"explanation":"The remains sank to the seabed rather than floating, and compaction of sediments forms sedimentary rock. Metamorphic rock requires heat and pressure acting on existing rock."},{"text":"Their remains sank and were dissolved into sedimentary rock.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dissolving would not create the compacted rock described. The remains accumulated, sank and were compacted into sedimentary rock."}]},{"id":"9b7bdfca-39b1-4ba7-9a57-d3ef0fde4e46","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name a sedimentary rock that stores carbon from ancient atmospheric carbon dioxide.","back":"Limestone.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Limestone.","correct":true,"explanation":"Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock, commonly formed from calcium carbonate remains. It stores carbon that was originally present as atmospheric carbon dioxide."},{"text":"Granite.","correct":false,"explanation":"Granite is an igneous rock formed when molten material cools, not the carbonate sedimentary rock storing this carbon. Limestone is the relevant example."},{"text":"Basalt.","correct":false,"explanation":"Basalt is an igneous rock produced by cooled lava. The sedimentary rock that stores carbon from ancient atmospheric carbon dioxide is limestone."},{"text":"Marble.","correct":false,"explanation":"Marble is metamorphic rock formed when limestone is changed by heat and pressure. The named sedimentary carbon store is limestone."}]},{"id":"4b700513-2583-4069-b757-76b03f38ea92","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did the formation of carbonate rock reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide?","back":"It kept carbon out of the atmosphere for millions of years.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It kept carbon out of the atmosphere for millions of years.","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbonate rock locked carbon into solid minerals, preventing it from returning to the atmosphere for millions of years. This reduced atmospheric carbon dioxide."},{"text":"It kept carbon in the atmosphere for millions of years.","correct":false,"explanation":"Forming carbonate rock removes carbon from atmospheric circulation rather than retaining it in the air. It kept carbon out of the atmosphere for millions of years."},{"text":"It changed carbon into oxygen for millions of years.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rock formation stores carbon in carbonate minerals; it does not convert carbon into oxygen. The carbon was kept out of the atmosphere."},{"text":"It released carbon into the atmosphere for millions of years.","correct":false,"explanation":"Releasing carbon would increase atmospheric carbon dioxide, opposite to the effect of carbonate rock formation. Carbon was locked away from the atmosphere."}]},{"id":"83b00b88-3d36-4866-aab9-30f76e1f035b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which three fossil fuels formed from buried ancient biomass?","back":"

Coal
Crude oil
Natural gas

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Coal
Crude oil
Natural gas

","correct":true,"explanation":"Coal, crude oil and natural gas are fossil fuels formed from buried ancient biomass. Heat and pressure acted over millions of years to produce these carbon-rich fuels."},{"text":"

Limestone
Crude oil
Natural gas

","correct":false,"explanation":"Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock, not a fossil fuel formed from buried biomass. The three fossil fuels are coal, crude oil and natural gas."},{"text":"

Coal
Peat
Natural gas

","correct":false,"explanation":"Peat is partially decayed organic material and is not one of the three fossil fuels in this list. The missing fossil fuel is crude oil."},{"text":"

Coal
Crude oil
Hydrogen

","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen is an element and is not one of the fossil fuels formed from buried ancient biomass. The correct third fuel is natural gas."}]},{"id":"deead470-2820-4938-8213-78d3501773de","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What ancient organisms provided the biomass that formed fossil fuels?","back":"Dead plants and tiny ocean plankton were buried before they could fully decay.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Dead plants and tiny ocean plankton were buried before they could fully decay.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dead plants contributed mainly to coal, while tiny ocean plankton contributed to crude oil and natural gas. Burial before complete decay preserved their carbon-rich biomass."},{"text":"Living plants and large ocean animals were buried after fully decaying.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fossil fuels formed from dead plants and tiny ocean plankton, preserved before complete decay. Living organisms and fully decayed remains would not provide the described biomass."},{"text":"Dead animals and forest fungi were buried before they could fully decay.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although dead organic matter contains carbon, the organisms identified here were dead plants and tiny ocean plankton. They were buried before they could fully decay."},{"text":"Dead plants and tiny ocean plankton were burned before they could fully decay.","correct":false,"explanation":"Burning would release carbon dioxide and destroy the biomass instead of preserving it. The material was buried before it could fully decay."}]},{"id":"857cda0b-87e2-4238-8ca5-370765261b53","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did buried biomass become fossil fuels?","back":"Over millions of years, heat and pressure changed the biomass into fossil fuels.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Over millions of years, heat and pressure changed the biomass into fossil fuels.","correct":true,"explanation":"Buried biomass was subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years. These conditions transformed it into fossil fuels such as coal, crude oil and natural gas."},{"text":"Over millions of years, light and oxygen changed the biomass into fossil fuels.","correct":false,"explanation":"Light and oxygen promote photosynthesis or oxidation, rather than the geological transformation of buried biomass. Heat and pressure changed the biomass into fossil fuels."},{"text":"Over millions of years, water and sunlight changed the biomass into fossil fuels.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water and sunlight are associated with photosynthesis and biological processes, not fossil-fuel formation deep underground. Heat and pressure caused the long-term transformation."},{"text":"Over millions of years, cooling and evaporation changed the biomass into fossil fuels.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cooling and evaporation are not the main conditions that transform buried organic material into fossil fuels. Heat and pressure act over millions of years."}]},{"id":"3785b375-8e59-4777-97d5-75a855d87f57","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did fossil fuels lock carbon away underground?","back":"The organisms' carbon became trapped inside the fossil fuels.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The organisms' carbon became trapped inside the fossil fuels.","correct":true,"explanation":"Burial and geological processes preserved the organisms’ carbon within fossil fuels, preventing it from returning to the atmosphere through normal decomposition."},{"text":"The organisms' carbon became dissolved in the fossil fuels.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dissolving describes carbon entering water, not fossil fuel formation. Burial preserved the organisms’ carbon by trapping it inside fossil fuels underground."},{"text":"The organisms' carbon became converted into oxygen inside the fossil fuels.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon is not converted into oxygen during fossil fuel formation. Burial and geological change preserve the carbon within the fuels underground."},{"text":"The organisms' carbon became released from the fossil fuels.","correct":false,"explanation":"Release would return carbon to the atmosphere, reversing storage. Fossil fuels locked carbon away because burial trapped it underground."}]},{"id":"ec810798-2c30-4328-953f-79e5096a581f","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What three routes stored carbon away from the atmosphere?","back":"

Photosynthesis moved carbon into living biomass.
Dissolving and precipitation moved it into oceans and carbonate sediments.
Burial locked it into rocks and fossil fuels.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Photosynthesis moved carbon into living biomass.
Dissolving and precipitation moved it into oceans and carbonate sediments.
Burial locked it into rocks and fossil fuels.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Photosynthesis stored carbon in organisms, ocean processes stored it in carbonate materials, and burial preserved it in rocks and fossil fuels."},{"text":"

Respiration moved carbon into living biomass.
Evaporation and condensation moved it into oceans and carbonate sediments.
Weathering locked it into rocks and fossil fuels.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases carbon dioxide, evaporation does not form carbonate sediments, and weathering does not directly create fossil fuels. The correct routes are photosynthesis, dissolving and precipitation, and burial."},{"text":"

Combustion moved carbon into living biomass.
Freezing and melting moved it into oceans and carbonate sediments.
Decomposition locked it into rocks and fossil fuels.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Combustion and decomposition generally return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, while freezing and melting do not form carbonates. Storage occurred through photosynthesis, ocean carbonate processes, and burial."},{"text":"

Transpiration moved carbon into living biomass.
Distillation and filtration moved it into oceans and carbonate sediments.
Erosion locked it into rocks and fossil fuels.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Transpiration concerns water loss, and distillation and filtration do not produce carbonate sediments. Erosion can move material but does not account for fossil fuel storage; the listed routes are photosynthesis, carbonate formation, and burial."}]},{"id":"39ad1e63-d45f-4a7d-80cc-accb793f662c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What human process reverses the ancient removal of carbon dioxide?","back":"Burning fossil fuels releases the stored carbon back as carbon dioxide.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Burning fossil fuels releases the stored carbon back as carbon dioxide.","correct":true,"explanation":"Combustion reacts carbon in fossil fuels with oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and returning the previously stored carbon to the atmosphere."},{"text":"Photosynthesis releases the stored carbon back as carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and incorporates carbon into biomass. Burning fossil fuels reverses ancient carbon removal by releasing carbon dioxide."},{"text":"Dissolving fossil fuels releases the stored carbon back as carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dissolving is associated with carbon dioxide entering water and carbonate formation, not the main human reversal. Burning fossil fuels releases stored carbon as carbon dioxide."},{"text":"Burial of fossil fuels releases the stored carbon back as carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Burial keeps carbon stored underground rather than releasing it. Combustion is the human process that returns fossil-fuel carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide."}]},{"id":"02143d90-4d16-45f3-aeac-198d6302e066","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The early atmosphere was rich in [ ].","back":"The early atmosphere was rich in carbon dioxide.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"carbon dioxide","correct":true,"explanation":"Earth’s early atmosphere contained much more carbon dioxide than today, before processes such as photosynthesis, ocean absorption, and burial reduced its concentration."},{"text":"oxygen","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen was scarce in the early atmosphere because photosynthetic organisms had not yet produced large quantities. Carbon dioxide was initially abundant instead."},{"text":"nitrogen","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrogen was present, but it was not the gas chiefly removed by early carbon-storage processes. The atmosphere was especially rich in carbon dioxide."},{"text":"water vapour","correct":false,"explanation":"Water vapour was present and later condensed as Earth cooled, but the gas associated with ancient carbon removal was carbon dioxide."}]},{"id":"ae12d3a3-6828-441a-8597-79cda3e313cc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Photosynthesis moved carbon from the air into living [ ].","back":"Photosynthesis moved carbon from the air into living biomass.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"biomass","correct":true,"explanation":"Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, storing the carbon in living organisms and therefore moving it into biomass."},{"text":"oxygen","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is released as a product of photosynthesis, but the carbon is incorporated into organic material. That living material is called biomass."},{"text":"carbonate sediment","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbonate sediments store carbon through ocean chemistry and precipitation, not directly through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis first places the carbon in living biomass."},{"text":"fossil fuel","correct":false,"explanation":"Fossil fuels form only after organisms are buried and changed over geological time. Photosynthesis initially stores the carbon in living biomass."}]},{"id":"0639aae0-d546-4e4a-8c8b-f72f00bbaf26","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the oceans, carbon dioxide formed [ ], $\\text{CaCO}_3$.","back":"In the oceans, carbon dioxide formed calcium carbonate, $\\text{CaCO}_3$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"calcium carbonate","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater can contribute to carbonate formation. Calcium carbonate, $\\text{CaCO}_3$, was deposited in shells and carbonate sediments."},{"text":"calcium oxide","correct":false,"explanation":"Calcium oxide is $\\text{CaO}$ and does not match the stated formula. The carbonate compound formed in this process is calcium carbonate, $\\text{CaCO}_3$."},{"text":"carbonic acid","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid, but the named solid with formula $\\text{CaCO}_3$ is calcium carbonate."},{"text":"magnesium carbonate","correct":false,"explanation":"Magnesium carbonate contains magnesium and has formula $\\text{MgCO}_3$. The formula $\\text{CaCO}_3$ identifies calcium carbonate."}]},{"id":"0eea79c4-e5f3-4379-bb66-617143ce73cc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Dead organisms were buried before they could fully [ ].","back":"Dead organisms were buried before they could fully decay.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"decay","correct":true,"explanation":"Rapid burial prevented decomposers from fully breaking down the dead organisms, allowing their carbon to remain stored and eventually contribute to fossil fuels."},{"text":"photosynthesise","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis is carbon uptake by living organisms, not the breakdown of dead material. Burial reduced decay and helped preserve the organisms’ carbon."},{"text":"respire","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases carbon dioxide from organic substances, whereas the key process prevented by burial was decomposition or decay."},{"text":"dissolve","correct":false,"explanation":"Dissolving is associated with substances entering a solvent, especially carbon dioxide entering oceans. Burial prevented decomposers from fully breaking down dead organisms."}]},{"id":"f3b738f0-3ac0-45b1-b775-06ec23e83d38","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"As oxygen rose, carbon dioxide [ ].","back":"As oxygen rose, carbon dioxide fell.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"fell","correct":true,"explanation":"As photosynthetic organisms removed carbon dioxide and released oxygen, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreased, so its level fell."},{"text":"rose","correct":false,"explanation":"A rise would contradict carbon dioxide removal by photosynthesis and storage in oceans, rocks, and fossil fuels. Increasing oxygen was linked to falling carbon dioxide."},{"text":"remained constant","correct":false,"explanation":"The atmospheric composition changed substantially as carbon dioxide was removed and oxygen accumulated. Its concentration therefore did not stay constant."},{"text":"condensed","correct":false,"explanation":"Condensation describes a change of state, usually gas to liquid, rather than the atmospheric concentration change caused by carbon storage. The carbon dioxide level fell."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-17","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"9.1.4 How carbon dioxide decreased","title":"9.1.4 How carbon dioxide decreased Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/chemistry/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"d3a16b54-cef2-5816-8a74-028d3e1bf14c","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]