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and carbon atoms. Their name reflects this composition: “hydro” refers to hydrogen and “carbon” to carbon."},{"text":"Hydrocarbons contain carbon and oxygen atoms only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is not part of the definition of a hydrocarbon; this describes an oxygen-containing carbon compound. Hydrocarbons contain hydrogen and carbon atoms only."},{"text":"Hydrocarbons contain hydrogen, carbon and oxygen atoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding oxygen makes the statement incorrect, because hydrocarbons contain only hydrogen and carbon. Oxygen may occur in other organic compounds, but not in hydrocarbons."},{"text":"Hydrocarbons contain hydrogen and nitrogen atoms only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrogen is not one of the elements in a hydrocarbon. The defining composition is hydrogen and carbon atoms only, so replacing carbon with nitrogen gives the wrong answer."}]},{"id":"ede40c31-6b00-4cc6-ab98-3c5bcad04c53","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does fractional distillation produce from crude oil?","back":"Fractional distillation separates the hydrocarbons into groups called fractions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fractional distillation separates the hydrocarbons into groups called fractions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fractional distillation separates crude oil according to differences in boiling points. The hydrocarbons collected in groups with similar boiling points are called fractions."},{"text":"Fractional distillation separates the hydrocarbons into individual atoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Distillation separates substances physically rather than breaking them into atoms. Crude oil hydrocarbons are collected in groups called fractions."},{"text":"Fractional distillation converts the hydrocarbons into polymers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Polymerisation is a chemical process that joins small molecules into polymers, not the purpose of distillation. Fractional distillation separates hydrocarbons into groups called fractions."},{"text":"Fractional distillation separates the hydrocarbons into elements.","correct":false,"explanation":"The hydrocarbons remain as compounds during this physical separation; they are not decomposed into elements. The products are groups called fractions."}]},{"id":"caee7c63-391d-4f23-bdf7-fdfe91f18776","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What makes hydrocarbons belong to the same fraction?","back":"A fraction contains hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A fraction contains hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hydrocarbons in the same fraction have similar numbers of carbon atoms and therefore generally have similar boiling points and physical properties."},{"text":"A fraction contains hydrocarbons with an identical number of carbon atoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"A fraction contains hydrocarbons with similar, not necessarily identical, numbers of carbon atoms. Requiring exactly the same number is too strict."},{"text":"A fraction contains hydrocarbons with a similar number of hydrogen atoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"The grouping is based mainly on similar numbers of carbon atoms, which relate to chain length and boiling point. Similar hydrogen numbers are not the defining criterion."},{"text":"A fraction contains hydrocarbons with a similar boiling point.","correct":false,"explanation":"Similar boiling points help hydrocarbons collect in the same fraction, but the stated defining feature is a similar number of carbon atoms. This option reverses the expected answer."}]},{"id":"7dc98f15-2a26-465c-9c74-55accaa9ea11","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can crude oil be separated by fractional distillation?","back":"Hydrocarbons have different boiling points, allowing them to evaporate and condense at different temperatures.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hydrocarbons have different boiling points, allowing them to evaporate and condense at different temperatures.","correct":true,"explanation":"Different hydrocarbons have different boiling points, so they evaporate and condense at different temperatures. This allows crude oil to be separated into fractions."},{"text":"Hydrocarbons have different melting points, allowing them to evaporate and condense at different temperatures.","correct":false,"explanation":"Melting points describe solid-to-liquid changes and do not explain this separation. Different boiling points allow hydrocarbons to evaporate and condense at different temperatures."},{"text":"Hydrocarbons have different densities, allowing them to evaporate and condense at different temperatures.","correct":false,"explanation":"Density differences do not determine the temperatures at which substances evaporate and condense. Fractional distillation works because hydrocarbons have different boiling points."},{"text":"Hydrocarbons have different colours, allowing them to evaporate and condense at different temperatures.","correct":false,"explanation":"Colour is an observable property but does not control evaporation or condensation temperatures. The separation depends on hydrocarbons having different boiling points."}]},{"id":"40d468b5-386d-432d-9064-474060588e73","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is fractional distillation a physical process?","back":"Fractional distillation makes no new substances; it physically separates an existing mixture.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fractional distillation makes no new substances; it physically separates an existing mixture.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fractional distillation changes where the substances are collected but does not chemically change them. It therefore makes no new substances and is a physical process."},{"text":"Fractional distillation makes new substances; it chemically changes an existing mixture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Distillation does not involve chemical reactions or create new substances. It physically separates the existing hydrocarbons in crude oil."},{"text":"Fractional distillation makes no new substances; it chemically breaks down an existing mixture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although no new substances are made, chemical breakdown is not occurring. Fractional distillation physically separates the existing mixture without changing its substances."},{"text":"Fractional distillation makes new substances; it physically separates an existing mixture.","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical separation alone does not produce new substances. The correct description is that fractional distillation makes no new substances while physically separating the mixture."}]},{"id":"3f104317-5a0a-45c1-8449-fda66619ba01","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to crude oil when it is heated before entering the column?","back":"Most of the crude oil evaporates into gas.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Most of the crude oil evaporates into gas.","correct":true,"explanation":"Heating crude oil gives most of it enough energy to change from liquid into vapour. The hot vapours can then enter the fractionating column."},{"text":"Most of the crude oil condenses into liquid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Heating supplies energy for vaporisation, not condensation. Most crude oil evaporates into gas before entering the fractionating column."},{"text":"Most of the crude oil freezes into solid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freezing occurs when a liquid is cooled, whereas the crude oil is heated before separation. Most of it therefore evaporates into gas."},{"text":"Most of the crude oil burns into carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"The crude oil is heated to vaporise it, not burned in oxygen. Most of it evaporates into gas and remains available for fractional distillation."}]},{"id":"0e0ddccd-39fb-4858-b3f3-f34d4046314b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where do the hot crude-oil vapours enter the fractionating column?","back":"The vapours enter the bottom of the fractionating column.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The vapours enter the bottom of the fractionating column.","correct":true,"explanation":"The hot crude-oil vapours enter at the bottom, where the column is hottest. As they rise, they cool and condense at different levels."},{"text":"The vapours enter the top of the fractionating column.","correct":false,"explanation":"Entering at the top would place the vapours in the coolest region and reverse the normal temperature gradient. They enter at the bottom, the hottest part."},{"text":"The vapours enter the middle of the fractionating column.","correct":false,"explanation":"The vapours are introduced at the bottom so they can rise through the temperature gradient. The middle is not the entry point."},{"text":"The vapours enter the outside of the fractionating column.","correct":false,"explanation":"The vapours must enter inside the column to rise through its trays and temperature gradient. Their entry point is the bottom of the column."}]},{"id":"ec4ec99f-5e01-46de-8393-8dd504fc820c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What temperature gradient exists in a fractionating column?","back":"The column is hot at the bottom and cooler towards the top.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The column is hot at the bottom and cooler towards the top.","correct":true,"explanation":"The column is hottest at the bottom, near the incoming vapours, and becomes cooler higher up. This gradient allows hydrocarbons to condense at different levels."},{"text":"The column is cool at the bottom and hotter towards the top.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the actual temperature gradient. A fractionating column is hot at the bottom and becomes cooler towards the top."},{"text":"The column is hot throughout and the same temperature at the top.","correct":false,"explanation":"A temperature gradient is essential for separation, so the column cannot be equally hot throughout. It is hot at the bottom and cooler towards the top."},{"text":"The column is cool throughout and the same temperature at the bottom.","correct":false,"explanation":"The column must contain different temperatures to separate hydrocarbons by boiling point. It is hottest at the bottom and cooler towards the top."}]},{"id":"6330c76e-0996-44a2-8d2f-faa1983c9046","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to crude-oil vapours as they rise through the column?","back":"As the vapours rise, they cool down.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"As the vapours rise, they cool down.","correct":true,"explanation":"The fractionating column is hottest at the bottom and cooler towards the top. As crude-oil vapours rise, they cool and condense when the temperature falls below a hydrocarbon’s boiling point."},{"text":"As the vapours rise, they heat up.","correct":false,"explanation":"The column becomes cooler with height, so rising vapours lose thermal energy rather than gain it. Cooling allows hydrocarbons to condense when they reach a temperature below their boiling point."},{"text":"As the vapours rise, they remain at the same temperature.","correct":false,"explanation":"The temperature changes throughout the fractionating column, falling towards the top. If it stayed constant, hydrocarbons with different boiling points could not condense at separate heights."},{"text":"As the vapours rise, they evaporate completely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vapours do not all remain gaseous as they rise; some condense at suitable temperatures. The correct process is cooling, which causes hydrocarbons to liquefy below their boiling points."}]},{"id":"9c03d90f-13d1-4e2e-8a5a-9f18da6be2a8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When does a hydrocarbon condense in the column?","back":"A hydrocarbon condenses when the temperature falls below its boiling point.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A hydrocarbon condenses when the temperature falls below its boiling point.","correct":true,"explanation":"A hydrocarbon vapour condenses into a liquid when it cools below its boiling point. Different hydrocarbons therefore condense at different heights, where the column reaches the necessary temperature."},{"text":"A hydrocarbon condenses when the temperature rises above its boiling point.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rising above the boiling point favours evaporation, not condensation. A hydrocarbon changes from vapour to liquid when the surrounding temperature falls below its boiling point."},{"text":"A hydrocarbon condenses when the temperature falls below its melting point.","correct":false,"explanation":"The melting point describes solid-liquid changes, whereas condensation is a gas-liquid change. Hydrocarbons condense when the column temperature falls below their boiling point."},{"text":"A hydrocarbon condenses when the temperature reaches its boiling point.","correct":false,"explanation":"At the boiling point, a substance can change between liquid and gas, but condensation in the column occurs as vapour cools below that temperature. The relevant condition is below its boiling point."}]},{"id":"bd484f0d-65a7-4d68-bd19-4ad67fe323d2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do long-chain hydrocarbons condense low down the column?","back":"Long-chain hydrocarbons have high boiling points.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Long-chain hydrocarbons have high boiling points.","correct":true,"explanation":"Long-chain molecules experience stronger intermolecular attractions than short-chain molecules. Consequently, they have high boiling points and condense in the relatively hot region low down the column."},{"text":"Long-chain hydrocarbons have low boiling points.","correct":false,"explanation":"Longer chains have stronger intermolecular attractions, so more energy is needed to vaporise them. Their high boiling points make them condense in the hotter, lower part of the column."},{"text":"Long-chain hydrocarbons have high melting points.","correct":false,"explanation":"Melting point concerns solid-liquid changes and does not determine where vapours condense. Long-chain hydrocarbons condense low down because their boiling points are high."},{"text":"Long-chain hydrocarbons have high vapour pressures.","correct":false,"explanation":"A high vapour pressure means a substance evaporates readily and usually corresponds to a lower boiling point. Long-chain hydrocarbons instead have low vapour pressures and high boiling points."}]},{"id":"2a5d4410-87a9-41a0-9ebc-cfd625388b54","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do short-chain hydrocarbons condense near the top of the column?","back":"Short-chain hydrocarbons have low boiling points, so they rise higher before condensing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Short-chain hydrocarbons have low boiling points, so they rise higher before condensing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Short-chain hydrocarbons have weaker intermolecular attractions and therefore low boiling points. They remain gaseous as they pass through warmer regions, rising until the cooler temperature causes condensation."},{"text":"Short-chain hydrocarbons have high boiling points, so they rise higher before condensing.","correct":false,"explanation":"High boiling points cause condensation at hotter, lower positions. Short-chain hydrocarbons have weaker intermolecular attractions and low boiling points, allowing them to rise into cooler regions before condensing."},{"text":"Short-chain hydrocarbons have low melting points, so they rise higher before condensing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Melting point is unrelated to condensation from vapour. Their low boiling points, caused by weaker intermolecular attractions, allow short-chain hydrocarbons to rise higher before becoming liquids."},{"text":"Short-chain hydrocarbons have high vapour pressures, so they condense lower down the column.","correct":false,"explanation":"High vapour pressure helps explain why these hydrocarbons remain gaseous, but it does not mean they condense lower down. Their low boiling points make them condense near the cooler top."}]},{"id":"2088fd1f-40bf-4434-8ee0-d7cbc75e81f1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is each fraction collected from the column?","back":"Each fraction is drawn off at the height where it condenses.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each fraction is drawn off at the height where it condenses.","correct":true,"explanation":"As vapours rise, the column temperature decreases. Each hydrocarbon fraction becomes liquid at the height where the temperature falls below its boiling point, allowing it to be drawn off."},{"text":"Each fraction is drawn off at the height where it evaporates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Evaporation changes liquid into vapour, whereas collection requires the vapour to have changed into liquid. Each fraction is drawn off where it condenses at the appropriate column temperature."},{"text":"Each fraction is drawn off at the height where it boils.","correct":false,"explanation":"Boiling produces vapour and occurs at the hotter starting region, not necessarily where a fraction is collected. Fractions are drawn off at the height where their vapours condense."},{"text":"Each fraction is drawn off at the height where it freezes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freezing is a liquid-to-solid change and is not involved in fractional distillation. Fractions are collected as liquids immediately after their vapours condense in the column."}]},{"id":"0556ca03-ad86-488c-88ac-5f612e2e71b8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is a fraction not a pure substance?","back":"Each fraction remains a mixture of hydrocarbons, not a pure substance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Each fraction remains a mixture of hydrocarbons, not a pure substance.","correct":true,"explanation":"The hydrocarbons in crude oil have many different boiling points, but fractional distillation only separates them into ranges. Each fraction therefore still contains several hydrocarbons and is a mixture."},{"text":"Each fraction remains a pure element, not a pure substance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrocarbons are compounds made from carbon and hydrogen, not elements. A fraction contains several hydrocarbons with similar boiling points, so it is a mixture rather than a pure substance."},{"text":"Each fraction remains a single hydrocarbon, not a pure substance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fractional distillation separates hydrocarbons into groups with similar boiling points, rather than isolating one hydrocarbon. Several substances remain together, making each fraction a mixture."},{"text":"Each fraction remains a solution of hydrocarbons, not a pure substance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although hydrocarbons can form a uniform mixture, the required classification is mixture, because each fraction contains several different hydrocarbons. Fractional distillation does not produce one pure substance."}]},{"id":"174adc1c-96eb-449a-9630-c79b74cd860f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Name three fuels made from crude-oil fractions.","back":"Examples include petrol, diesel oil and kerosene.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Examples include petrol, diesel oil and kerosene.","correct":true,"explanation":"Petrol, diesel oil and kerosene are all fuels obtained from crude-oil fractions. They differ in hydrocarbon chain length and boiling range, so they condense at different column heights."},{"text":"Examples include petrol, bitumen and kerosene.","correct":false,"explanation":"Petrol and kerosene are fuels, but bitumen is mainly used for road surfacing and roofing. Diesel oil is a fuel made from a crude-oil fraction, giving the correct combination."},{"text":"Examples include naphtha, diesel oil and bitumen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diesel oil is a fuel, but naphtha is mainly used as a chemical feedstock and bitumen for roads and roofing. Petrol, diesel oil and kerosene are suitable fuel examples."},{"text":"Examples include lubricating oil, fuel oil and bitumen.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are useful crude-oil products, but bitumen is not normally classified as a fuel. Petrol, diesel oil and kerosene are three clear fuels made from crude-oil fractions."}]},{"id":"5ef5e94a-47fb-48bd-b411-4d7f2ad19774","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are liquefied petroleum gases?","back":"Liquefied petroleum gases are stored as liquids under pressure and released as gases.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Liquefied petroleum gases are stored as liquids under pressure and released as gases.","correct":true,"explanation":"Pressure keeps these low-boiling hydrocarbons in the liquid state, making storage more compact. When released, the pressure decreases and the liquid vaporises into a gas."},{"text":"Liquefied petroleum gases are stored as gases under pressure and released as liquids.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pressure liquefies these gases for storage, while releasing the pressure allows them to vaporise. Reversing those physical states gives the tempting but incorrect description."},{"text":"Liquefied petroleum gases are stored as liquids without pressure and released as gases.","correct":false,"explanation":"These substances require pressure to remain liquid in storage. When pressure is reduced, they are released as gases, so omitting pressure makes the statement incorrect."},{"text":"Liquefied petroleum gases are stored as solids under pressure and released as gases.","correct":false,"explanation":"Liquefied petroleum gases are not stored as solids. They are compressed into liquids, then vaporise and are released as gases when the pressure is reduced."}]},{"id":"6e10d305-761d-4910-bc00-34100c4ebe4a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a feedstock used for?","back":"A feedstock is a raw material used to make other useful substances.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A feedstock is a raw material used to make other useful substances.","correct":true,"explanation":"A feedstock is a raw material supplied for manufacturing or chemical processing, and it is used to produce other useful substances."},{"text":"A feedstock is a finished product ready for consumers to use.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses a starting material with a finished product. A feedstock is a raw material used to make other useful substances, not something sold for immediate use."},{"text":"A feedstock is a fuel burned to release energy for transport.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some feedstocks can eventually become fuels, but the term means the raw material used to make other useful substances, rather than specifically a fuel burned for transport."},{"text":"A feedstock is a waste substance that cannot be processed further.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the idea of a feedstock. Feedstocks are useful starting materials that can be processed into other substances, whereas waste is material discarded or requiring treatment."}]},{"id":"690e437d-cbd3-4c31-b487-cc2817b84587","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What are two uses of materials made from petrochemicals?","back":"

Solvents dissolve other substances.
Lubricants reduce friction.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Solvents dissolve other substances.
Lubricants reduce friction.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Solvents are used to dissolve other substances, while lubricants reduce friction between surfaces. Both are useful materials produced from petrochemical substances."},{"text":"

Solvents increase friction.
Lubricants dissolve other substances.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The functions have been swapped and altered: solvents dissolve other substances, while lubricants reduce friction. Increasing friction is not the purpose of a lubricant."},{"text":"

Solvents reduce friction.
Lubricants produce oxygen.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Reducing friction is the role of lubricants, not solvents, and lubricants are not used to produce oxygen. Solvents dissolve other substances."},{"text":"

Solvents release energy by combustion.
Lubricants harden plastics.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are not the defining uses of the materials. Solvents dissolve other substances, and lubricants reduce friction rather than specifically releasing energy or hardening plastics."}]},{"id":"2101d480-c6d9-4c3a-9499-b9ba0aa1066b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can carbon form a vast array of natural and synthetic compounds?","back":"Carbon forms many compounds because its atoms bond to each other and hydrogen in many different arrangements.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Carbon forms many compounds because its atoms bond to each other and hydrogen in many different arrangements.","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbon atoms can form strong bonds with one another and with hydrogen, allowing chains, branches and rings with many different arrangements."},{"text":"Carbon forms many compounds because its atoms bond only to oxygen in one repeating arrangement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon bonds with many elements and can bond to itself, not only oxygen. Its ability to form many different arrangements is what creates such a wide variety of compounds."},{"text":"Carbon forms many compounds because its atoms cannot bond to each other and remain in one fixed arrangement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon atoms readily bond to one another, forming chains, branches and rings. Restricting them to one fixed arrangement would prevent the vast range of carbon compounds."},{"text":"Carbon forms many compounds because its atoms bond to each other and hydrogen in identical arrangements.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical arrangements would produce very few distinct compounds. Carbon's versatility comes from atoms bonding to each other and hydrogen in many different arrangements."}]},{"id":"3f3dfd10-c82c-4a4b-b8d6-eb37300f2692","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are polymers used to make?","back":"Polymers are used to make plastics and synthetic fibres.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Polymers are used to make plastics and synthetic fibres.","correct":true,"explanation":"Polymers are very large molecules made from linked repeating units, and their properties make them suitable for producing plastics and synthetic fibres."},{"text":"Polymers are used to make fuels and crude oil.","correct":false,"explanation":"Crude oil is a source of hydrocarbons used to make fuels and petrochemicals; polymers are manufactured materials used to make plastics and synthetic fibres."},{"text":"Polymers are used to make metals and ceramic compounds.","correct":false,"explanation":"Metals and ceramics are not generally made from polymers. Polymers are used to make plastics and synthetic fibres because their long-chain molecules provide useful material properties."},{"text":"Polymers are used to make simple gases and mineral salts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Simple gases and mineral salts are not the main products made from polymers. Their important uses include manufacturing plastics and synthetic fibres."}]},{"id":"8cb78d05-f290-4644-b624-bed01521530a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Heating crude oil causes [ ], while cooling vapours causes condensation.","back":"Heating crude oil causes evaporation, while cooling vapours causes condensation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"evaporation","correct":true,"explanation":"Heating gives crude-oil molecules enough energy to change from liquid to vapour, so the process is evaporation. Cooling the vapours then causes condensation."},{"text":"condensation","correct":false,"explanation":"Condensation is the change from vapour to liquid and occurs when the vapours cool. Heating crude oil causes evaporation, the change from liquid to vapour."},{"text":"freezing","correct":false,"explanation":"Freezing changes a liquid into a solid and is not caused by heating crude oil. Heating causes evaporation, while cooling vapours causes condensation."},{"text":"crystallisation","correct":false,"explanation":"Crystallisation forms solid crystals from a solution or melt, not crude-oil vapour. Heating crude oil causes evaporation before separate hydrocarbons condense."}]},{"id":"72df5cb8-2e0d-47b5-9d74-590c445079a8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The fractionating column is hottest at the [ ].","back":"The fractionating column is hottest at the bottom.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"bottom","correct":true,"explanation":"The fractionating column is heated from below, so its temperature is highest at the bottom and decreases towards the top."},{"text":"top","correct":false,"explanation":"The top is the coolest part of the fractionating column because heat is supplied at the bottom. The column is hottest at the bottom."},{"text":"middle","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the middle has an intermediate temperature, it is not the hottest region. Heating from below makes the bottom hottest and the top coolest."},{"text":"outside wall","correct":false,"explanation":"The temperature gradient is mainly along the column, from hottest at the bottom to coolest at the top. The outside wall is not the named hottest position."}]},{"id":"ce69fe1f-838f-4f84-a93a-fbcee5431b54","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Hydrocarbons with high boiling points condense [ ] in the column.","back":"Hydrocarbons with high boiling points condense low down in the column.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"low down","correct":true,"explanation":"High-boiling-point hydrocarbons need greater cooling before condensing, so they condense in the hotter lower part of the column, described as low down."},{"text":"near the top","correct":false,"explanation":"The top is cooler and is reached by substances with low boiling points. High-boiling-point hydrocarbons condense low down, where the column is hotter."},{"text":"above the column","correct":false,"explanation":"Substances condense inside the fractionating column at the level where the temperature falls below their boiling points. High-boiling-point hydrocarbons condense low down."},{"text":"at every level equally","correct":false,"explanation":"Different hydrocarbons have different boiling points, so they condense at different heights. High-boiling-point hydrocarbons condense low down in the hotter column."}]},{"id":"b0a70ab0-3a3d-42f7-a25b-9241f5e76b4d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The petrochemical industry processes crude-oil substances into fuels and other [ ].","back":"The petrochemical industry processes crude-oil substances into fuels and other carbon-based materials.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"carbon-based materials","correct":true,"explanation":"The petrochemical industry converts substances from crude oil into fuels and other carbon-based materials, including solvents, lubricants, polymers and detergents."},{"text":"metallic ores","correct":false,"explanation":"Metallic ores are naturally occurring sources of metals and are not the usual products made by processing crude-oil substances. The correct term is carbon-based materials."},{"text":"inorganic mineral salts","correct":false,"explanation":"Inorganic mineral salts are not the broad group described here. Petrochemical processing produces fuels and other carbon-based materials from crude-oil substances."},{"text":"radioactive elements","correct":false,"explanation":"Radioactive elements are obtained from particular mineral ores, not normally from crude oil. The petrochemical industry produces fuels and other carbon-based materials."}]},{"id":"94ebf634-f4e5-4877-a525-04284e03ab0b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A polymer contains very large molecules in which many atoms are linked by strong [ ].","back":"A polymer contains very large molecules in which many atoms are linked by strong covalent bonds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"covalent bonds","correct":true,"explanation":"A polymer contains long molecules in which atoms are joined by strong covalent bonds. These bonds form the repeating molecular chains that give polymers their structure."},{"text":"ionic bonds","correct":false,"explanation":"Ionic bonds form through attraction between oppositely charged ions, commonly in salts. Polymer chains are held together within molecules by strong covalent bonds."},{"text":"metallic bonds","correct":false,"explanation":"Metallic bonding occurs between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons in metals. The atoms in polymer molecules are linked by covalent bonds."},{"text":"intermolecular forces","correct":false,"explanation":"Intermolecular forces act between separate molecules and are generally weaker than the bonds within a polymer molecule. The linked atoms in polymers are joined by covalent bonds."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-17","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"7.1.2 Fractional distillation and petrochemicals","title":"7.1.2 Fractional distillation and petrochemicals Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/gcse/chemistry/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"4ffab132-25ff-580a-8cad-c5501091137f","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]